01_basic Operating System Concepts

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I. BASIC OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS

1. What is a Computer ?

Computer is an electronic device which takes input of data, processes that data and givesoutput of information.

2. What makes a Computer System ?

Hardware : Input devices : Key Board, Mouse, Mic, Scanner, etc.

Software : Operating System, Application Software, etc.

Human ware : User

3. What is Software ?

A Software is a collection of Computer Programmes.

4. What is Operating System ?

Operating System is the Software which works as an interface between the Computer andthe User

Eg: Windows, Linux, MacOS, Unix etc.

5. What is an Application Software ?

Application Software is the Computer Software which helps the user to accomplish specifictasks

Eg: Word processors, Spreadsheet Programs, Media Players, Database Applications etc.

6. Open Source Software Concepts

A Source Code is the program code exactly as it is written by the programmer; the raw codethat is not compiled and is editable is source code. (Compilation is the process of finalisinga code for execution).


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Eg : FORTRAN MONITOR SYSTEM, GENERAL MOTORS OPERATING SYSTEM,HONEY WELL EXECUTIVE SYSTEM ETC.

The Scientist from Bell Labs developed UNIX Operating System in the year 1969. LinusTorvalds was born in the same year.

Microsoft introduced MS DOS in the year 1981 and Windows 1.0 in the year 1983.

Linus Torvalds developed Linux Operating System in the year 1991 while he was studyingat the University of Helsinki and the first version was completed in the year 1994.

The Mascot of Linux is Penguin called Tux.

As of now there all around 350 distributions of Linux Operating System.

Linux is an Operating System. The strict definition of Linux is only the Kernel.

An overall package that is ready to install and use is called a Distribution (popularly knownas Distro).

10. Some of the Popular Linux Distributions

Ubuntu

Red Hat

Mint

Fedora

Suse Linux

Knoppix

Debian

11. Why Linux ?

Linux Operating System is flexible and more secured.


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12. Some differences between Windows and Linux Operating Systems

Windows Linux

Copyrighted --- Open Source

Costly --- Free

Wide Spread --- Still Spreading

Less Secure --- Very Secure

Frequent Viruses --- Low Virus Threat

Frequent Crashes --- Very Stable

13. Ubuntu-Linux

Ubuntu was conceived in the year 2004 by Mr. Mark Shuttle worth a South Africanentrepreneur.

His company's name is Canonical.

Ubuntu means Humanity towards others.

Ubuntu is a Linux based Operating System.

Linux Kernel is almost brain of the Ubuntu Operating System.

Ubuntu is community based and it is developed, written and maintained by the community.

For the majority of every day computing tasks, you will find suitable alternativeapplications available in Ubuntu.

Ubuntu will always be free of charge.

Ubuntu Core Applications are all free and Open Source.


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Ubuntu spread quickly, its community grew rapidly and soon Ubuntu Operating System became the most popular Linux Distribution available.

Ubuntu gained attention of large Organisations World wide.

13.1 Ubuntu-Linux Distributions and its versions LTS

There are two types of releases for Ubuntu Linux Distributions

LTS (Long Term Support)

Normal version

LTS version is a stable version having support for five years.

(Corporations and Organisations who would like to stick to one release for long time asthey can while still being supported will go for LTS)

Normal version will be having 18 months support.

(Who likes to constantly to update to get the latest features will go for normal version).

Ubuntu project started in the year 2004. The first version is 4.10 released in October, 2004.The first number represents the year last two numbers represents the month of a year.

Ubuntu places along side these numbers names of animals to infuse life into each release.The 12.04 version is named as Precise Pangolin.

The version installed in the Laptops of the Judicial Officers is eCommittee customisedUbuntu-Linux 12.04-LTS.

II. UNDERSTANDING THE UBUNTU MENUDESIGN

14. Applications & Places Menu Design

File : File is a named location in the memory which contains data.

File is dependent on applications.


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File name-extension

Eg : .txt, .doc, .exls, .odt, .ppt, etc.

File shall be opened with a compatible applications basing its extension.

File. Primary name : Secondary name :

Eg : Court.doc :

Court is primary name

.doc is secondary name.

Folder :

Folder is a location for storing files. A folder may contain many more sub folders.

Title Bar : It contains title of file.

Window default buttons : Minimize, Maximize, close

Menu Bar : Contains file menu and edit menu

Bar contains command such as file, edit, view, go, book marks, help, etc.

Tool Bar : For fast accessing of menus

Bar containing Tools such as formatting tools, table tools, etc. Standard tool bar andFormatting tool bar

Toggle buttons :

Commands operated with one click on and with one click off

Eg : Bold, Italic, underline buttons


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Command buttons :

Eg : OK, Close, Cancel, etc.

Radio buttons : Round circles

To select an option. If one option is selected, other option will be deselect.

Combo box : Displays options

Displays multiple options.

Check box : Selecting an option-enable : Un selecting an option-disable

Text box : Ability to type text

Scroll bar :

Scroll bar used to scroll page

Left to Right (Horizontal scroll bar)

Top to Bottom (Vertical scroll bar)

Ruler : Scale

Status bar : Page display

DESKTOP

There are many similarities between Ubuntu and other Operating Systems like Windows or Mac.

All based on the concept of Graphical User Interface (GUI). We use mouse to navigate theDesktop, Open applications, move files and other tasks.

The Desktop environment is the look and feel of your system and the way the Desktop islaid out.


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The Desktop environment in Ubuntu is known as UNITY.

Number of Desktop environment are available in Ubuntu

GNOME

GNOME CLASSIC

GNOME CLASSIC (NO EFFECTS)

KDE PLASMA WORKSPACE

UBUNTU

UBUNTU 2D

UNITY DESKTOP

Initial view : (1) Desktop back ground

(2) Two bars : (1) Horizontal bar at the top of the Desktop (Menu bar)

(2) Vertical bar at the far left of the Desktop (Launcher)

Below the Menu bar : Image that covers entire Desktop is called as Desktop back ground or wall paper.

Menu bar (Indicator bar) : Incorporates common functions used in Ubuntu

Icons on the far right of the Menu bar is calledIndicator area

(1) Key board indicator-Key board layout

(2) Messaging indicator-Social applications

(3) Network indicator-Network connections


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(4) Sound indicator-Sound settings

(5) User menu-User accounts

(6) Session indicator-System settings, Softwareupdates, printers, Session options like logout,restart, shut down, etc.

APPLICATION MENU

Every application has a Menu System where different actions can be executed

Eg : File, Edit, View, etc.

LAUNCHER

Provides easy access to applications, mounted devices and the thrash.

All running applications on your System will place an icon in the Launcher whileapplication is running.

The first icon in the Launcher is Dash

A major innovation and core element of UNITY is Dash.

Running Applications from Launcher

Click on the application in the Launcher

Triangle-Left side of application-indicates running application

Triangle-Right side of application-indicates application is in the foreground

Adding and removing applications from the Launcher

Add : (1) Open Dash


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Find application to Add

Drag and drop it to the Launcher

(2) Run the application

Right click on the icon in the Launcher

Lock to Launcher

Remove :

Right click on the application in the Launcher

Select unlock from the Launcher

D A S H Dash is a tool to help access and find applications and files on your Computer quickly (Amore advanced start Menu)

Dash replaces the GNOME two menus

Click on the Dash icon

Icon appears with a search bar

On the top you will find grouping of recently accessed applications, files and downloads.


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To open any application, files, etc. type its name, immediately you will find the saidapplication or file. Click the same to open it.

Lenses at the bottom in the Dash (Filters) :

1) Home lens

2) Application lens

3) Files and Folders lens

4) Music lens

5) Video lens

These lenses will filter the scope of the search for relevant applications files and folders.

Shortcuts of Dash :

Click Super Key (Key with Windows Symbol) in the Key board

Super Key + A : Open applications

Super Key + V : Open Video files

Super Key + M : Open music files

Super Key + F : Open files and folders

Work Spaces :

Work Space is also known as Virtual Desktop

It improves Desktop Navigation

In Ubuntu there are four work spaces by default


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Eg : You can open all your media application in one work space, office suite in secondwork space, web browser in third work space and other application in the fourth work

space.

Switching between work spaces :

1) Using work space switcher available in the Launcher

2) Super Key + S - Navigation keys

3) Super Key + W - Navigation of Windows

Managing Windows :

Window is the box that appears on your screen. Window in Ubuntu is similar to Window inMicrosoft Windows

Title bar : Top part - Name of the application

Three buttons on the top left corner left to right1) Close, 2) Minimize, 3) Maximize.

Moving and resizing Windows :

Moving :

Place mouse pointer on Windows title bar

Click and drag the Window continuing to hold down the left mouse button

Resize :

Place the mouse pointer on any edge or corner of the Window

Pointer turns into a larger two sided arrow


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Click and drag to resize the Window

Switching between the Windows :

1) Alt + tab

2) Click on the corresponding icon on the Launcher

Move mouse to the left side of the screen

Right click on the application icon

(If multiple Windows are open for application-double click)

Moving Windows to different work space :

Window (don't maximize left click on the window title bar and select Windows always onthe top or visible work space)

BROWSING FILES

1) Dash

2) Files and Folders in the Launcher.

3) Home Folder - Right click

Documents, downloads, Music, PDF, Pictures, ReadMe, Ubuntu One and Videos

Home Folder store your personal files


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Opening files :

1) Double click on file icon.

2) Right click on file icon.

Select open with

CREATING NEW FOLDERS

1) File

Creating New Folder

2) Right click on Desktop

Pop Menu

Create New Folder

3) Ctrl + Shift + N (Key board)

Hidden files and folders :

Hidden files and folders will contain . in front of the name

To see hidden files and folders (1) Home folder view show hidden files

(2) Ctrl + H

Copying and moving files and folders :

1) Right click on folder or file select copy option Again right click on empty space


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select paste option.

2) Home folder - edit copy

3) Ctrl + C (copy)

4) Ctrl + V (paste)

5) Ctrl + X (cut)

Opening New Window :

1) Home folder file new window

2) Ctrl + N (new window)

EXTRA PANE

1) Home folder view - Extra Pane

2) Home folder F3