ISSN 1313 - 8820Volume 5, Number 3

September 2013

2013

Scope and policy of the journalAgricultural Science and Technology /AST/ – an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues.

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Editor-in-Chief

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Genetics and Breading

Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Max Rothschild (USA)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)

Nutrition and Physiology

Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)

Production Systems

Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria)Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria)Banko Banev (Bulgaria)Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)

Agriculture and Environment

Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria)Ramesh Kanwar (USA)

Product Quality and Safety

Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)

English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)

2013

ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 5, Number 3September 2013

Biological activity of plant protection products against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in tomato grown in greenhouses

1 2 2N. Valchev , V. Yankova *, D. Markova

1Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria2Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, 32 Brezovsko shose, 4003 Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Abstract. Tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) is a dangerous pest in tomato grown in greenhouses. The control of this pest is difficult because of the latent way of life of the larvae in the mines, high reproductive potential, polyvoltine development and manifestation of resistance to great part of applied insecticides. Integrated Plant Protection programmes including a complex of measures are developed for successful control of the pest. The most frequently used practice for control on T. absoluta is still the application of chemical insecticides. During the period 2011-2012 experiments were performed for determination of the effectiveness of some insecticides in tomato variety Velocity grown in heated greenhouses. A very good biological activity

thtowards the larvae (L1-L4) of tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) was established in the products Avant 150 ЕC 250 ml/ha (E=79.38% 14 day after thtreatment) and Coragen 20 SC 0.018% (E=79.18% 14 day after treatment).

Keywords: Tuta absoluta, insecticide, tomato, effectiveness

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 5, No 3, pp , 2013318 - 321

the populations (Lietti et al., 2005; Bielza, 2010; Karadzhova et al., Introduction2010; NSPP, 2010; BFSA, 2012; Braham and Hajji, 2012).

The purpose of the study is to establish the biological activity of Tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: plant protection products with different active ingredients towards Gelechiidae) has become one of the dangerous pests in tomato tomato leaf miner in tomato grown in greenhouses.greenhouse production in recent years. Larvae make damages

attacking all above-ground parts of the tomato plant - extensive mines on the leaves, carving turns in the stem, entrances in the top

Material and methodsbud, in the green and ripe fruits could be observed.Control of this pest is difficult because of the latent way of life of

the larvae in the mines, high reproductive potential, polyvoltine The trials were carried out in Plovdiv in 2011-2012 in heated development and manifestation of resistance to great part of the greenhouses with tomato variety Velocity. The effectiveness of 4 applied insecticides (Sequera et al., 2000; Lietti et al., 2005). plant protection products was established: deltamethrin (Decis 2.5 Integrated plant protection systems including a complex of practices ЕC 0.05%), imidakloprid+deltamethrin (Confidor Energy ОD (crop rotation, use of pheromone traps, installation of insect nets, 0.08%), indoxakarb (Avant 150 ЕC 170 ml/ha, Avant 150 ЕC 250 application of bioagents and bioproducts, treatment with ml/ha) and rinaxipir (Coragen 20 SC 0.016%, Coragen 20 SC insecticides) are developed for successful control of the pest (EPPO 0.018%). Observations were made on preliminary fixed plants and Bulletin, 2005; Benvenga et al., 2007; Faria et al., 2008; Huber and leaves at natural population density (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) larvae Drobny, 2010). It was established that the product Afarm possesses 1-4 instar (L1-L4). Number of replications per variant - 4. Living

rd th thgood effectiveness towards the pest (a. i. emamektin) (López et al., larvae were counted before treatment and in intervals 3 , 7 и 14 2011). Products with active ingredient (a. i.) deltamethrin, lambda day after treatment. The effectiveness (E%) was calculated by the cyhalothrin and indoksakarb are also used for control of T. absoluta Henderson-Tilton formula. A comparative analysis by the method (Salazar and Araya, 2001; Korycinska and Moran, 2009). Collavino Duncan's multiple range test was made (1955). The results were and Giménez (2008) report that for control of tomato leaf miner processed mathematically by three-way analysis of variance products with a. i. imidakloprid could be used. Preliminary studies in (Lidanski, 1988).Spain show that the products with a. i. spinozat and indoxakarb have been effective against the larvae of the pests and the insecticides based on deltamethrin and metomil could be used for control of

Results and discussionadults although the latter have negative side effect on the natural enemies and pollinators (Potting et al., 2010).

It was established that the best biological activity towards larvae The most frequently used practice for control of T. absoluta is of tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) have the products still the application of chemical insecticides. There are many studies

thAvant 150 ЕC 250 ml/ha (E=79.38% 14 day after treatment) and for determination of the effectiveness of plant protection products thCoragen 20 SC 0.018% (E=79.18% 14 day after treatment) (Table with a view to create successful plant protected strategy for control of

1). The recorded values for these insecticides are comparatively tomato leaf miner with minimum risk of appearance of resistance in

* e-mail: vinelina@abv.bg

318

319

higher than the maximum effectiveness in Decis 2.5 ЕC 0,05% treated with product Avant 150 ЕC 250 ml/ha and Coragen 20 SC th 0.018% (Figures 1 and 2).(E=55.02% 7 day after treatment). The results obtained confirm the

The product Confidor Energy OD 0.08% has middle position. data by Potting et al. (2009) for good contact action of the pyrethroids The maximum value of effectiveness established for this product that make them suitable against the adults but towards larvae. This

th tendency was also observed in the picture of infestation by the pest (75.88% 14 day after treatment) is close to that recorded in Coragen thexpressed as average number of larvae per leaf. The lowest 20 SC 0.016% (73.99% 14 day after treatment) and Avant 150 ЕC

thaverage number of larvae treatment was recorded in the variant 170 ml/ha (72.86% 14 day after treatment).

Table 1. Effectiveness of plant protection products against larvae of tomato leaf miner (L1-L4) (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) intomato variety Velocity grown in greenhouses

*a, b, c, d…n. s. - Duncan's multiple range test (p≤0.05)

Variant

Decis 2.5 ЕC 0.05%

Confidor Enеrgy ОD 0.08%

Avant 150 ЕC 170 ml/ha

Avant 150 ЕC 250 ml/ha

Coragen 20 SC 0.016%

Coragen 20 SC 0.018%

Decis 2.5 ЕC 0.05%

Confidor Enеrgy ОD 0.08%

Avant 150 ЕC 170 ml/ha

Avant 150 ЕC 250 ml/ha

Coragen 20 SC 0.016%

Coragen 20 SC 0.018%

Decis 2.5 ЕC 0.05%

Confidor Energy ОD 0.08%

Avant 150 ЕC 170 ml/ha

Avant 150 ЕC 250 ml/ha

Coragen 20 SC 0.016%

Coragen 20 SC 0.018%

b43.89 ± 0.25 a57.29 ± 8.59 b43.75 ± 5.95 a56.15 ± 4.37 ab51.56 ± 6.61 ab55.14 ± 6.78 n.s.59.08 ± 7.20 n.s.66.25 ± 9.85 n.s.64.70 ± 7.94 n.s.67.20 ± 7.53 n.s.65.42 ± 7.12 n.s.68.28 ± 6.49 b48.22 ± 6.84 a74.32 ± 9.34 a72.44 ± 9.68

a80.71 ± 17.82 a71.55 ± 9.53

a76.71 ± 11.62

b41.25 ± 11.81 a60.42 ± 12.50

ab45.72 ± 9.62 ab56.67 ± 8.17 ab55.95 ± 7.90 a58.45 ± 6.91

c50.95 ± 13.24 a81.61 ± 12.76 bc60.42 ± 14.93 ab72.62 ± 11.04 bc62.20 ± 10.93

ab74.17 ± 5.53 b48.61 ± 5.54 a77.44 ± 5.27 a73.28 ± 5.63 a78.04 ± 6.21 a76.43 ± 6.62

a81.66 ± 1461 .

b42.57 ± 10.36 a58.85 ± 2.62

b44.73 ± 7.06a56.41 ± 5.31 a53.76 ± 0.70 a56.79 ± 4.68

b55.02 ± 10.01 a73.93 ± 4.91

ab62.56 ± 11.16 a69.91 ± 8.59 ab63.81 ± 7.81 a71.22 ± 3.67 b48.42 ± 6.15 a75.88 ± 6.91 a72.86 ± 2.54

a79.38 ± 10.55 a73.99 ± 8.02

a 79.8 ± 12.89

Effectiveness (%)

Average20122011Daysafter

treatment

3

7

14

SEMMean ± SEMMean ± SEMMean ±

Ave

rage

num

ber

larv

ae/le

af

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

Contro

l

Decis

2.5 E

C 0.05

%

Confid

or E

nerg

y OD 0.

08%

Avant

150 E

C 170 m

l/ha

Avant

150 E

C 250 m

l/ha

Corag

en 20

SC 0.

016%

Corag

en 20

SC 0.

018%

1.00

0.00

Day before treatment: 3 7 14

Figure 1. Infestation by tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) before treatment with plant protection products

320

The products tested Avant 150 ЕC and Coragen 20 SC Conclusiondemonstrated good effectiveness towards the larvae of T. absoluta in the two studied doses/concentrations and depending on the Very good biological activity towards the larvae of tomato leaf status of the population these products could be used successfully miner (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) was established in products Avant

thfor control of the pest in particular conditions. The good biological 150 ЕC 250 ml/ha (E=79.38% 14 day after treatment) and Coragen thactivity of Confidor Energy ОD 0.08% gives a reason to include it in 20 SC 0.018% (E=79.18% 14 day after treatment). It was

the plant protected systems as an alternative of the products with established on the basis of a three-factor analysis of variance that different active ingredients and mechanisms of action in order to only the factors variant and days of treatment exert an influence on avoid the possibility of appearance of resistance. On the basis of a the variation of effectiveness.three-way analysis of variance it was established that among the factors of variation: variant (plant protection product) (A), days after treatment (B) and year (C) considerable effect on the variation of the

Referenceseffectiveness have only the factors variant and days after treatment (Table 2). Including products with different mechanism of action in

Benvenga SR, Fernandes OA and Gravena S, 2007. Decision plant protection systems is a possibility to limit the risk of the making for integrated pest management of the South American emergence of resistance in the population of T. absoluta and a basis tomato pinworm based on sexual pheromone traps. Horticultura for the implementation of successful control.

Ave

rage

num

ber

larv

ae/le

af8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

Contro

l

Decis

2.5 E

C 0.05

%

Confid

or E

nerg

y OD 0.

08%

Avant

150 E

C 170 m

l/ha

Avant

150 E

C 250 m

l/ha

Corag

en 20

SC 0.

016%

Corag

en 20

SC 0.

018%

1.00

0.00

Day before treatment: 3 7 14

Figure 2. Infestation by tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta Meyrick) after treatment with plant protection products

Table 2. Effect of the variation factors on the effectiveness of plant protection products against tomato leaf miner (Tutaabsoluta Meyrick)

* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, n.s. – non-significant

Variation factors

Product for plant protection (A)

Year (B)

Days after treatment ( C )

Interaction A x B

Interaction A x C

InteractionB x C

Interaction A x B x C

Residuary

5

1

2

5

10

2

10

108

1569.64***n.s. 119.75

4795.64***n.s. 87.09 n.s. 148.83 n.s. 0.02 n.s. 46.82 n.s. 90.43

26.41

32.27

Effectiveness, %

Degree of freedom

df MS %

Variance Effect

321

Brasiliera, 25, 164-169. Korycinska A and Moran H, 2009. South American tomato moth BFSA (Bulgarian Food Safety Agency), 2012. National Tuta absoluta. The Food and Environment Research Agency (Fera), programme of measures for control of tomato leaf miner Tuta www.defra.gov.uk/fera/plants/plantHealth.absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera), Sofia, 23. Lidanski Т, 1988. Statistical method in biology and in agriculture. www.babh.government.bg/uploads/Programa_Tuta_16.05.2012.p Zemizdat, Sofia, 374.df. (Bg). Lietti MMM, Botto E and Alzogaray R, 2005. Insecticide Bielza P, 2010. La resistencia a insecticidas en Tuta absoluta Resistance in Argentine Populations of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Meyrick). Phytoma España, 217, 103-106. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Neotropical Entomology, 34, 1, 113-Braham M and Hajji L, 2012. Management of Tuta absoluta 119.(Lepidoptera,Gelechiidae) with Insecticides on Tomatoes. López JM, M artín L, López A, Correia R, González F, Sanz E, Insecticides - Pest Engineering, 333-354. Gallardo M and Cantus JM, 2010. AFFIRM (Emamectina), una

nueva armacontra la Tuta absoluta y otras orugasde lepidópteros. Collavino MD and Giménez RA, 2008. Efficacy imidacloprid to Phytoma España, 217, 51-54. control the tomato borer (Tuta absoluta Meyrick). IDESIA (Chile), 26, NSPP (National Service for Plant Protection), 2010. Instructions for 1, 65-72.monitoring and control on tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Povolny). Duncan D, 1955. Multiple range and multiple F-test. Biometrics, 11, www.nsrz.government.bg. (Bg).1-42.Potting R, van der Gaag DJ, Loomans A, van der Straten M, EPPO Bulletin, 2005. Tuta absoluta. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 35, 434- Anderson H, MacLeod A, Guitián Castrillón JM and Cambra GV, 435.2010. Pest Risk Analysis Tuta absoluta, Tomato leaf miner moth. 24 Faria CA, Torres JB, Fernandes AMV and Farias AMI, 2008. pp., Version 14: January–2010, http://www.vwa.nl/ onderwerpen/ Parasitism of Tuta absoluta in tomato plants by Trichogramma english/dossier/pest-risk-analysis/evaluation-of-pest-risks.pretiosum Riley in response to host density and plant structures Salazar ER and Araya JE, 2001. Tomato moth, Tuta absoluta Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 38, 6, 1504-1509.(Meyrick) response to insecticides in Arica, Chile. Agricultura Huber A and Drobny HG, 2010. Control of Tuta absoluta in Técnica, 61, 4, 429-435.tomatoes within integrated crop protection programs. Bulletin article; Sequera HÁA, Guedes RNC, Picanço MC, 2000. Insecticide Conference paper Julius-Kühn-Archiv 2010, 428, 355.resistance in populations of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Karadzhova О, Ilieva Zh, Krumov V, Stoyanova E, Petrova E, Gelechiidae). Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2, 147-153.Velcheva N and Ventsislavov V, 2010. Evaluation of risk Tuta

absoluta.79. www.ppi-bg.org/i/tuta.pdf. (Bg).

Review

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Fibromelanosis in domestic chickens H. Lukanov, A. Genchev

Rumi and IPK Nelina – new cotton varietiesA. Stoilova, Hr. Meluca

Drying of seeds from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by using Silica gel forex situ storageP. Chamurlyisky, N. Tsenov, S. Stoyanova

Breeding evaluation of newly stabilized lines of maizeV. Valkova

Apricot breeding for resistance to SharkaV. Bozhkova, S. Milusheva

Dry matter accumulation in the varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)according to previous cropA. Ivanova, N. Tsenov

®Reproductive performance of weaning saws after treatment with FertipigS. Dimitrov, G. Bonev

Reproductive performance of Polish Large White and Polish Landrace sowsB. Szostak, V. Katsarov

Effect of the feeding of products stimulating the development of bee coloniesR. Shumkova, I. Zhelyazkova

Investigations on kidney function in mulard ducklings with experimental aflatoxicosisI. Valchev, N. Grozeva, L. Lazarov, D. Kanakov, Ts. Hristov, R. Binev, Y. Nikolov

Rumen fermentation in yearling rams fed different rationsV. Radev

Effect of different lipid and protein dietary levels on rumen ciliate fauna and cellulolytic activity in yearling ramsV. Radev, I. Varlyakov, R. Mihaylov

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247

252

257

261

264

269

276

294

282

290

272

Production Systems

Agriculture and Environment

Product Quality and Safety

Efficacy and selectivity of antibroadleaved herbicides at durum wheat against volunteers of coriander, Clearfield canola, Clearfield sunflower and ExpressSun sunflowerG. Delchev

Investigations on friction coefficients of cow hooves with different dairy farm floor typesT. Penev, Z. Manolov, I. Borissov, V. Dimova, Tch. Miteva, Y. Mitev, V. Kirov

Productivity of irrigation cotton cultivated under different inter-row spacesI. Saldzhiev, A. Muhova

Stability evaluation of mixtures among preparations with different biological effect on the basis of grain yield in spring vetchG. Delchev, N. Georgieva, I. Nikolova

Biological activity of plant protection products against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in tomato grown in greenhousesN. Valchev, V. Yankova, D. Markova

Changes of some agro-chemical parameters of Pellic Vertisol (FAO) soil type in growing cereal crops under organic system of agricultureV. Koteva

Carcass composition and meat quality in lambs reared indoors and on pasture T. Popova, P. Marinova

Fatty acids and lipid indices of buffalo milk yogurtN. Naydenova, T. Iliev, G. Mihaylova

Effect of supplementary honey and artificial sugar feeding of bees on the composition of royal jellyR. Balkanska, I. Zhelyazkova, M. Ignatova, B. Kashamov

Influence of the amount of milk clotting enzyme with microbial and camel origin on the coagulation time of cow's milkP. Panayotov, K. Yoanidu, P. Boyanova, B. Milenkov

Determining chlorophyll and carrotenoid content in Bombyx mori L. excreta by Near Infrared SpectroscopyS. Atanasova, M. Panayotov, D. Pavlov, M. Duleva

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thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 – 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).Thesis:Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp.

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Volume 5, Number 3September 2013