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Calibration and modeling support for instruments at ESO !

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ABSTRACT

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

Keywords:!5'#&+%'2&$(-!G$>*#-!O6H1&5'#-!&(12%/G*(2-!*TO*%&G*(2-!%*N*%*(5*!>'2'!!

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

1.1 Aspects of experimental physics in astronomical observations

J%'>&2&$('##H-! '12%$($GH! &1! ($2! 5$(1&>*%*>!'(! *TO*%&G*(2'#! 15&*(5*! 1&GO#H! N$%! 26*! N'52! 26'2! 26*!$+R*521!$N! &(2*%*12! '%*!#$5'2*>!N'%!+*H$(>!26*!1O6*%*!$N!&(N#/*(5*!$N!26*!15&*(2&128![*(5*!26*!'12%$($G*%!6'1!2$!2'Y*!26*!%$#*!$N!'(!$+1*%M*%!36$!2%&*1!2$!/(>*%12'(>!26*!M'%&$/1!5$(>&2&$(1!$N!$+R*521!&(!('2/%*8!

Q(!5$(2%'12-!&(!*TO*%&G*(2'#!O6H1&51!26*!$+R*52!$N!15&*(2&N&5!12/>H!3&##!+*!1/+R*52*>!2$!M'%H&(F!*(M&%$(G*(2'#!5$(>&2&$(1!26'2!'%*!5$(2%$##*>!+H!26*!15&*(2&128!]1!'!%*1/#2!'!1$#&>!/(>*%12'(>&(F!$N! 26*!G*'1/%&(F!'OO'%'2/1!'(>!'##!12'2&12&5'#!'(>!1H12*G'2&5!*%%$%1!'11$5&'2*>!3&26!26*!G*'1/%*G*(2!O%$5*11!&1!'!O%&G*!%*Z/&%*G*(2!$N!'##!*TO*%&G*(2'#!3$%Y8!J6*!*NN$%2!%*Z/&%*>!2$!/(>*%12'(>!'(>!G&(&G&=*!'##!1$/%5*1!$N!*%%$%1!5'(!+*!'!M*%H!1/+12'(2&'#!N%'52&$(!$N!26*!$M*%'##!3$%Y8!!

Q2!&1!'!2%/&1G!26'2!^!1$G*2&G*1!M*%H!5$GO#*T!^!O6H1&51!(**>1!2$!+*!*GO#$H*>!2$!/(>*%12'(>!26*!O%$O*%2&*1!$N!'12%$($G&5'#!$+R*5218! 0H! 26*! 1'G*! 2$Y*(! &2! &1! M*%H! 'OO%$O%&'2*! 2$! /1*! O6H1&51! 2$! /(>*%12'(>! 26*! O*%N$%G'(5*! $N! '12%$($G&5'#!&(12%/G*(21!'(>!2$!O%$O*%#H!>*15%&+*!26*!*%%$%1!'11$5&'2*>!3&26!26*!G*'1/%&(F!O%$5*118![*%*!1$G*!#*11$(1!G'H!+*!#*'%(*>!N%$G!*TO*%&G*(2'#!O6H1&518!

,!NY*%+*%_*1$8$%F!

Please verify that (1) all pages are present, (2) all figures are acceptable, (3) all fonts and special characters are correct, and (4) all text and figures fit within themargin lines shown on this review document. Return to your MySPIE ToDo list and approve or disapprove this submission.

7014233 V. 3 (p.1 of 12) / Color: No / Format: A4 / Date: 6/19/2008 8:52:54 AM

SPIE USE: ____ DB Check, ____ Prod Check, Notes:

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1.2 Physics for better calibration

J6*!'52&M&2&*1!3&26&(!9S;b1!K'#&+%'2&$(!'(>!4$>*#!S/OO$%2!E%$/O!'%*!'&G*>!'2!*GO#$H&(F!26*!%*#*M'(2!O6H1&51!%*#'2*>!2$!26*!5'#&+%'2&$(!$N!&(12%/G*(21!3&26!26*!$+R*52&M*!$N!1/OO$%2&(F!26*!%*>/52&$(!$N!15&*(5*!>'2'!'(>!N'5&#&2'2&(F!$O*%'2&$(18!J6*!23$!G'&(!5$GO$(*(21!N$%!26&1!3$%Y!'%*!26*!'>$O2&$(!$N!O6H1&5'#!&(12%/G*(2!G$>*#&(F!2*56(&Z/*1!W1*52&$(!?V!'(>!26*!/1*!$N!5'#&+%'2&$(! %*N*%*(5*!>'2'! W1*52&$(!cV8! Q(!'>>&2&$(-! N$%!M*%H!O%'52&5'#! %*'1$(1! 26*!F%$/O!O%$M&>*1!1/OO$%2! N$%! 26*!>*M*#$OG*(2! $N! 26*!@'2'! 7*>/52&$(! S$N23'%*! W@7SV-! *8F8! 1&G/#'2*>! >'2'! +'1*>! $(! '!G$>*#! +'1*>! >*15%&O2&$(! $N! 26*!&(12%/G*(2I!'(>!O'%2&5&O'2*1!&(!2*12&(F-!5$GG&11&$(&(F!'(>!15&*(5*!M*%&N&5'2&$(!$N!26*!&(12%/G*(2.!

J3$!5$(1&>*%'2&$(1!'%*!'#3'H1! 2$!+*!G'>*! &(! 26&1!Y&(>!$N!3$%Y8!"&%12-!will the physical description improve the final science product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is it worth the effort?![*%*!$N!5$/%1*!*'56! &(12%/G*(2! 6'1! 2$! +*! '11*11*>! &(>&M&>/'##H! +/2! 26*!3*##<*12'+#&16*>! Aad?a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2.1 Modeling approach

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2.2 Calibration

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2.3 Simulation Tools

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2.4 Physical model in the data reduction software

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3. CALIBRATION REFERENCE DATA K'#&+%'2&$(! %*N*%*(5*!>'2'! 1*%M*!'1!'!kF%$/(>! 2%/26bl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

3.1 Properties of Physical Materials

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3.2 Spectro-photometric Standard Stars for the Near Infrared (IR)

Q(!O%*O'%'2&$(!$N!26*!$O*%'2&$(1!$N!S<16$$2*%!'!(**>!N$%!+*22*%!Q7!N#/T!5'#&+%'2&$(!12'(>'%>1!3'1!&>*(2&N&*>8!J6*!'&G!$N!26&1!9S;!$+1*%M'2$%H!O%$F%'G!&1! 2$!*12'+#&16!'!1*2!$N!1O*52%$<O6$2$G*2%&5!12'(>'%>!12'%1!$M*%!'!M*%H!3&>*!3'M*#*(F26!%'(F*!N%$G!c?a!(G!2$!?Baa!(G8!J6*!12%'2*FH!&1!2$!*T2*(>!26*!/1*N/#!%'(F*!$N!26*!3*##!*12'+#&16*>!$O2&5'#!N#/T!12'(>'%>1A-j!&(2$! 26*! (*'%! Q7! /1&(F! '! N*3!3*##! 1*#*52*>!3&(>$31!36*%*! '2G$1O6*%&5! 2%'(1G&11&$(! &1! mjjn8! Q(2*%O$#'2&$(! +*23**(!26*1*!G*'1/%*G*(21!&1!>$(*!3&26!12'2*<$N<26*<'%2!12*##'%!'2G$1O6*%*!G$>*#1!N$%!26*!36&2*!>3'%N1!W1**!J8!7'/56b1!3*+!1&2*!622OUdd'12%$8/(&<2/*+&(F*(8>*do%'/56dV8! J6%**! [SJ! 36&2*! >3'%N1! 1*%M*! '1! O%&G'%H! %*N*%*(5*à8! "$%! 26*1*! 'F%**G*(2!+*23**(!N#/T!G*'1/%*>!'+$M*!26*!'2G$1O6*%*!'(>!12*##'%!G$>*#1!&1!`<?n8!9'%#H!%*1/#21!>*2'&#*>!+H!X*%(*2!*2!'#8``!&(>&5'2*!26'2!'(!'55/%'5H!$N!+*23**(!?<en!5'(!+*!'56&*M*>!&(!p-![!'(>!)!+'(>1I!1&F(&N&5'(2#H!+*22*%!26'(!26*!$%&F&('#!F$'#!$N!àn8!;(5*!N/##H!M'#&>'2*>!26&1!(*3!1*2!$N!12'(>'%>!12'%1!3&##!+*!/1*N/#!2$!$26*%!(*'%<Q7!1O*52%$F%'O618!!

!

3.3 Wavelength Standards J%'>&2&$('#!'OO%$'56*1!2$!3'M*#*(F26!5'#&+%'2&$(!&(!26*!(*'%<Q7!%*#&*>!$(!'2G$1O6*%&5!N*'2/%*1-!&(!O'%2&5/#'%!26*!%&56!;[!*G&11&$(!1O*52%/G!$N!26*!(&F62!1YH`?8!J6&1!'OO%$'56!6'1!1&F(&N&5'(2!#&G&2'2&$(!N$%!6&F6!%*1$#/2&$(!1O*52%$15$OH!'(>!3*!>*5&>*>! 26'2! &(! $%>*%! 2$! %*'#&=*! 26*! O$2*(2&'#! '55/%'5H! $N! 9S;b1!K%H$F*(&5![&F6<7*1$#/2&$(! Q7!956*##*! SO*52%$G*2*%!WK7Q79SV`c! '(! *T2*%('#! ! 5'#&+%'2&$(! 1$/%5*! 3$/#>! +*! >*1&%'+#*8! J$! 26&1! *(>! 9S;-! &(! 5$##'+$%'2&$(! 3&26! 26*! SO'5*!J*#*15$O*! 9/%$O*'(! K$<$%>&('2&(F! "'5&#&2H! WSJ<9K"V! '(>! 26*! iS! h'2&$('#! Q(12&2/2*! $N! S2'(>'%>1! '(>! J*56($#$FH!WhQSJV-!*G+'%Y*>!$(!'!O%$R*52!2$!*12'+#&16!J6<]%!3'M*#*(F26!12'(>'%>1!&(!26*!jBa<Baaa!(G!$O*%'2&(F!%'(F*!$N!K7Q79S8!J6<]%! 6$##$3! 5'26$>*! #'GO1! W[K\1V! '%*! '! 3*##! *12'+#&16! 3'M*#*(F26! 12'(>'%>! &(! 26*! /#2%'M&$#*2! WiXV! '(>! X&1&+#*!O%$M&>&(F!'!%&56!1O*52%/G`D8!S&(5*!26*%*!&1!$(#H!$(*!&1$2$O*!&(!('2/%*!'(>!26*!(/5#*'%!1O&(!&1!=*%$!26*!/1*!$N!J6!'M$&>1!26*!5$GO#*T&2H! $N! &1$2$O*<! '(>! 6HO*%N&(*! 12%/52/%*! &(! 26*! 1O*52%/G8! @*>&5'2*>! #'+$%'2$%H! G*'1/%*G*(21! '2! hQSJ! 6'M*!%*1/#2*>! &(! '+$/2! ?Daa! #&(*1! +*23**(!CBa! '(>! DAaa!(G!3&26! 6&F6#H! '55/%'2*! ! W'55/%'5HU! a8aa`! 5G<`! N$%! 12%$(F! #&(*1V!3'M*#*(F2618!J6*!5'#&+%'2&$(!'55/%'5H!%*#'2&M*!2$!#'1*%!G*'1/%*G*(21!$N!J6`B!&1!!`8D!à<A8!@*2'&#1!$N!26&1!*NN$%2!'(>!26*!$O*%'2&$(1!$N![K\1!'%*!>*15%&+*>!&(!)*%+*%!*2!'#8è!36&#*!26*!#&(*!#&12!&1!O/+#&16*>!&(!)*%+*%!*2!'#8`C8!J6*!J6<]%![K\1!O%$M&>*!'!6&F6!>*(1&2H!$N!16'%O!3*##<56'%'52*%&=*>!*G&11&$(!#&(*1!5$G+&(*>!3&26!26*!*'1*!'(>!*NN&5&*(5H!$N!$O*%'2&$(!$N!'!5$GG*%5&'#!>&156'%F*!#'GO8!J6*H!($3!'%*!26*!+'5Y+$(*!$N!3'M*#*(F26!5'#&+%'2&$(!$N!K7Q79S!/O!2$!?Baa!(G8!




!

!

!

"$%!#$(F*%!3'M*#*(F261!F'1!5*##1!Wh?;!'(>!;KSV!'%*!+*&(F!*12'+#&16*>!'1!5'#&+%'2&$(!1$/%5*1!+H!/1&(F!hQSJ!5'#&+%'2&$(!%*N*%*(5*!>'2'!'(>!#'+$%'2$%H!G*'1/%*G*(21!3&26!9S;b1!"JS!2$!56'%'52*%&1*!26*!F'1!5*##1!'1!'!N/(52&$(!$N!N&##!F'1!O%*11/%*!'(>! 2*GO*%'2/%*8!;26*%! F'1*1!3&26!G$%*! 1O*5&'#&=*>! 'OO#&5'2&$(! 6'M*! +**(!G*'1/%*>! '2! 9S;! &(! 5$##'+$%'2&$(!3&26! '!F%$/O!&(!['G+/%F!WE'*>Y*!f!)*%+*%-!&(!O%*O'%'2&$(V8!

L&26!26*1*!>*M*#$OG*(21!3'M*#*(F26!5'#&+%'2&$(!&(!26*!(*'%<Q7!3&##!+*5$G*!M*%H!1&G&#'%!2$!26*!iX<M&1&+#*!%*F&$(-!'(>!&2!&1!O$11&+#*!2$!1/OO$%2!6&F6!'55/%'5H!'+1$#/2*!3'M*#*(F26!5'#&+%'2&$(!3&26$/2!6'M&(F!2$!%*#H!$(!'2G$1O6*%&5!N*'2/%*18!Q(!'!%*#'2*>!>*M*#$OG*(2!9S;!&1!/(>*%2'Y&(F!<!&(!5$##'+$%'2&$(!3&26!hQSJ!<!'!>*>&5'2*>!*NN$%2!2$!&>*(2&NH!26*!+*12!5'#&+%'2&$(!1$/%5*1! N$%!3'M*#*(F26!5'#&+%'2&$(!$N!9<9\J!1O*52%$F%'O618!J6*! &(12%/G*(21!5/%%*(2#H!/(>*%!12/>H!5$M*%!'!1&F(&N&5'(2!%'(F*! &(! 3'M*#*(F26! '(>! 1O*52%'#! %*1$#/2&$(! +/2! $/%! Y($3#*>F*! $N! (*'%<Q7! N%$G! M'%&$/1! *#*G*(21! &1! %'26*%! #&G&2*>8!]#>*(&/1!*2!'#8À!W26*1*!O%$5**>&(F1V!>*15%&+*!&(!>*2'&#!26*!12'2/1!$N!26*!O%$R*52!'(>!O%*1*(2!N&%12!%*1/#218!

!

3.4 Optimising Calibration Systems J6*!5$G+&('2&$(!$N!#'+$%'2$%H!G*'1/%*G*(21!3&26!'!O6H1&5'#!&(12%/G*(2!G$>*#!&1!'!M*%H!O$3*%N/#!2$$#!N$%!'11*11&(F!26*!O%*>&52*>! O*%N$%G'(5*! $N! '(! &(12%/G*(2! $%! &21! 5'#&+%'2&$(! 1/+1H12*G8! "$%! 26*! 1*#*52&$(! $N! 26*! +*12<1/&2*>!3'M*#*(F26!5'#&+%'2&$(!1$/%5*1!N$%!26*!(*'%<Q7!'%G!$N!S<16$$2*%!3*!>&>!'(!&(<>*O26!'('#H1&1`j-?a8!]1!'!%*1/#2!3*!6'M*!+**(!'+#*!2$!&>*(2&NH!'!5$G+&('2&$(!$N! 26*!($+#*!F'1*1!h*-!]%!'(>!)%!'1! 26*!+*12! 26%**<#'GO!5$G+&('2&$(8!;/%!'('#H1&1!O%$M&>*1!'!Z/'(2&2'2&M*!$%>*%<+H<$%>*%!O%*>&52&$(!'+$/2!26*!(/G+*%!$N!#&(*1!'M'&#'+#*!N%$G!'!F&M*(!1$/%5*-!26*&%!%*#'2&M*!&(2*(1&2&*1!<!&(5#/>&(F! 26*! *NN*52! $N! 26*! +#'=*! N/(52&$(! <! '(>! '(! *12&G'2*! $N! 26*! #&(*! +#*(>&(F! +*23**(! 1$/%5*18! J6*! O%*>&52&$(! &1!5/%%*(2#H!+*&(F!M'#&>'2*>!+H!#'+$%'2$%H!G*'1/%*G*(21!3&26!S<16$$2*%8!

!

3.5 ESO Laboratory Facility

9S;! $O*%'2*1! '! 5$GG*%5&'#! "$/%&*%! J%'(1N$%G! SO*52%$G*2*%! W"JSV! WJ6*%G$! BCaaV! &(! &21! Q7! #'+$%'2$%H8! J6*!1O*52%$G*2*%!&1!*Z/&OO*>!3&26!'(!*T2*%('#!O$%2!26'2!'##$31!$(*!2$!N**>!26*!#&F62!N%$G!*T2*%('#!#&F62!1$/%5*1!2$!26*!"JS!W"&F8!CV!N$%!'('#H1&18!9S;P1!Q(2*F%'2&$(!'(>!K%H$<M'5//G!@*O'%2G*(2!&(!Q(12%/G*(2'2&$(!@&M&1&$(!6'1!+/&#2!'!O*%G'(*(2!1*2</O!N$%!26*!*T2*%('#!N**>!36&56!%*O#&5'2*1!O'%2!$N!26*!$O2&5'#!2%'&(!$N!26*!"JS8!@&NN*%*(2!5$G+&('2&$(1!$N!>*2*52$%1!'(>!+*'G!1O#&22*%1!5'(!+*!/1*>! 2$!$+1*%M*! 26*!3'M*#*(F26!%'(F*!Caa!(G!<!àaaa!(G8!J6*!G'T&G/G!1O*52%'#! %*1$#/2&$(! &1!'+$/2!àaaaa!'2!àaa!(G8!

L6&#*!O%$O*%!5'#&+%'2&$(!%*N*%*(5*!>'2'!5'(!$(#H!+*!$+2'&(*>!+H!>*>&5'2*>!G*'1/%*G*(21!'2!Z/'#&N&*>!O6H1&51!#'+$%'2$%&*1!1/56!'1!hQSJ!W1**!1*52&$(!c8cV!$%!.J0!26&1!&(<6$/1*!N'5&#&2H!$NN*%1!F%*'2!+*(*N&2!N$%!12/>H&(F!1*M*%'#!'1O*521!$N!&(12%/G*(2!$O*%'2&$(18!7*5*(2!%$/2&(*!*T'GO#*1!'%*!G*'1/%*G*(21!$N!N&#2*%1!2%'(1G&11&$(!5/%M*1!W1*'%56!N$%!#*'Y1V!'(>!2%'(1G&11&$(!$N!$O2&5'#!N&+*%18!@*>&5'2*>!#'+$%'2$%H!5'GO'&F(1!6'M*!%*1/#2*>!&(!'('#H1&1!$N!26*!1O*52%'!$N!O*(!%'H!#'GO1!N$%!S<16$$2*%!5'#&+%'2&$(! W)*%+*%! *2! '#8`j-?aV-! N/(>'G*(2'#! %*1*'%56! &(2$! 26*! (*'%<Q7! 1O*52%'! $N! 6$##$3! 5'26$>*! #'GO1! N%$G! M'%&$/1!*#*G*(21! N$%! 9<9\J! '(>! 26*&%! M'%&'2&$(! '1! '! N/(52&$(! $N! 5/%%*(2! W]#>*(&/1! *2! '#8À! 26*&%! "&F18! e!f! CV8! Q(! '>>&2&$(! 26*!1O*52%'!$N!M'%&$/1!F'1*1!6'M*!+**(!56'%'52*%&=*>!'1!'!N/(52&$(!$N!O%*11/%*!'(>!2*GO*%'2/%*!N$%!/1*!&(!K7Q79S!F'1!5*##18!J6*! 5'O'+&#&2H! 2$! O*%N$%G! 1/56!G*'1/%*G*(21! &(<6$/1*!6'1!O%$M*(! 2$!+*! '! Z/&5Y! '(>!M*%H! *NN&5&*(2!3'H!$N!$+2'&(&(F!%*#*M'(2!&(N$%G'2&$(!N$%!5'#&+%'2&$(!O/%O$1*18!




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!

3.6 ESO Calibration Proposals

]1!$N!26*!+*F&((&(F!$N!?aaA!9S;!6'1!&(2%$>/5*>!'!(*3!5'2*F$%H!$N!$+1*%M&(F!O%$O$1'#1!'&G*>!'2!*(6'(5&(F!5'#&+%'2&$(!N$%!9S;!&(12%/G*(218!J6&1!3'1!>$(*!&(!>&%*52!%*1O$(1*!2$!26*!N**>+'5Y!N%$G!26*!5$GG/(&2H!'(>!>&15/11&$(1!'2!26*!?aaC!9S;!Q(12%/G*(2!K'#&+%'2&$(!3$%Y16$O?`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dd3338*1$8$%Fd15&d$+1*%M&(FdO%$O$1'#1d&(>*T862G#8!




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`@!'(>!?@!1O*52%$15$O&5!>'2'!/1&(F!1/56!G$>*#18!J6*1*!1&G/#'2&$(1!'&>! 26*!&(&2&'#! '#&F(G*(2! $N! 26*! &(12%/G*(2! &(! 26*! #'+$%'2$%H-! 26*! >*M*#$OG*(2! $N! 26*! @7S! '(>-! O$2*(2&'##H-! 26*! O#'((&(F! $N!$+1*%M'2&$(18!!

K'#&+%'2&$(!%*N*%*(5*!>'2'!2%'5*'+#*!2$!#'+$%'2$%H!12'(>'%>1!O%$M&>*!26*!F%$/(>!2%/26!(**>*>!N$%!Z/'(2&2'2&M*!5'#&+%'2&$(8!L*! 6'M*! F&M*(! 1*M*%'#! *T'GO#*1! $N! 1/56! 12'(>'%>1! O%$>/5*>! '2! 9S;! $%! &(! 5$##'+$%'2&$(! 3&26! $26*%! O'%2(*%18! ]!5$G+&('2&$(!$N!26*!G$>*##&(F!2*56(&Z/*1!'(>!5'#&+%'2&$(!%*N*%*(5*!>'2'!5'(!+*!/1*>!2$!$O2&G&1*!&(12%/G*(2!O*%N$%G'(5*!26%$/F6$/2!'##!O6'1*1!$N!26*!#&N*!5H5#*!$N!'(!&(12%/G*(2U!>*1&F(-!G'(/N'52/%*-!2*12&(F!'(>!$O*%'2&$(18!

)*H! 2$!1/55*11!'(>! 2$!'56&*M&(F! 26*!+*12! 15&*(5*!O%$>/52! &1!'(! &(2*F%'2*>!'OO%$'56! 26'2!5$G+&(*1! 26*!>*M*#$OG*(2!$N!O6H1&5'#! &(12%/G*(2! G$>*#1-! 'OO#&5'2&$(! $N! '(>! N**>+'5Y! N%$G! 26*1*! G$>*#1! >/%&(F! &(12%/G*(2! &(2*F%'2&$(-! 2*12&(F-!5$GG&11&$(&(F!'(>!15&*(5*!M*%&N&5'2&$(!'(>!26*&%!&(2*F%'2&$(!&(!26*!>'2'!%*>/52&$(!1$N23'%*8!

S*5$(>!F*(*%'2&$(!X\J!&(12%/G*(21!'(>!9<9\J!&(12%/G*(21!5#*'%#H!12'(>!2$!+*(*N&2!N%$G!26&1!'OO%$'568!

!

Acknowledgments

L*!3$/#>! #&Y*! 2$! 26'(Y!$/%!K7Q79S!'(>!S<16$$2*%!O%$R*52! 5$##*'F/*1! N$%! 26*&%! 1/OO$%2! '(>!5$<$O*%'2&$(!'(>!E&##&'(!h'M*!'(>!K%'&F!S'(1$(*22&!'2!hQSJ!N$%!N%/&2N/#!5$##'+$%'2&$(8!SO*5&'#!26'(Y1!'#1$!F$!2$!$/%!5$##*'F/*1!'2!9S;!S@@!N$%!26*&%!*NN$%21!&(2*%N'5&(F!26*!O6H1&5'#!G$>*#!5$>*!3&26!26*!&(12%/G*(2!@7S8!

!

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W?aaAV!qcr K'%2*%-!98-!?aa`-!622OUdd33382'HF*2'85$Gd'((*'#&(Fd1&G'((*'#862G#!qDr )&%YO'2%&5Y-!S8-!E*#'22!p%-!K8@8!'(>!X*556&-!48.8-!k;O2&G&='2&$(!+H!S&G/#'2*>!]((*'#&(Fl-!S5&*(5*!??a-!

eC`<eAa!W`jAcV!qBr 0%&12$3-!.8-!)*%+*%-!"8!'(>!7$1'-!4878-!E$#>$(&-!.8-!SO'($-!.8!'(>!4$>&F#&'(&-!]8-!k!S<16$$2*%!O6H1&5'#!

G$>*#l!26*1*!O%$5**>&(F1!W?aaAV!!qer )*%+*%-!"-!0%&12$3-!.8!'(>!7$1'-!4878-!kSJQS!K'#&+%'2&$(!9(6'(5*G*(2!WSJQS<K9VU!@&1O*%1&$(!S$#/2&$(1!

0'1*>!$(!'!.6H1&5'#!Q(12%/G*(2!4$>*#l-!J6*!?aaB![SJ!5'#&+%'2&$(!3$%Y16$OU![/++#*!'N2*%!26*!2%'(1&2&$(!2$!23$<FH%$!G$>*-!.%$5**>&(F1!$N!'!3$%Y16$O!6*#>!'2!26*!SO'5*!J*#*15$O*!S5&*(5*!Q(12&2/2*-!0'#2&G$%*-!9>&2*>!+H!]8!48!)$*Y*G$*%-!.8!E$/>N%$$&R-!'(>!\8!\8!@%*11*#-!caj<c`C!W?aaeV!




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