01 ZBORNIK Krusevacki 14

8/9/2019 01 ZBORNIK Krusevacki 14

1/175


2/175

14


3/175

NATIONALMUSEUM KRU[EVAC

Kruevac, 2009.

, 2009.

KRUEVAC COLLECTION

XIV

XIV


4/175

Duan Rakovi

Branislav Cvetkovi

Goce Angeliin ura

Marina LukiCveti

Una Popovi

Weapon Archeological Topography of the South Morava and the Western MoravaConfluence in Antique

On function of ornament in a sacral context

Newfound Images of Ohrid Saints Kliment and Naum

The Church of the Holy Peter and Paul Apostles in the Village Poljna

,

An Idea, Importance and Work of the Educational Departments in Art, Museums

:

: , , , ,

, ( )

SUMMARY

Editor:

Ljubisa Vasiljevic MADirector, Museum Krusevac

Editorial Board:

PhD Rastko Vasic,PhD Ljiljana Gavrilovic, PhD Milan Radujko, Zivka Romelic,Ema Radulovic, Biljana Grkovic (Secretary)

14

ISSN 0352-7255UDK 93/99(082)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 35

-

Selena VitezoviBone industry from the site Stragari-ljivik

Gordana adjenoviFindings of the Vatin Culture Group in the Zone of The Juzna and Zapadna MoravaConfluence

Rastko VasiIllyrian Helmets Again

Ljubia VasiljeviArcheological Monuments of Mars the God in Roman Provinces in Serbia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 26

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 49

. . . . . . . 67. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 71

. . . . . . 83. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . 101. . . .

. . . . 111. . . .

124. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149. . . .161. . . .

171. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186. . . .

195. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . 210


5/175


6/175

1

. ,

, - ,

, ,

2 . (. 1) ,

.

. - , ,

14

903.2 638 (497.11) 903.8 638 (497.11)

: . . . . . . 441., .

: , , opidum, praesidium, , , , .

1 ,

.2. . , , ,,1948, 5-30; .

, , , , 22 ( 1969) 454 457-458.

9


7/175

10

3. , . , ,

,2005, 124-126.4. , . , , , 34

( 2007) 11-28.5M. Stoji, Gradine u basenu Velike Morave, Odbrambeni sistemi u praistoriji i antici na tlu

Jugoslavije, Novi Sad 1986, 74-79.6

,

-. 8000

3 .

- , , , , , , ,, , , .

, ,

. , , .

, ,

4. , , . a, , ,

5. , , ,,, , . , .

, , , 1 , , 50

6.

, : ,, (. 2). , . , , .

-

, , . (205 ), , , (260 ) , (324 ) .(240 ) , , . , . , . ,

7. .

, , IV . : , , , . II. 335.

11

J M

: . . . , ,

, 4 ( 1987) 129-134; . , , , 12 ( 2007) 7-20.

7. , , ,

, 14 ( 1998) 95-101; . , ., -- , ,18 (2002) 263-269.


8/175

, , 8

. , , ,IV I . , , , , .. :

9 10, , II

11 , ,

12.

, III , , , 279.

13, . , , .

, . . , . , , , . , II ,, , . , , , , , -- , -

14 .

1957.

15 . . , ,

16 150-50. . , , .

, . , ,

0,90 , ., , ,

17. , 2009. , . , , , ,

18.

, ,

2009. , , ,

I 19

(.5: 2).

,

,

, (. 3). ,

XX , S ,

8M. Mirkovi,Bevolkerung und Romische stadte in Obermoesien, Aufstig und Niedergang derRomischen Welt, II, 6, Berlin 1977, 812-845.

9. , ,

, 18/19 ( 1996) 31-37.10. , . ,

, , 11 (1996) 140-148.11. , ,, 18/19 ( 1996) 31-37, 5.

12. , , ,

.,1999, 18.13F. Papazoglu, Srednjobalkanska plemena u rimskom periodu,Sarajevo 1969, 80.14A. Mcsy,Pannonia and Upper Moesia, Boston-London 1974, 4-10; N. Theodossiev,North

Western Thrace from the fifth to first Centuries B. C., BAR International series, 859, Oxford, 2000, 10-45; N. Theodossiev,Celtic settlement in North-estern Thrace during the Late Fourth and ThirdCenturies BC, Celts on the margin:Studies in the Europian cultural interaction VII c BC-I c AD.,Essays in Honor of Zenon Woniak, Krakov, 2004, 1-11(www.caorc.org/programs/mellonpubs/Theodossiev).

15. , . , ,

, , ,IX-X ( 1958-1959) 267-271.16. , Praesidium Pompei- ,

, , III (2005) 207-208.17. , -

1954. , : , 2003, 37-39.

18 , 1994, 276.

19. , , 37.

J M

12 13


9/175

20

. ,

II I , I .

.

- e . Iunius D. Filius Silanusao 145. , C. Calpurnis Piso L. F. Frugi, 67. L. Valerius Acisculus 45.

21.

22 .

,

.

,

. , , 23

- , . ,

,

, ,

.

- , , . , , . , 2002. ,

24. - . . , .

, , , , . ,

25 , , , . , , , . 119. ,

26. . -I , Neuhaim

27(. 5: 1),

28. 101. . M. Lucius Rufusa PV

29, RVF M LVCILI. (. 6: 2)

II I , . , .

, - , . , ,

30I.

, , , .

. II .

31

.

20 1961-

2002.( ) 2004.21. -, . , ,

,, 2006, . 165, 1183, 1465.22. -, ,

, 1 ( 1984) 35.23. , . , ,

, 2000, 17.24

.

25. , . , -

, , 55/1-2, 2004, 75; . , , , III (2005) 185.

26F. Papazoglu, Srednjobalkanska plemena,222.27. , Felix Romuliane -

, , 24(2008) 258.28. , , -

, 1994, 131-136.29. ,. ,. ,75.

30M. Stoji,Veliki Vetren, Beograd 2003.31M. . Kos, The military role of Macedonia from the civil wars to the establishment of the

Moesian limes, Limes, 11, Szekesfehervar 1977, 277-295.

J M

14 15


10/175

101. , - , , . , ,

32-. I

33, .

, , , , Praesidium Pompei. Praesidium Pompei

34

. (. 6: 1) , ,,35, . . ,101. , . . 136.

36, 82.

37, ,

38 I . , , . I .

, ,

39, . ,

40, , . : , . , , , . , , , .

Horreum

Margi, , , , , ,

, .

Municipium Celegerorum, , . Horreum Margi

41, . , , Horreum Margi, , , Mutatio Sarmatorum.

Tabula Peutengeriana III IV , itinerarium Antonini Augusti, IV , itinerarium Hierosalumitanum, 333. ,

42 Horreum Margi .

Tabula Peutengeriana : Horreo Margi - Praesidium Dasmini - PraesidiumPompei Grampianis - Naiso.itinerarium Antonini Augusti: Horreo Margi Pompeis - Naiso.itinerarium Hierosalumitanum: mansio Oromago -Mutatio Sarmatorum-mutatio Cametas - mansio Impompeis - mutatio Rappiana civitas Naisso. Mutatio Sarmatorum,

, .

Horreum Margi. .

, Horreum Margi? , , ,

, ,

, .

J M

32F. Papazoglu,Srednjobalkanska plemena, 225-234; A. Jovanovi,A contribution to research

of the rapport between the Scordisci and the dardanians in the end of the second and the beginning ofthe first century b c, Balcanica, XXVI (Beograd 1995) 143-152.

33. , 29. ,

,LXXXII, , 49, 1910, 78-100.34 .

35 .

36. , . ,. ,140-147.

37. -, . , . ,205-206.

38. -, : ,

, , , 9,1995, 55-56.39A. Mcsy,Pannonia and Upper Moesia, 34-35; R. Syme,Lentulus and origin of Moesia,

Danubian papaers, Bucharest 1971, 40-60; Isti, The Early History of Moesia,The Provincial at Romeand Rome and Balkans 80 BC-AD 14 , Exeter 1999, 193-217.

40A. v. Premerstin, Die Anfnge der Provinz Moesien, Jahreshefte des sterreichischenArchologischen Institutes, I, Wien, 1900, 193.

41A. Mcsy, Gesellschaft und Romanisation in der rmischen Provinz Moesia Superior,Budapest, 1970, 142-144.

42M. Vasi, G. Miloevi,Mansio Idimum, Beograd 2000, 140.

16 17


11/175

, ,

,

. 43

, 44

. , , . ,

45. . IIII Aleksandrianae,

46222-235. . ,

IV.

,,, , 1934. , ,

47. . , IV - - III

48IV.

, , .

49 . . , . III IV.

, , . , , . III

50 1989. . , , , , .

, .

51. 50 000 , ,

52 Aelius Catus. , .

53. , ,

54. Praesidium Dasmini. .

55 . , , , , , ,. , . , . ,

J M

43. , . , - ,

, 1951, 51, 179; . ,

1998. , ,18( 2002) 275-284; . , . , , ,18( 2002) 125-136.

44 ( ), ,(: 1, 2 ,3),

1988, 6, 21.45A. Cermanovi-Kuzmanovi,Die denkmaler des trakischen Heros in Jugoslavien und das

Problem des trakischen reitergottes, Archeologica Iugoslavica, IV, Beograd, 1963, 32-33; M.Tomovi,Roman sculpture in Upper Moesia, Beograd, 1992, fig, 44 47.

46P. Petrovi, Horreum margi et la Valle de la Grande Morava, Inscriptions de la MesieSuperieur IV, Beograd, 1976, 113, no.92: M. Aur(elius) Lucius m(iles) leg(ionis) IIII / F(laviae)Al(exandriae) v(otum) p(osuit) l(ibens) m(erito).

47. ,. , .

48. . , , ,

, 3(1936) 36-37.49. ,., . , 131.

50. , ,

, , 9, 1995, 202.51. . , I II , , 1951, 42-43

52R. Syme,Lentulus and origin of Moesia, 57.53A. Mcsy,Pannonia and Upper Moesia, 36.54. , - I . e,

, 2003, 259-266.55A. Mcsy, Gesellschaft und Romanisation, 48, 13;A. Mcsy,Pannonia and

Upper Moesia,39.

18 19


12/175

.

, , , Praesidium Dasmini , , . . , 250. , , , . ,

. III , , . , , via publica. , ,

56.

Praesidium Dasmini Mutatio Cametas., ,

57 . . , . Mutatio Cametas

58. , , ,, , . , 1954. , ,

59 (. 7).

..

via publica . . e , I III , , . , , , . , , I, II. ,

60 (. 5: 3)

, , .

III-IV . . , , . , .

. , ,

61 . III ,

62. .

63 III : , ,

64 65 (. 8). III , , ,

J M

56A. Mcsy,Gesellschaft und Romanisation, 194.57. , . , , ,

, , 1951, 197.58. , ,1976, 93.

59. ,-, -

, 1, 1956, 133-135.

60. ,

, , 14, , 1998,174.

61. , III

, , 21, , 2004, 230-231.62M. Vasi, Ostave 247. i 254. godine u Narodnom muzeju u Beogradu , Arheoloki Vestnik,

XXIII, 1972, 57.63I. Mirnik, Coin Hoards in Yugoslavia, BAR-s, 95, Oxford, 1981, br. 241, 73.64. -, ,

, XIII-1 (1988) 89-101.65. , , 197-206; W. Kubitschek,Ein fund romische

Antoninianen aus Serbien, Numismatische Zeitschrift, 39, 1901, 185-194; . , (),18(1967) 63-83.

20 21


13/175

,

. , III , . III-IV . , . , , , . , . ,

, , . . , ,. . , . IV , MutatioCametas. , , IV . III-IV .

, III-IV , , , , . , .

, , . , ,2002. , , 20 , .

. , . 11,20 . , , . , . . , , , ,

, . , .

66.

, . , , . . .

, , .

- , . , -. , , . , , . , .

Praesidium Pompei , ,

67,. ,, Praesidium Pompei. , .

, , 68

(. 9).

, 2001. , , . ,

J M

66 , ,

. , ,

XXVI , , 20-22. 2004, 2004, 32-35.67. , . ,

,, XXXV-2003/XXXVI-2004 ( 2004) 34.68. , , XL-XLI (1988-1990) 312-313.

22 23


14/175

. .

. , . ,

. , . , , .

( ) . (. 4) ,

, , ,

. ,

69 . , , ,

70. , 130 x 130 , -

71 .

IV . . I,378. ,

72 . .. ,

73365-378. .

.

74 22 , 365-378.

75. .

76, . V ,

77 441. . , . .

. . . , , , , , .

, ,II . , , , , .

, , , , Mutatio Sarmatorum, , PraesidiumDasmini , Mutatio Cametas , Praesidium Pompei, , . , . , , , , .

J M

69. , ,

13 ( 2008)81-100.70. , , 37-39; , e

, , -, 2002.

71. , . ,

, 13 (1997) 137-139.

72. , ,

, , 1997, 396.73. , , :

, -, 2001, 81-109.74 , . 20, 5. , 1963. .

75. , ,190-193.

76. ,

, , 21 ( 1998) (2000), 1563.77 , .

24 25


15/175

, , , .

, , . IIIIV, V.

J M

Duan Rakovi

Museum Krusevac

The conclusion is that strategic importance of the central part of Serbian Morava Regionwas confirmed in the early dawn of antique life in these areas. Money circulation started fromMacedonian forgery and this is connected in this area with the interests of Aleksandar the Greaton Central Balkan and his warfare with the Tribals and Celtic tribes. Weakening of the Balkanneighbors was used by the tribe of Scordisci whose traces are found in the wide area around theMorava. In the zone of the Morava confluence these are findings of late La Tene ceramics on thesite of Bedem, founding from the very Lazar's City in Krusevac, joint findings of ceramics fromRutevac in Aleksinac valley, findings of metallic objects on Cukara near Ribarska Banja onVeliki Jastrebac, findings of Celtic cavalry equipment found in Veliki Vetren, the highest peak ofJuhor, Central Balkan.

Both the Morava area and the area gravitating the zone where the Juzna Morava meets thendWestern Morava, becomes the zone of interest for the Roman state during the 2 century B.C.

Findings of Roman coins and coins forged under the Roman reign are found on the locations nextto main road, in Rutevac and Paracin, on Jastrebac, on Bedem near the Morava confluence, in

stNaupara on the Rasina bank. During the 1 century a.d. Roman state reinforced government n the

area of the Morava.Communication in the valley of the Velika Morava and the Juzna Morava in the period ofantique follows Roman settlements, travel stations such as in the zone of the Morava confluencemutatio Sarmatorum, somewhere between Paracin and Sikirica Praesidium Dasmini, in NoviBeocin mutatio Cametas, near Razanj I a hamlet Sabezovica and Praesidium Pompei in thevillage Cicina on the site of Zindan. Within the area gravitating to the zone of the Moravaconfluence, we find thick Roman settlements. Those settlements are testified mostly by s mall,individual findings, mostly fragments of antique ceramics and finding like pieces of waistequipment, jewelry tooling and weapon. Finding of a workshop for ceramics and brick furnacesare to be stressed together with findings of waist holes, clay sour ces found on antique localities.

An important segment of antique archeology is finding of coins, specially joint findingand finding of storeroom of Roman coins indicating rough times gone through the Morava

rd thvalley. The circulation diminished during the 3 and the 4 century of war unrest, but completethcease of circulation happened when Huni broke through in early fifties of the 5 century.

WEAPON ARCHEOLOGICAL TOPOGRAPHY

OF THE SOUTH MORAVA AND THE WESTERN MORAVA

CONFLUENCE IN ANTIQUE1 - II-I

Map 1 - Late La Tene sites II-Icentury B.C.

2 - IV-I

Map 2 - Coin findings IV-I centuryB.C.

26 27


16/175

J M

3 - :1) , 2) , 3) ,4) , 5) , 6), 7)

Map 3-Roman settlements: 1) Sriza, 2)Sikirica, 3) Bacina, 4) Pocekovina, 5)Madjere, 6) Veluce, 7) Citluk

4 - :1) , 2) , 3), 4) , 5), 6) , 7) -, 8) -, 9) - , 10) , 11) ,12) - , 13) - , 14), 15) , 16) ,17) , 18) , 19) - , 20)

, 21) , 22)

Map 4 - Coin findings: 1) Sikirica, 2)Cicevac, 3) Varvarin, 4) Varvarin Selo,5) Bosnjane, 6) Braljina, 7) Razanj, 8)Drugovac-Crni Kao, 9) Cicina-Presidium pompei, 10) Ukosa, 11)Makresane, 12) Krusevac-Lazar'sCity, 13) Jerina's City-Trubarevo, 14)Vratare, 15) Marenovo, 16) Bovan,17) Jablanica, 18) Citluk, 19)K r u s e v a c - B u z d o v a n i s t e , 2 0 )Pocekovina, 21) Parcane, 22) VelikaDrenova

1 ,

Figure 1 The Juzna and the Zapadna Morava confluence, air shot

5 -

Map 5 - Findings with ceramicproduction

28 29


17/175

J M

2 : , . .

Figure 2 Surrounding of the Morava confluence with findings Bedem Tower Todora odStalaca, and Ukos. Air shot.

3 :

Figure 3 Inter-location of strategic localities in the center of the Morava confluence: TowerTodora od Stalaca and Bedem.

4

Figure 4 Cadastre map of the site Bedem.

5 : 1) , Neuhaim , , 2) , , 3) , -

Figure 5 Fibula-broach: 1) Iron, Neuhaim fibula, finding Cukar in Boljevac, 2) Late LaTene fibula, finding Tower Todara od Stalaca, 3) Fibula with folded stile, Dacian type,Selite Radosevacko nearby Cicevac.

30 31


18/175

J M

6 : 1) , -, 2) , .

Figure 6 Coin findings: 1) Dirahion forging, finding Rutevac Presidium Pompei, 2) RomanRepublican denar, finding Cukar in Boljevac.

7 -, Mutatio Cametas

Figure 7 Closer vicinity of Razanj with pointed findings Nisbar and Sabazovica, Romanmutation Cametas

32 33


19/175

9

Figure 9 Conserved late La Tene brick furnace from Grad Stalac

8

Figure 8 Coin finding from Parcane, with examples of averse chart from storeroom

34


20/175

, 13.2

.

3 . ,

14

: , , . . . , .

, .

: , , , fleur-de-lis, , , , ,

1

- 13. , 30. 2. 2008. . : . , , 2 ( 2008) 164, . 3. , . . , : , 2 ( 2009) 3-9.

2. . , 1000 . ,

1981, 36, . 75-77 ( ).3 , . . , ,

. 40- . , 1998, 345-346.

,

1

75.052/.057 (497.11) 12/14

35


21/175

4J. Trilling, Ornament, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (= ODB) 2, New York-Oxford1991, 1535-1537. , cf. id, The Medallion Style, New York-London 1985; id, Meaning and Meanings in Ornament: In Search of Universals , Raritan 12, 4(Spring 1993) http://raritanquarterly.rutgers.edu/; id,Medieval Interlace Ornament: The Making of aCross-Cultural Idiom, Arte medievale 9/2 (Roma 1995) 59-86; id, The Language of Ornament,London 2001; id, Ornament: A Modern Perspective, Washington D.C. 2003.

5Cf. M. A. Frantz,Byzantine Illuminated Ornament: A Study in Chronology, The Art Bulletin16, 1 (Mar., 1934) 42-101; . , XII XV , 1961; C. Lepage,Remarques sur l'ornementation peinte a l'interieur des glises dela Morava, , 1972, 229-237; . , , I, 1977, 260-270; . , , , 43-67;P. Bampoulh, Buzantinh diakosmhtikh, Aqhnai1977; A.Roshkovska L. Mavrodinova, Mural Ornaments, Sofia 1985; . , XI-XII , 6 ( 1988) 11-36 (= , 1990, 59-74); L. Mavrodinova,L'ornementation dans la peinturemurale en Bulgarie medievale: Principes decoratifs, motifs, paralelles, Byzantine East, Latin West:Art Historical Studies in Honor of Kurt Weitzmann, eds. D. Mouriki et al, Princeton 1995, 277-282. , . . , . , 13 ( 1982) 13-26 ( ).

6I. Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, The Byzantine Knotted Column, Byzantina kai Metabyzantina 4, ed.Speros Vryonis, Jr., Byzantine Studies in Honor of Milton V. Anastos, Malibu 1985, 95-103. , cf. A. M. Nicgorski, Themagic knot of Herakles, the propaganda of Alexander the Great, and Tomb II at Vergina, Herakles andHercules. Exploring A Graeco-Roman Divinity, eds. L. Rawlings H. Bowden, The Classical Press ofWales 2005, 97-128. , cf. A. Tsks, The Role of

rdByzantium in the Dispersion of the Knot-Motif from Antiquity to Medieval Christian Art, 33 AnnualByzantine Studies Conference. University of Toronto, October 11-14 2007, Abstracts, 49.

7 , . . , Sestydoux$aspid$gloux$jiizatyka@iiouwi

svoi. , 3 ( 2006), 3-9.

8 , . . ,

James Trilling, ,

4. , , homo mediaevalis ,

5 , . ? , , , , , , , (. 1)? , signum, ,

6 , . . ,

, 7 . , , , . : se st rai ie naricaet s=

8paradisy(. 2).

. , ,

. - , ? ? ,

9 . , , ,

10

. (Cod. Vat. Slavo 2),

11 . , ,

YUCAI DIKAIWN, (H QHRA TOU12

PARADEISOU) .* * *

13 . , ,

(, ,

.).

, 1 ( 1966) 41-50 (= , 1975, 33-43); . , , 1983, 52; . , , 1 ( 1992) 17-27; . , . , 37 ( 1998)69-70; , . , 345-346; . , .

, 2006, 196; , . , 7-8.

9Cf. G. P(odskalsky) A. K(azhdan) A. C(utler), Paradise, ODB 3, 1582-1583 (); . ,. , - 1988, 163, .XI-XII.

10 , . . ,

, 32 ( 2008) 69-79.11 , . I. Dujev,Minijature Manasijevog letopisa, Sofija Beograd

1965, br. 3-6.12 : . . , , 1977,

fol. 119v.13 , . S. Radoji, Stare srpske minijature, Beograd 1950; .

, XIV XV , , . . . . , 1972, 211-227; , XIV , 4 ( 1972) 35-42, . 11;, . , passim; R. S. Nelson,Palaeologan Illuminated Ornament and theArabesque, Wiener Jahrbuch fr Kunstgeschichte 41 (Wien 1988) 1-21.

36 37


22/175

(Cod. 707), ; , ,

14 . , , .

15. . , : prhkrasni cvhti pr(o)roqyskiepropovhdi,

16 . , ,

, : ( ) , , . ( . 2/2280), , , o paradejsos( )

17 , . ,

- 18

. , . ,

, ,

19 .

(gr. 339), (Vat. gr. 1162 Par. gr. 1208), ,

20 .

.

21. , , 22

? ,

23 . ,

24 , 25 , 40

26 . .

,

14Cf. N. Patterson-evenko,Liturgical Roll, The Glory of Byzantium. Art and Culture of theMiddle Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261, eds. H. C. Evans W. D. Wixom, New York 1997, 110-111, No.64.

15, , 33-37.

16 .

, , 174.17. , 1072. . (,

, . 2/2280), 22 ( 1986) 7-6, . 1.18H. L. Kessler, Spiritual Seeing. Picturing God's Invisibility in Medieval Art, Philadelphia

2000, 53-103.19 , cf.Immagini della Gerusaleme celeste dal III al XIV secolo, ed. M. L.

Gatti Perer, Milano 1983, 149-156; . , , 1984, 13,. 7; B. Khnel,From the Earthly to the Heavenly Jerusalem. Representations of the Holy City inChristian Art of the First Millenium, Rom-Freiburg-Wien 1987, fig. 105-108; ,,159-198; K. Menei, Sarajevska Hagada najlepi primerak sefardske grupe rukopisa,

. 49 ( 2007) 79-84, . 3-4. , . .-, . , 9 ( 1978) 5-11; ., , 2009, 54-57, . 31-32 .

20. . , ,

, . . . , 1991, 15-33.

, cf. J. C. A(nderson), The Liturgical Homilies of Saint Gregory of Nazianzus, Glory ofByzantium, 109-110, No. 63; id, Homilies on the Life of the Virgin of James the Monk, ibid, 107-109,No. 62;Trsors de Byzance. Manuscrits grecs de la Bibliothque nationale de France, Paris 2001, 21-22, No. 29.

21. , , 53-59, . 48, 49, 52, 60, 67, 68.

22 , cf. A. Muthesius,Byzantine Silk Weaving

AD 400 to AD 1200, Vienna 1997; . , , . 2006; . , I-II, , 2006. , cf. N. Moran, Byzantine Carpet Ideology , 1 ( 2007) 13-15; . , . , 1 ( 2008) 6-10.

23 , cf. H. Papastavrou, Le voile, symbole de L'Incarnation.

Contribution une tude smantique, CA 41 (Paris 1993) 141-168.24. , : . . . .

, , 2005, 99-104.25. ,

, 1 ( 1995) 32. (kourtinarekomazavhsa) . , XIII, Palaeobulgarica XXVIII ( 2004), .1, 94-105. , cf. A. Lidov, 'Image-Paradigms' as a Category of Mediterranean Visual Culture. AHierotopic Approach to Art History, Closing Cultures. Conflict Migration Convergence. Papers of

ndthe 32 International Congress in the History of Art, Melbourne 13-18, January 2008 ( ).26. , . 40

, Palaeobulgarica XXIII ( 1999) 30-40.

38 39


23/175

27. , (, , , ). , , ( )

28, , , . ,

29 , (Via latina,

30Comodilla). , ,

31. , ,

, 32, ,

, 33

(. 3-4).

, , .

, ,

34 . ,

35 . 4, , 36

(. 5). , , ,

, , ,

37.

., , ,

38 . ornare,

39dcor, , ksmoj.

40 . ,

41, .

27H. L. Kessler,Medieval Art as Argument, Iconography at the Crossroads, ed. B. Cassidy,Princeton 1993, 59-70; id, Gazing at the Future. The Parousia Miniature in Vatican Cod. gr. 699,Byzantine East, Latin West: Art Historical Studies in Honor of Kurt Weitzmann, eds. D. Mouriki et al,Princeton 1995, 365-371; id, Configuring the Invisible by Copying the Holy Face , The Holy Face andthe Paradox of Representation, eds. H. L. Kessler G. Wolf, Bologna 1998, 129-151. . . , . , 2003, 143-149, 262-268; , . , Jerusalems. Hierotopy and Iconography of Sacred Spaces, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow2009 . , , XIII XVI . I, 2004, 23-33. , , E.Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology, Princeton (1966)1997, 67-77.

28,, 166-179 ( ). , cf. P. L.

Vocotopoulos, Church Architecture in the Despotate of Epirus: The Problem of Influences, 27

( 1998-1999) 79-92, fig. 5, 8, 10. , cf. N. Thierry,LaCappadoce de l'antiquit au Moyen ge, Turnhout 2002, 206, fig. 128.

29 , cf. I. Lavin, The Ceiling Frescoes in Trier and Illusionism in Constantinian Painting,

DOP 21 (Washington D.C. 1967) 97-113; . , . , 11-12 ( 1981) 21-31. ,cf. Thierry, op. cit, 149, Sch. 54.

30H. Stuart Jones, The Catacomb of Commodilla, The Journal of Theological Studies VII/28(London 1906) 615-620; J. Elsner, Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: The Art of the R omanEmpire AD 100-450, Oxford 1998, 139, 156-158, fig. 104; id,Inventing Christian Rome: the role ofearly Christian Art, Rome the Cosmopolis, eds. C. Edwards G. Woolf, Cambridge 2003, 94, fig. 11.

31R. Marks,Image and Devotion in Late Medieval England, Phoenix Mill 2004, 98, 158, figs.64, 109.

32. . , , 1996, 151, . 45.

33Thierry, op. cit, Pl. 52, 54. . , . ,cf. op. cit, 141, fig. 92, No. 33, Pl. 40, 47, 54, 59.

New, 745-771

34 ,cf. O. Z. Pevny,Kievan Rus', Glory of Byzantium, 282.

35. , XVIXVII , , .

. , 1998, 310.36. , XV-XVII, 1958, T. CI, 1;

T. CVI, 1; . , , , , 330, . 18; . , , ,. . . , 1987, 205-218; . . , , 2 ( 1996) 160, 173, . 6.

37

, cf. U. Ernst, Literaturbeziehungen zwischen Byzanz und dem Westen. Das

Figurengedicht als europische Gattung im Spannungsfgeld zweier Kulturen, Byzanz das andereEuropa, Das Mittelalter. Perspektiven medivistischer Forschung 6, 2 (Berlin 2001) 61-82.38. ,

, . , . . . , 1995,513-531;. , . , , 473-511.,. . , , 33 (2009) 64-168.

39 , , , , , ,

dikosmoj , .N. Majnari O. Gorski, Grko-hrvatski ili srpskirjenik, Zagreb 1983, 96-97, 238.

40 ,cf. Trilling,Meaning and Meanings in Ornament, http://raritanquarterly.rutgers.edu/.

41.M. (epe)r, Ornament, Enciklopedija likovnih umjetnosti 3, Zagreb 1964, 600; . ,

(), , . . . , 1999, 220-222; . , , , 408-411; . . ,, , 472-473.

40 41


24/175

, . , , , .

42( 119)(. 6). 43

(. 21) 44

( ).

,

.

45(,, ,). ,

, , , (. 7)

46 (. 8). . ,

(Sinai cod. 118647

Vat. gr. 699) (. 9). (Vat. gr. 699),

48. ,

. (Vat. Ross. gr. 251), ,

49(. 10).

, ,

50 .

,

,

51.

(. 3, 12) .

52

. ,

, , , 53

, 54

panni literati. , ,

, , 55

, .

, 23. ,

42, , 127, . 60.43, 125, . 145.44Codex Christiani nomine Hval. Potpuno faksimilirano izdanje originala iz Univerzitetske

biblioteke u Bolonji, Sarajevo 1986, fol. 133r.45. , XIV ,

2003,114, . 4, . 13, 17, 20, 21 (), 138, . 9, . 13, 16, 19-22 (),247, 249, . 4-6, . 9-11 (); . , XV , 1980,. 10, 11 ().

46Thierry,op. cit, 207, fig. 129.47Kessler,Medieval Art as Argument, Spiritual Seeing, 59, fig. 3.4; Khnel, op. cit, 152-155, fig.

119.48Kessler,Gazing at the Future, Spiritual Seeing, 88-103, Pl. III.49Kessler,Spiritual Seeing, 58-87, fig. 3.5, Pl. IVb.50, , 17-27.

, . . -, , 1965, 42-53. ,cf. M. E. Frazer, Church Doors and the Gatesof Paradise: Byzantine Bronze Doors in Italy, DOP 27 (Washington D.C. 1973) 147-162.

51S. Tomekovi,Note sur la conversion des Russes dans l'art byzantin, 19 (1988) 9-10, fig. 9, 12.

52. . . . , , 1986, 79, . 67.

53 , . . , , 1974, . XXXVIII.

, . . , . , 1998, .28. , cf. N. Patterson-evenko,Icons in the Liturgy, DOP 45 (Washington D.C. 1991) 45-57. cf. V. Nunn, The Encheirion as adjunct to the Icon in the Middle Byzantine Period,BMGS X (London 1986) 73-102. ( ), . , , cf.H. Maguire,Images of the Court, Glory of Byzantium, 182; id, The Homilies of John Chrysostome,ibid, 208, No. 143, , cf. P. L. Vocotopoulos,L'vangile illustr deMytilne, 1200. , . . , 1988, 378,fig. 5.

54 panni literati, . . , ,

20 ( 1984) 3-45. , cf. H. Maguire,Magic and the Christian Image, Byzantine Magic, ed.H. Maguire, Washington D.C. 1995, 51-71.

55. , ,

VIII ( 1969) 124-125, . 6-7; . , . , 31 ( 2006-2007) 59-76, . 2, 8, 9, 11.

42 43


25/175

56 . ,

57.

, , .

, , , opus sectile (. 11). , ,

, 58

. ,

, ,

59 60

.

61

, . .

. , (. 12). , , : b(og)y, sacranomina,

62 .

1354/5. 63

, .

, , ,

64 , . (. 13). ,,

65

. , .

. 1186 (. 14). (, , h basilea tn ourann) , . , ;

66, .

, . , .

67 . ,

68 , .

56G. Babi,L'iconographie constantinopolitaine de l'Acathiste de la Vierge Cozia (Valachie),XIV/XV (1973) 178, 83-188, Fig. 4, 6.

57I. Spatharakis, The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts, Leiden 1976, 190-206, fig.144, 146-149; Babi,op. cit, Fig. 10-11.

58A. Terry, The Opus Sectile in the E ufrasius Cathedral atPore, DOP 40 (Washington D.C.1986), 153-154, Panel 11. , . M. Vicelja-Matijai, Istra i Bizant. Neki povijesno-

ikonografski aspekti u interpretaciji umjetnosti 6. stoljea u Istri, Rijeka 2007, 154, sl. 90, 141; G.Noga-Banai, Time and Again in Pore: A Note on the Decoration Program of the Apse in BasilicaEufrasiana, Ikon 1 (Rijeka 2008) 80, fig. 5; M. Vicelja-Matijai, Christological Program in the Apseof Basilica Eufrasianain Pore, ibid, 94, fig. 14.

59. . , :

, Hierotopy. The Creation of Sacred Spaces i n Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov,Moscow 2006, 578, . 3.

60Thierry, op. cit, No. 35, Pl. 80. , cf. A-J. W. Epstein, Tokali Kilise. Tenth CenturyMetropolitan Art in Byzantine Cappadocia, Washington D.C. 1986.

61.Zbornik Hvala Krstjanina. Transkripcija i komentar, izd. H. Kuna, Sarajevo 1986, 361; J.

Maksimovi,Iluminacija Hvalovog zbornika, isto, 22-29; V. J. uri,Minijature Hvalovog rukopisa, 1-2 ( 1957) 43.

62Codex Christiani nomine Hval, fol. 151r. .Zbornik Hvala Krstjanina. Transkripcija ikomentar, izd. H. Kuna, Sarajevo 1986, 361. , .

63. . , , X (1968) 219-225.

64 eM. Harisiadis,Les miniatures du Ttravangile du mtropolite Jacob de Serrs, Actes du XIICongrs International d'tudes byzantines. Ochride, 10-16 septembre 1961, Tome III, Beograd 1964,121-130; , XIV XV , 214; Spatharakis, op. cit, 89-90, 243-244, 260, fig. 57-58; Ch. Walter, The Portrait of Jakovof Serres in Londin. Additional 39626, 7 ( 1976) 65-72; J. Maksimovi, Les

e

miniatures byzantines et serbes vers le milieu du XIV sicle, XIV, . . . , 1989, 141-142, fig. 3-4; Z. Gavrilovi, The Gospels ofJakov of Serres (London, B. L., Add. 39626), The Family of Brankovi and the Monastery of St. PaulMount Athos, Through the Looking Glass: Byzantium through British Eyes, ed. R. Cormack E.Jeffreys, Aldershot 2000 (= Studies in Byzantine and Serbian Meideval Art, Pindar Press, London2001, 271-280); S. McK(endrick), The Gospels of Jakov of Serres , Byzantium. Faith and Power(1261-1557), ed. H. C. Evans, New York 2004, 54, n. 7, No. 25.

65Cf. A. Durova,La production de manuscrits l'poque des Croisades (Cod. D. Gr. 358 et339), Dopo le due cadute di Costantinopoli (1204, 1453): Eredi ideologici di Bisanzio. Atti delConvegno Internazionale di Studi, Venezia, 4-5 dicembre 2006, eds. M. Koumanoudi Ch. Maltezou,Venezia 2008, 322, T. 9.

66Kessler,Spiritual Seeing, 29-103, fig. 3.2, 5.4, 5.7, Pl. IVa.67 I, . . , 1902, 38-39, . 103.68 , cf. A. Grabar,L'Iconographie du Ciel dans l'art

chrtien de l'Antiquit et du haut Moyen Age, CA 30 (Paris 1982) 5-24.

44 45


26/175

, (Add. Ms. 39627),

69 , (. 15).

70

. . 78, . 64v

71 . , , ,

72.

II73

, .

, ,

,

, , ,

. , 74

(. 16).* * *

, . 13.

75Madonna dei franziscani. 76

.

, ,

77.

, 78

. , ,

79

. , , , ,

80(. 17).

, ,

,

(fleur-de-lis) 81

. , ,82

, .

,

cloth of honour, 83

, .

69 , cf. E. Dimitrova, The Gospels of Tsar Ivan Alexander, London 1994,

6, fig. 1.70 (1390-1400), 78, fol. 64r. Cf. B. B(aldwin),Dorotheos of

Gaza, ODB 1, 654. , . . , (XI-XVII ), 1982, 30. , . . , , Palaeobulgarica XXV, 2 (2001) 36-53.

71 - :

, . . , 1975, XIX.72 , . , 2000, 63.73BNF,Ms. suppl. gr. 460, fol. 197v, cf. Trsors de Byzance, 24,-25, No. 35.74. , . ,

. , IV, 2005, 60-72, . 61, . 4. , . . . . . , , 1990, 292, 294, . 188;. , XVIII , 32-33 ( 2003) 171-181.

75Ch. F(rstel),Latin Psalter, Byzantium. Faith and Power, 472-473, No. 282; J. Polzer, Studiesin Late Dugento and Early Trecento Painting. Who is Duccio?Part I, 30 ( 2004-2005)105, fig. 16.

76. , ,

, 1975, 53-72; A. Grabar,Les revtements en or et en argent desicnes byzantins du Moyen Age, Venezia 1975; . . , , , . . . ,

1996, 123-132; J. Durrand,Precious-Metal Icon Revetments, Byzantium. Faith and Power,243-251 (252-257, cat. no. 150-155)., cf. H. Belting,Likeness and Presence: a history of theimage before the era of art, Chicago 1997, passim; G. Peers, Sacred Shock. Framing VisualExperience in Byzantium, Penn State Press 2004, passim; B. Pentcheva,Icons and Power: the Motherof God in Byzantium, Penn State Press 2006, passim.

77A. E(ffenberger),Mosaic Diptych with Cycle of Feast Days, Byzantium. Faith and Power,219-220, No. 129, fig. 7.1.

78 . , Bibliothque nationale de France, http://gallica.bnf.fr/.

79Cf. M-P. L(affitte),Missel l'usage de la Sainte-Chapelle, Le trsor de la Sainte-Chapelle,

Paris 2001, 196-197, Cat. 48; D. G(aborit)-C(hopin), Evangiles de la Sainte-Chapelle ditsl'Apocalypse, ibid, 215-220, Cat. 59.80Bibliothque nationale de France,Ms. fr. 8, fol. 62v ( Tabernacle), http://gallica.bnf.fr/.81 A. Lombard-Jourdan, Fleur de lis et oriflamme: Signes clestes du

royaume de France, Paris 1991. , cf. B. Bedos-Rezak, Speculum 69, 1 (Jan., 1994)205-207. , , III, .

82 , cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_de_lis; . -,

XIIIXV , 1994, 129-131( ). . , . S. Gabeli, O ikonografiji sv.Trifuna, 28-29 ( 2004) 107-117. . , t trfullon , . Majnari Gorski, Grko-hrvatski ilisrpski rjenik, 421.

83Cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldachin.

46 47


27/175

: , 1389. , VI, , ; , , ,

84, . -,

, ,85

. .

, .

86

. 87

. , , .

84Jan Juvenal des Ursins,Histoire de Charles VII, Roy de France, eds. Michaud-Poujoulat,Lyon-Paris 1851, 378. , . . , , 1991, 356.

85Kessler,Medieval Art as Argument, Spiritual Seeing, 60-63; id, Gazing at the Future, ibid,100-103.

86K. Mijatev, ber den Ursprung der Ikone La Sainte Face da Laon, IV (1964)231-238. , cf. A. Popov, Tsarevgrad Turnov, Sofia 1985, 41. ,cf. A. W(eyl) C(arr), The Holy Face of Laon, Byzantium. Faith and Power, 174-175, No. 95.

87Cf. M. Brown, When Illuminated Manuscripts are not What They Seem: the Cases of HolkhamBible Picture Book and a Newly Discovered Croatian Altarpiece, Ikon 1 (Rijeka 2008), 104, 105, diaperwork backgrounds, resembling figured silks opus anglicanum.

Branislav CvetkoviRegional Museum, Jagodina

The author sets an analysis by firstly examining ornamental motifs in the well-knownthheadpiece illustration of the Synaxarion in the 13 C. Bulgarian manuscript Gospels of

Dobreysho. With structure made of interlaces and of intertwined circles and palmettes, it haslong been a matter of scholarly attention, due to following inscription written above it: this is the

Heaven, also called Paradise, which clarifies its meaning. In order to uncover the actual origin

of the motifs, the author surveys a huge body of comparative material scrutinizing existingmethods in research of both function and sense of medieval Byzantine ornament. The issue ofterminology is firstly questioned, as being mirrored in free associations used in descriptions(headpieces as carpets), in unfounded typology (classification of ornaments as geometric,floral or animal), and in superficiality of norms (palmettes, acanthus, lily, etc).

Given the immense significance of etymology of terms denoting ornament in variouslanguages, which has been traced in a number of scholarly works, the author puts forward hisargument that the sense of ornament in a sacred context was never purely or only decorative,

but that its basic role was to denote sacredness of a particular sp ace and/or presence of God.Various examples from all periods of Byzantine art corroborate the thesis, from the manuscriptillumination and wall paintings (in Cappadocia, Russia, Balkans), to revetments and

backgrounds of icons. Herbert Kessler's recent research of Judaeo-Christian symbols-paradigms points to essential value of O T Tabernacle images from manuscripts of ChristianTopography in producing sources of symbolic motifs to appear in multiple later instances.Although not much varied, the motifs always form a structural unit (starry or flowery fields,interlace or diaper schemes, checkerboards). They originate from the coffered ceilings ofantique tombs and temples signifying Heavens and Elysium, and reappear with identical formsin medieval art. The author analyzes the neglected segment of the portrait miniature from theGospels of Jacob, the Metropolitan of Serres , perhaps the most obvious testimony to themeaning the diapered pattern with flower motifs had for the medieval people and their artists, aswell as hitherto overlooked example from the headpiece preceeding the Ten Commandmentschapter in the Codex of Hval, with textual explanatory inscription similar to the one fromGospels of Dobreysho.

ON FUNCTION OF ORNAMENT

IN A SACRAL CONTEXT

48 49


28/175

1 , , . 7 (: . )

Figure 1 Gospel of Dobrejse, NLS, p.. 7 (according to D. Fokas) 2 , , . 121 (: . )

Figure 2 Gospel of Dobrejse, NLKM, p.. 121 (according to D. Fokas)

50 51


29/175

3 , , (: )

Figure 3 Agacalti, Cappadokia, western trave (photo: Bojan Popovic) 4 , , (: )

Figure 4 Agacalti, Cappadokia, dome (photo: Bojan Popovic)

52 53


30/175

5 (: . )

Figure 5 Psalter of Milesevo (according to: V. Han) 6 119, . 291 (: . )

Figure 6 MSPC 119, p.. 291 (according to: . ksimovic)

54 55


31/175


32/175


33/175

12 , . 151 (: H. Kuna)Figure 12 Hval Manuscript, p. 151 (according to: H. Kuna)

13 British Museum, Add. 39626, fol. 292v(: . )Figure 13 British Museum, Add. 39626, fol. 292v (according to: . Maksimovic)

60 61


34/175

14 Sinai cod. 1186, fol. 69 (: H. Kessler)Figure 14 Sinai cod. 1186, fol. 69 (according to: H. Kessler)

15 British Museum, Add. 39627, fol. 6v(: E. Dimitrova)Figure 15 British Museum, Add. 39627, fol. 6v (according to: E. Dimitrova)

62 63


35/175

16 . , (: . )Figure 16 Coffin of St. Ivan of Rila (according to: I. Gergova)

17 BNF Ms. fr. 6, 62v (http://gallica.bnf.fr/)Figure 17 BNF Ms. fr. 6, 62v (http://gallica.bnf.fr/)

64 65


36/175

, , (. ; .1), 1 .

,

, , , .

XVIII ,

14

: , , , . . , , . , , , , . , , . , XVIII.

: , , , , , , .

1 : - , , .

- , , , , . . . , 27 31. 2009.

75.046.3 (497.17) 08/17

,

67


37/175

2. , 9-18 , j 1983.3., , j 1995.

4. , , , 17. 2002; ,

- , . , . , . , 2005; . . , , . , , 28-29/2002-2003 (j 2004) 121-128; . , , - '' '', , , j 2007, 17-36; R. Lozanovas,Images of SlavicSaint in Moschopolis and Vithkuqi/Albania, ''.

'', - '' '' 92 (11) 2002(, 2003) 177, 189; . , , , , , 19-22. 2005, j 2006, 246-258.

2 e

.

, , .

3

.

,

,

4

.

,

.

, (.2 3,.1), XVIII, , ,

(. 4 5).

, ,

//. ,

.

, .

. ,

, , ;

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

5 , .

, , 6

, .

( 6)

, ,

.

7

, .

.

* * *

,

.

, 1500

, ,

I(527 565). - , .

XV XVII XVIII , 300 8000.

1740/1. , , -

, , .

XVIII ,

, , XVIII, 30000 , 24 ,

, , .

, (. 7, . 2).

5. , .

6 ,

, . : . , , j1967.

7R. Lozanovas,Images of Slavic.

68 69


38/175

XVII, 8

.

, (. 8 9). , , XVIII. . - , . , .

. . ,

, 9 .

.

, , .

XVIII. , . , , , , XVIII.

, 10

, , , ,

, ,

. ,8 ;

2002. . 2004 , 2008. . . .

9 , -

. . : ., , , , 6 ( 1988)241261, , (XV XIX ), 1997, 127-136.

10. ,

, , 34 ( 2008) 53-73.

Goce Angelianin uraInstitute for Protection of Cultural Monuments

National Museum, Ohrid, Macedonia

In continuation of our research on the territory Donja Prespa, Korca, Moskopolje-R.Albania (Fig. 1) we have discovered few more unknown images of the Slavic Saints Kliment and

Naum of Ohrid.Although many researchers from the Balkan European countries contributed enlightening

of this period of history of the Ohrid archbishopric in the last thirty years, many churches stillhide unknown images of saints that were respected not only within Ohrid archbishopric, but alsothe images of saints respected on w ider Balkan area.

In the church dedicated to Holy Mother of God Dormition in Moskopolje, on the southnaos wall, next to the altar compartment, there was a figure of Kliment of Ohrid discovered.

It is noticeable that the saint has thick hair and wide chin instead of high forehead and along narrow chin being typological features of his character.

On the west of St. Kliment of Ohrid there are first apostles Peter and Paul holding a churchmodel between them.

No doubt, zoograpths anted to emphasize the apostle activities of St. Kliment among theSlavs by this program design.

Beside this portrait of St. Kliment of Ohrid in the church St. Djordje in a village of Sipiska,we have discovered also a portrait of St. Naum of Ohrid that was unknown until now.

The image of St. Naum as painted on the east side of northeast column in the church altarthfollows traditional typological characteristics of his portraits as cherished during the 18century.

Regarding all present portraits, this one is distinguished by painting on the altar spacewhereon monk portraits have been rarely painted.

Exposed research results in the area Donja Prespa-Korca-Moskopolje-Sipska indicatethat new discoveries might be expected from studies of monumental painting of this area,although they have been developing intensively in the last years. Described characters of St.Kliment and Naum of Ohrid fulfill significantly our knowledge on the topic cherished on Ohrid

tharchbishopric, on the iconography of the Slavic apostles, and on the Balkan art of the 18 centuryas a whole.

NEWFOUND IMAGES OF OHRID SAINTS

KLIMENT AND NAUM

70 71

, , , XVIII.


39/175

1Drawing 1

Drawing 22

72 73


40/175

1Figure 1

2Figure 2

74 75


41/175

3Figure 3

4Figure 4

76 77


42/175

5Figure 5

6Figure 6

78 79


43/175

7Figure 7

8Figure 8

80 81


44/175

9Figure 9

82


45/175


46/175

2 ,

. . ,. , 476.3 .

4 . ,

, . . ,. , 476, 481.

5 .

6

. ,. , 500.7 ,

(). . , 1900, 12.

8 -

. , 1,20 , .

9 : . , ,

I( 2003) 31-40; . I1815-1823, 2005, 39; . , , 2006, 196.

10 ; .

, . . , . ,492.

11. , I, 1901, 140.

.

, , ,

: , ! 2

, .

, , 3

, , . ,4

. ,

, , 5

, , , .

-, 6

. ,

, .

, 7

, , -8

, , 9

, .

: .

. M

, ,

.

, .

, 10

.

, , 11

, .

(.1 2) ,12

. ,

-. -

XIX. ,

, .

13

1874. ,

.

1841. . ,

, .14

1895, ,

, ,

. , 1843.

.

15

1937. 1944. ,

. ,

, 1957.

, ,

.

,

, 16

.

. ,

, , 17

, .

, , 18

. ,

.

, 19, , 20

.12 .

13 , , 1874, 29.

14 , , 1895, 48.

15 .

16 .

17 ; . ,

, 1965, 15.18. . , , 1876, 720.

19 , ,

, .20. , , 15.

a

84 85


47/175

21 22 ,

, 23

, .

, ,

.

, , .

,

. , ( ) ,

, , 1804. :

1804. .

. , , 24

.

, , ,

,

1847. ,

1846. .

1824. ,

1815. 1839. .

(? 1845)

, 25

1829. .

,

90

,

, . ,

XVIII XIX, 26

, 27

. ,

, .

XIX,

.

-

.

, -

. ,

.

. , (. 1),

, 10 , 6,3 , 5,5 (. 1).

, ,

,

, ,

.

, , .

, , .

,

(. 2).

, ,

, (. 1).

, ,

.

, .

, .

,

.

, ,

(. 4),

, ,

12 .

, . ,

, ,

.

,

, , 28

.

,

.

, .

, ,

(. 5).

, - ,

21 35

; . . , , , , 1925.

22 ,

, .23. ,. , 499.

24 . ; . , , 17.

25. , , IX(

2007) 235, . 4, 5.26., 1791 - 1848 , 1986, 75 82.

27 1793. 1794.

. . , . , 76.28. , . , 499.

a

86 87


48/175

, ,

. ,

,

, .

,

, ,

,

.

,

. , .

, ,

. , , .

.

, ,

.

, ,

, ,

, .

. ,

.

, ,

.

.

,

.

. 0,5

,

. , 1880. .

,

, ,

. ,

,

.

,

, .

,

. 1846

32 , ,

200 . .

, , 52 .

, XIX ,

je ,

,

, 6420 .

, .

, , je

.

,

, 29

, .

, , .

, , .

, ,

1938. ,

,

, 1891. . ,

.

1937.

(. 3),

, .

,

, , .

, ,

.

,

. ,

, .

30

, , , .

(.3), ,

, 1968. 1974. , ,

. ,

, .

,

, ,

. ,

, 29., , 1996, 28-29.

30 ,

.

a

88 89


49/175

,

.

,

.

,

(. 6) , 31

1843. , . 32

, ,

.

,

.

, , 33

,

. ,

, 34 35

. 36

.

,37

(. 7).

,

,

. ,

, 38

XIX ,

, , 39

.

XIX , ,

. ,

,

.

,

. ,

(.7),

:

. .

- .

:

,

. ,

, . , .

(. 8):

1.

2.

3.

4. ,

5. ,

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

16.

16.

17. 18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

31. , , 1968, 266.

32. , 1791-1848, 1986, 266.

33 1900 2000, 2001, 199-203.

34 ,

.35. , . , 17.

36.

37, 23.

38 : M. Kolari, Dimitrijevi Ilija,

Enciklopedija likovnih umjetnosti 2,Zagreb 1962, 48; V. Kneevi, Dimitrijevi Ilija,Likovnaenciklopedija JugoslavijeI, Zagreb 1984, 308.

39. , , 1990, 200 - 2001.

a

90 91


50/175

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

, , .

,

-

, (. 8).

.

, ,

, .

,

. , .

, .

, , , ,

, ,

.

- .

, .

, . ,

().

.

.

, ,

, .

. , , ,

, . , - .

, , .

. , ,

, .

, ,

. , ,

, . .

.

, ,

, (. 9).

,

, .

, ,

. , ,

, .

. ,

. , ,

. , ,

, . .

.

, , . .

,

. ,

. .

,

, ,

, .

,

. ,

, .

. , ,

. . : ,

, , ,

, ,

. ,

. ,

,

, . ,

, 40

.

.

, .

, .

, ,

, .

. ,

.

40. . , , 2005,

388 389.

a

92 93


51/175

,

, .

, ,

. ,

, , ,

. , 41

,

.

. ,

. , ,

, 42

, .

.

. .

, , ,

. ,

. ,

, .

, ,

, .

.

, , .

.

, ,

. ,

. ,

, . ,

, , .

,

. .

.

,

. .

.

. -

, . , ,

. .

, ,

, . .

.

, ,

, , ,

, .

, .

, ,

. ,,

, .

.

.

: , ,

, , .

a , -

,

.

. .

,

.

, 43

.

,

,

(.10).

, ,

, ,

.

XX , , 44

, ,

. 45

, .

1938. ,

, 1.

1786. .

41 , : . . , . , 30.

42P. Vlahovi,Obiaji, verovanja i praznoverice naroda Jugoslavije , Beograd 1972, 43 44.

43 : . . , .

, 336 337.44

, 1904. , .

45 ,

, .

a

94 95


52/175

. 1914. , ,

.

, ,

, .

46

,

: , 1847.47

,

1857.

, , 1874. 1878. . ,

. , ,

,

. XIX ,

.

,

. ,

XIX .

, 48

.

49 , , ,

, , 81 191 ,

.

, .

( )

, ,

, . ,

,

(. 11, . 2). ,50

- ,

, .

, -

. .

, , ,

75 233

.

, (.12, . 3).

, .

.

.

, , 51

, XIII . , 52

oj, XIX,

, .

, , ,

,

. ,

, 53

, , ,

,

, .

54

45 1847. .

, 68 175 , -55

.

,

(. 13, . 4).

, ,

, , .

,

, ,

.

, .

,

, ,

, .

, , 90 - 71,5 209

(. 14, . 5, 6).

51 .

. ,. , 34, . 5.52. ,. , 223, . 59/2

53. , , 1995, 53.

54 .

55. . ,. , 71-73.

46 ,

, .47 .

48 .

49 .

50. . ,

, 1996, 76.

a

96 97


53/175

- ,

(. 7):

()

18 ()

( ) 21 1863

()

55

() 8 1871

()

, , , .

.

, .

, . , , ,

, , ,

,

,

.

, ,

, , .

, -

.

56

.

, , ,

,

. ,57

. ,

, . ,

, .

, . ,

,

, .

, ,

. , , , ,

, . ,

, ,

.

58

, : , , .

, ,

, , -

.

, , 59

.

,

, .

, 60 61

, , ,

.

, 62

, , ,

, , , 63

. .

, ,

, .

, .

XIX

, ,

. , ,

, .

,

, ,

56. , . , 216, 52/1.

57

: . , . , 25-26, . 23.

58Narodne iborbene igre na stecima, katalog izlobe, Muzej XIV zimskih olimpijskih igara,Sarajevo 7. 3 25. 3. 1986, Plesaica Premilovo polje kod Ljubinja.

59 1896. ,

, , . .,. , 442, 278.

60 .

61 ,

, , .

62

, 1891. . , 1900, 335.

63

. .

a

98 99


54/175


55/175

a

1 *

Figure 1 South view

2

Figure 2 West view

3 Objects in the church yard

3

Figure

4 Niche with a Saracen arch

4

Figure

5 An arch above western door

5

Figure* .

102 103


56/175


57/175


58/175

a

5 Gravestone plate of the

Djorics (a detail)

5 ()

Drawing

6 Gravestone plate of the

Djorics

6

Drawing

7

Drawing 7 Inscription from the plate of the Djorics

8 Iconostasis scheme

8

Drawing

108 109


59/175


60/175

3E. Hooper Green Hill,Museum and Gallery Education, London-New York 1991, 19.4Isto, 20.5Jelica Radovanovi, pref.cat.Muzejske zbirke i izlobe kao resursi okruenja u nastavi,

Muzej savremene umetnosti, Beograd, 2009

- . ., , , . - , , , , .

.

3

. . , . , , . , . , . , , .

4. ,

5. , . , , ,, ,,.

. , . , , , , , ,, .

. 1780. ,

, . 6

. . , . , , , ., . XIX --,,. , , , .

, . ,

7. XIX . , . . , :XIX - . , , , , , , -, , .

XX , , . . , ,, , ,

8 , .

6E. Hooper Green Hill, ., 77.7Isto, 79.8Isto, 111.

, a

112 113


61/175

XX . , . , ,,

9. , . , . , . , ,

. , , , .

10.

XX , . , ,

11.

XIX e 1970. . , , , , .

, XX , -, , , . , , , . , ,

. , , , . , . , , , . , ,

12. ,

, . . , , .

. ,1931.. . , 1966. , . . , . , .

, . :

9Terry Zeller The Historical and Psihological Foundations of Art Museum Education inAmerica : Nancy Berry, Susan Mayer (ur.) Museum Education: History, Theory andPractice,Reston 1989, 112.

10,113.

11.

12J. Vinterhalter,Muzeji moderne umjetnosti, Informatica Museologica, 3-4, uzejski doku-mentacioni centar (Zagreb 1983) 3.

, a

114 115


62/175

. . , . , . ,, ,, ,

13. , . .

, ,.

: , , , , , , ( , -..).

,, . , , . . , . . , . , . . , , .

. . , , . . .

() 1968. .

. ,, .

. , . . , , , . , , . . , . . , . . , : , . , , . , , . , . , .

13E. Stoller, The Whitney museum of American Art, New York 2000, 6.

, a

116 117


63/175

.: , . ,, , , . , ,

14 .

20.

1965. . .,

15 . . . , ,1900. , , , , , . , , , . .

16.

, . 1967. . , , , , - ,, . , ,

. - , - , , . : 1) . , , ,

. 2) , .

1974. , , . , -. . , . , . , , . , , . . ,

17. . , , ,

14, 10.

15N.N,Vie nego muzej,Telegram, Zagreb, 19. maj. 1967.16J. Vinterhalter, Upitnik za muzeje i galerije moderne umjetnosti u Jugoslaviji, Informatica

Museologica 3-4 (Zagreb 1983) 9.17K.Bogdanovi, Uvod u vizuelnu kulturu, Beograd 1986, 44.

, a

118 119


64/175

, , .

- :

1. 2. (, ,)3. 4. 5. 6.

. , , , -

18. , , . ,, , , , , .

. , . . ,. , . , , ,. . , , , I, II, , ,

.

, , , (, 26. 04 -

15.05. 1979) ( , 28. 11 -

22. 12. 1985). , . , , ,, , . , , , .

- , . , . , , , , , . . - . . , , , .. ,, . 1986. ., . .

. -

18, 46.

, a

120 121


65/175

. , , .. 1975. . . . , . ,

.

. , , ,, . 1966. ,,

19. . , . , ,, , 1900. , , , ,

20 . , . , , , . ,, , , . - . 1984. 1986. , , , .

, . , . 1975.1990.. . . 1979. , - . , , , , ,

. , .

19N.N,Prvo predavanje na katedri Muzeja savremene umetnosti, Borba, Beograd, 16. 4. 1966.20N.N,Muzej koji nee da bude samo to. Poinje da radi katedra Muzeja savremene umetnosti,

Politika, Beograd, 15. 4. 1966.

, a

122 123


66/175

, a

Una PopoviMuseum of Contemporary Art, Belgrade

Educational departments within museums as special and specific departments deal withinterpretation of the museum content through various educational-pedagogic models and levels

differing from the basic educational model. Museums introduce various educational programsthever since the 18 century, and museum policy is has been specifically changed from thethseventies of the 20 century, when private sector started to invest. Through examples of

Educational Department of Whitney Museum of the American Art in New York and the Centerfor Visual Culture and Information of the Museum of Contemporary Art during seventies andeighties, various approaches for work with the visitors have been researched, generallyconsidering seventies and on. Programs of the Center for Visual Culture and Information werefirst ideologically different from the present educational programs of Whitney Museum ofAmerican Art in New York. They are specific for the political moment they have been realized in,for socialism; nowadays, when democratic approach to everything is stressed, when visitors arediversified, when their potentials and interest are various, it seems best to follow and define itwithin the framework of educational programs based on idea and approach pluralism. Fromestablishment in 1965, Museum of Contemporary Art in Belgrade introduced pedagogic service.At the beginning, the role of pedagogic department was to service information concerningMuseum of Contemporary Art, exhibition programs, museum collections with a distinct role ineducating visitors by leading them through current exhibitions and standing setting of theMuseum. The number of audience, numerous visiting f larger exhibitions and retrospectives,made it necessary to rename the educational department into more modern name Center forVisual Culture and Information. Awareness on approach that is more organized and directed tothe audience, and growing need to introduce the audience and inform it in appropriate way on theart of the time is reflected in educational programs of Whitney Museum of American Art in NewYork. Apart from similar direct approach to the visitor, educational departments of these twomuseums, there are two different pedagogic approaches to the audience; today these are mainly

workshops (education through game), once it was so called active workshop for higher level ofteaching adjusted, however, to specific age or an interest of a person.

AN IDEA, IMPORTANCE AND WORK OF THE

EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENTS IN ART, MUSEUMS

(Examples from practice Educational Department of Whitney Museumin New York and the Center for Visual Culture and Information (MCA)

- , , 2008.

Brochure - Information leaflet for a schoolprogram, Whitney Museum of the Ame-rican Art in New York, 2008.

124 125

- , , 2008.

Brochure - Information leaflet for afamily program, Whitney Museum ofthe American Art in New York, 2008.


67/175

, a

, , 2008, -

Whitney Museum of the American Art in New York, 2008., 2008, pho to Una Popovic , , , - .

Leading through an exhibition, MCAB, the seventies, photo M. Maodus

126 127


68/175

, a

, ,

Leading through an exhibition, Museum of Contemporary Art, Belgrade, the eighties , , - .

School visit in exhibition rooms, MCAB, the seventies, photo M. Maodus

128 129


69/175

, a

,

Drawing workshop of the Center for Visual Culture and Information. MCAB, now , , - .

Children seminar at the exhibition in Museum, the eighties, photo M. Maodus

130 131


70/175

, ,

Seminar of the Center for Visual Culture and Information. MCAB, the seventies

132


71/175

, . , , 7 .

,

1986.

. 1986. 1988. 2 170 . 50

2, 1,70 .

; 3

, - I II. .

14

: , 80- XX. . ,

, ,

.

.

: , , , ,

,

1

.2S. Stankovi,Neolitsko naselje u Stragarima,Beograd, Trstenik 1988, 3; . ,

( 1988 ),

5(1989) 29-33.3S. Stankovi,Neolitsko naselje u Stragarima,5, 6; S. Stankovi, ljivik Stragari, Trstenik.

Neolithic of Serbia, ed. D. Srejovi, Beograd 1988, 95 .

903 634 (497.11 -)

1

-

135


72/175

4S. Stankovi,Neolitsko naselje u Stragarima, 21.5. ,. , 32.

6S. Stankovi, Neolitsko naselje u Stragarima; . , . .

7 .

8Russell N, The bone tools, Selevac. A neolithic village in Yugoslavia.Eds. R. Tringham andD.Krsti. Los Angeles1990, 527; Lyneis M,Antler and bone artifacts from Divostin,Divostin and theneolithic of central Serbia, eds. Alan McPherron andDragoslav Srejovi. Pittsburgh1988, 301.

9 .10H. Camps-Fabrer et D. Stordeur, Orientation et dfinition des diffrentes parties de l'objet. U

Industrie de l'os et bois de cervid durant le nolithique et ge des mtaux. Premire runion dugroupe de travail no. 3 sur l'industrie de l'os prhistorique. Ed. H. Camps-Fabrer. Paris 1979: 915.

11. M. Newcomer, Study and replication of bone tools from Ksar Akil (Lebanon), World

Archaeology6/2 (1974), 138153; J.-L. Voruz, Outillages osseux et dynamisme industriel dans lenolithique jurassien.Lausanne 1984.

A , ,

4

. 1988. , ,

-

, . 5

.

; (,

, ), , 6

.

, 36 7.

, 8

, , 1032 , 470. , ,

, , 9

, .

, (matires duresanimales, animal hard tissue), :, ,

.

10

. -, 11

. , ,

a , .

, ,

. ,

,

, 12

. .

, ,

.

:

( ),

, ,

.

20 .

. 13

. . ,

, .

: 1)

(objets pointus), , , , , , , ; 2)

(objets tranchants), , , , ; 3) (objets mousses) , , .

,

(objets intermdiaires), , .

12 , I. W.Cornwall, Bones for the archaeologist, London 1968, E. Schmid, Atlas of animal bones forprehistorians, archaeologists and quaternary geologists, AmsterdamLondonNew York 1972.. . , . ,1988, , A. Billamboz,Les vestiges en bois de cervids dans les gisements de l'poqueholocne. Essai d'identification de la ramure et ses diffrentes composantes pour l'tudetechnologique et l'intrpretation palethnographique.Industrie de l'os et bois de cervid durant lenolithique et ge des mtaux. Premire runion du groupe de travail no. 3 sur l'industrie de l'os

prhistorique, ed. H. CampsFabrer. Paris 1979, 93 129, . R. L. Lyman,stVertebrate taphonomy,Cambridge 2001 (1 publ. 1994), .

13H. Camps-Fabrer,Principes d'une classification de l'industrie osseuse nolithique et de l'gedes mtaux dans le Midi mditerranen,Industrie de l'os et bois de cervid durant le nolithique et gedes mtaux. Premire runion du groupe de travail no. 3 sur l'industrie de l'os prhistorique, ed. H.Camps-Fabrer. Paris 1979, 17.

-

136 137


73/175

, , 14

, .

,

. , ,

(Mallaha),

.

- : 1) ; 2)

; 3) ; 4)

, 15

. ..

16 . -.

, , .

, .

, , ,

. , ,

, ,

, ; ( )

.

,

. .17

. ,

.

,

(, , ) (, , ),

.

, , 18

, - . ,, ,

.

,

,

(

, ). .

, 19

. .

I.

,

;

, .

,

, : ) ,

, ( 1),

( 2); ) , ( 1), ,

( 2).

().

( 07), ,

, ,

. , ,

,

, 20

. ( 1) .

/ 21

. ().

. 02 12

14Op. cit, 18.15D. Stordeur, Outils et armes en os du gisement natoufien de Mallaha (Eynan), Israel,Paris,

1988, 3.16A.Bakalov,Predmeti od kosti i roga u preneolitu i neolitu Srbije, Beograd 1979, 31 .17p. cit.

18. S. A. Semenov, Prehistoric technology. An experimental study of the oldest tools and

artefacts from traces of manufacture and wear,Wiltshire 1976, 191.

19Semenov, op. cit; M. Newcomer 1974, op. cit; A. Peltier,tude exprimentale dessurfaces osseuses faonnes et utilises,Bulletin de la Socit Prhistorique Franaise83/1 (1986),57, R. Christidou, Fabrication d'outils end os. Exemple d'oprations de raclage et d'abrasion,Dossiers d'Archologie290 (2004), 5657 A. Legrand et I. Sidra,Les outils en matires osseuses.Exemple des sites de Khirokitia (Chypre) et de Drama (Bulgarie), Dossiers d'Archologie290 (2004),5255.

20. S. A. Semenov,op. cit, M. Newcomer, op. cit, A. Peltier, op. cit, R. Christodou, op. cit.

21S. Stankovi,Neolitsko naselje u Stragarima, 6, .

-

138 139


74/175

. 22

.

21 , , ,

.

23. , ,

24 ,

25. , ,

.

, .

,

. .

, 11 18 . 11

. cut-and-break -

; .

, .

(, , .). : ;

, 26

, . , 33,

,

. 27

, . .

,

13 15. 13

, , ,

.

II.

, ,

,

.

, .

, 17 31.

, ,

, 31 17.

,

. .28

. 29

.

.

, , ,

. , , (chopper), , .

, , , .

, 10, . , , ,

, ;

, 30

.

III.

; ,

. 04

,

22A. Legrand et I. Sidra, op. cit.23S. Stankovi,op. cit,6, ilustracija.24N. Russell, op. cit.25M. Lyneis, op. cit.26.S. A. Semenov, op. cit.

27. S. Perii,Predmeti od kosti, roga i kamena iz Odseka za praistoriju Muzeja grada

Beograda, Beograd 1984, 45

28S. Perii, op. cit, 40.29S. Stankovi, op. cit, 18.30S. Semenov, op. cit.

-

140 141


75/175

,

. ,

, . 19 30 ,

(

30). 31

.

32, , ,

, 20 , , .

,

, , 32

.

-

-, -,

, ,

. , 08, , ,

. , ,

33 .

, 34

, -.

IV.

(punches, percuteurs) , (, ...), , , .

, , .

05 06 .

,

, 06

, 05 .

06 35

(blunt antler point).

,

,

, .

, ,

. 06

,

.

34

,

( 20 cm). ,

, ,

. , , .

V.

.

09, ,

,

.

,

, ,

36

.

, 14 36,

.

. , ,

, ;

14,

36 .

(thong stretchers),

37 .

, 01, .

, .

31S. Stankovi, op. cit, 6, ilustracija.32. A. Peltier, op. cit; A. Legrand et I. Sidra, op. cit.

33G. A. Semenov, op. cit.34S. Stankovi, op. cit, 6, ilustracija.35N. Russell, op. cit, 529, fig. 14.5.

36. S. A. Semenov, op. cit; N. Russell, op. cit.

37N. Russell, op. cit, 533.

-

142 143


76/175

,

.

38

, . , ,

39 .

, , ,

/ ,

. ,

; ,

.

j , ,

40

- (Dragueni-Ostrov). a

.

, 23.

. ,

.

, .

, ,

, . ,

, ,

,

.

, , , 28. ; a , , , ,

. ,

.

VI.

, 16. , , , ; . ,

, . ,

.

, ,

. , 41

.

VII.

; , .

03, ,

. ,

,

, . , ,

, ; ,

,

, .

, .

, ( )

.

, ,

, .

, , ;

, ( ,

). , ,

.

,

,

, . , 38. . ., ,

, XVII-1 (2001) 31-36; N. Russell, op. cit,538-9 .

39. .

40A. Bolomey iS. Marinescu-Blcu,Industria osului n aezarea cucuteniana de la Dragueni-Ostro,.Studii i cercetari de istorie veche i arheologie, 39/4 (1988), 347 . 7/6.

41S. Stankovi, Neolitsko naselje u Stragarima,6, . . Bone objects of adornment, , .

-

144 145


77/175

, . ,

()

, 42

, .

.

,

. ,

( 34) .

,

.

; ,

; , 43

. ,

. 44

(. ). ,

45 .

- , ,

, 46

, . ,

,

, .

,

.

,

.

,

, 47

. 48

,

, , .

, ,

.

. ,

,

. ,

(chne opratoire) /

, /

( )

. ,

(

), .

. , ( )

, .

, , ,

,

, 49

.

; ,

. ,

.

,

(cut-and-break); ,

.

.

(Lyneis 1988, Russell 1990). , ,

, ,

.

. ,

; ,

, -

, .

42N. Russell, op. cit,544.43A. Bakalov, op. cit; A. Billamboz, op. cit.44M. Lyneis, op.cit, 301.45A.Bakalov, op. cit, 42.46M. Lyneis, op. cit, 309.47S. Stankovi, Neolitsko naselje u Stragarima, 18.48. .Bakalov, op. cit;. Lyneis, op. cit.

49N. Russell, op. cit, 541.

-

146 147


78/175

.

.

(, , ), .

.

,

, 50

. , ,

, ,

.

, ( 13), 32, , 34,

.

.

.

,

.

, .

, , ,

.

, , ,

.

-. ,

.

.

; , .

, .

,

,

( ). . ,

,

. ,

51 , , , , , . (

) ,

, .

K - . ,

,

.

, .

, ,

,

, , .

51. .Bakalov,op. cit; M. Lyneis, op. cit, N. Russell, op. cit.

*The author is the fellowship holder of the Ministry of Science and TechnologicalDevelopment of the Republic of Serbia.50M. Lyneis, op. cit, N. Russell, op. cit.

Selena Vitezovi,* Belgrade

In this paper were analyzed thirty six objects made from animal hard tissue from thesite Stragari-ljivik, recovered on the excavations from 198 0's.

Typological classification that I have adopted in this work is the one based on the linkbetween the shape and the function, and encompasses objects for piercing, cutting, polishing and

striking, with their respective types. The identification of traces of working and use wasdetermined according to different experimental works, among which the most important are theworks of S. Semenov.

Most common are piercing implements awls made from split long bones or ribs, used onsoft organic materials, and points from antler tips, use

Documents

01 ZBORNIK Krusevacki 14