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RDBMS

A.K.MISHRAJTO(IT)

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Database software...

Light Duty

Medium Dut

Heavy Duty

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Database

What is Data?Nature of Data?

Rows/records

Tables

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Basic Datatypes

NumberDate

Char

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Database ?

A group of tables with relateddata in them is called a Database

some inherent meaning, designed,built and populated for a specific

purpose.

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DatabaseDatabase

title_id = title_id

title_id = title_id

stor_id = stor_id

stor_id = stor_id

pub_id = pub_id

discounts

discounttype varchar(40)

stor_id char(4)

lowqty smallint

highqty smallint

discount decimal

publishers

pub_id char(4)

pub_name varchar(40)

city varchar(20)

state char(2)

countr varchar(30)

salesstor_id char(4)

ord_num varchar(20)

ord_date datetime

qty smallint

payterms varchar(12)

title_id varchar(6)

stores

stor_id char(4)

stor_name varchar(40)

stor_address varchar(40)

city varchar(20)

state char(2)

zip char(5)

titleauthor

au_id varchar(11)

title_id varchar(6)

au_ord tinyint

royaltyper int

titles

title_id varchar(6)

title varchar(80)

type char(12)

pub_id char(4)

price money

title_id = title_id

pub_id = pub_id

pub_id = pub_id

job_id = job_id

au_id = au_id

authors

au_id varchar(11)

au_lname varchar(40)

au_fname varchar(20)

phone char(12)

address varchar(40)

city varchar(20)state char(2)

zip char(5)

contract bitauthors_tmp

au_lname varchar(40)

au_fname varchar(20)

phone char(12)

address varchar(40)

city varchar(20)

state char(2)zip char(5)

employee

emp_id char(9)

fname varchar(20)

minit char

lname varchar(30)

job_id smallint

job_lvl tinyintpub_id char(4)

hire_date datetime

jobs

job_id small int

job_desc varchar(50)min_lvl tinyint

max_lvl tinyint

pub_info

pub_id char(4)

logo image

pr_info text

roysched

title_id varchar(6)

lorange int

hirange int

royalty int

advance money

royalty intytd_sales int

notes varchar(200)

pubdate datetime

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Designing Relational Database

Analyze the situation to gatherinformation about the purpose.

,the lengths of data.

Create the database and tables.

Populate the tables

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Why to use Multiple tables ?

ST. NO NAME DESIG.Course

code

Course

Name

01234 Verma K L SDE 401 Cobol

01234 SDE 412

Start

date

02/01/83

18/07/96Foxpro25Verma K L

erma n ows01234 Verma K L

SDE 415 Win App

02345 Das R K AAO 401 Cobol

02345 DAS R K AAO Foxpro25

103456 Singh R K JTO 415 Win App

412

03/11/98

02/01/83

18/07/96

03/11/98

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Normalizing the Data

Normalizing is the process oforganizing data into related tables.

-Data

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Rules for Normalizing

FNF

Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table. Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify

each row with a unique column (the primary key).

(we must not duplicate data within the same row of a table. )

SNFattempts to reduce the amount of redundant data in a table byextracting it, placing it in new table(s) and creating relationshipsbetween those tables.

TNFAll non-key elements must not depend upon any other non-keycolumns

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Relational Database Objects

Tables

Columns

Data types

Stored ProceduresFunctions

TriggersViews

Indexes

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Database triggers

Programs that are executed whenan event, such as insert or updateon a column occurs in a table.

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Constraints

Constraints are server-based system

implemented data integrity enforcementmechanism.

Primary Keys to enforce uniqueness and

Not-NULL among the rowsForeign Keys are one or more columns

that reference the primary keys or unique

constraints of other table.Rules/checks

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Types of Constraints

NOT NULLUNIQUE

FOREIGN KEY

CHECK

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Concept of Schema

A schema is a logical grouping ofdatabase objects based on theuser who owns them.

DBA: Database Administrator

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SQL (Structured Query Language)

IBM invented SEQUEL(structuredEnglish query language) in 1970sdesi ned for data ueries

SQL sentences are

DDL (data definition language)

DML (data manipulation language)DCL (data control language)

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Any Questions ?

Thank You