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SECTION 17-1 REVIEW

BIODIVERSITYVOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms.

1. taxonomy, taxon ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. kingdom, species __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. phylum, division ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. species name, species identifier _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. species, subspecies _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.

______ 1. Aristotle classified animals on the basis ofa. their size. c. where they lived.b. their evolutionary history. d. what they ate.

______ 2. The main criterion used in Linnaeus’s system of classification is an organism’sa. evolutionary history. c. taxonomy.b. morphology. d. hierarchy.

______ 3. Each subset within a class of organisms is called a(n)a. order. b. family. c. genus. d. phylum.

______ 4. In the scientific name of an organism, the first part is thea. species identifier. b. variety. c. subspecies. d. genus.

______ 5. The species name of the pangolin isa. Manis temminckii. c. Manis temminckii.b. manis temminckii. d. Manis Temminckii.

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Modern Biology 89 Biodiversity

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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.1. How were the classification systems of Aristotle and Linnaeus similar? ______

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2. The word part bi- means “two,” and the word part nomen means “name.” Explain how these word parts relate to the system scientists use to identify organisms. _______________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________3. How does the classification process used by modern taxonomists differ from

that used by Linnaeus?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Critical Thinking Explain why Aristotle’s system of classifying animals is no longer used by biologists. Use examples from the animal kingdom to support your answer. _____________________________________________________

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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Use the figure to fill in the names of the seven levels of organization in the modern Linnaean system of classifying organisms, with a representing the smallest category and h the largest category.

SECTION 17-2 REVIEW

SYSTEMATICSVOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms.Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Modern Biology 90 Biodiversity

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1. systematics _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. phylogenetic diagram _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. cladistics _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.

______ 1. The scales of snakes and the scales of pangolinsa. are shared derived characters. c. suggest descent from a common

ancestor.b. are homologous structures. d. evolved independently in the

two groups.

______ 2. In cladistics, what term is used for a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants?a. class c. phylumb. clade d. species

______ 3. The molecular-clock model of evolutionary relationships is based on the assumption that changes in macromolecule sequencesa. are not random.b. are affected by natural selection.c. are greater in species with more-distant common ancestors.d. occur at different rates in different organisms.

______ 4. One example of a derived character is provided by thea. feathers of birds. c. scales of pangolins.b. scales of snakes. d. chromosomes of chimpanzees.

______ 5. Which of the following do cladistic taxonomists NOT compare when hypothesizing evolutionary relationships among organisms?a. morphological similarities c. homologous chromosomesb. analogous structures d. shared derived characters

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Modern Biology 91 Biodiversity

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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.1. List three types of evidence used by systematic taxonomists to construct

phylogenetic diagrams.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is an out-group in cladistic analysis?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. How do derived characters help cladistic taxonomists determine phylogenetic relationships?

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4. Critical Thinking A paleontologist studying two modern species finds a 7-million-year-old fossil organism with a morphology similar to the modern species and concludes that it is an ancestor of both. A molecular biologist studying the amino acid sequence of a particular protein in both modern species concludes that the two species last shared a common ancestor 12.5 million years ago. Suggest possible reasons for the discrepancy in the two conclusions.

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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Use the figure to answer the following questions.The phylogenetic diagram shown below indicates the evolutionary relationships for a hypothetical group of modern organisms, labeled 1–5, and their ancestors, labeled A–G.1. Which two modern organisms are likely to be

most closely related? ____________________2. What was the most recent common ancestor of

organisms 2 and 3? _____________________3. What was the most recent common ancestor of

organisms 1 and 5? ______________________SECTION 17-3 REVIEW

MODERN CLASSIFICATION

VOCABULARY REVIEW For each of the kingdoms listed below, state the cell

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Modern Biology 92 Biodiversity

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type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic), number of cells (unicellular, multicellular, or both), and form of nutrition (autotrophy, heterotrophy, or both).

1. Archaebacteria ___________________________________________________2. Eubacteria _______________________________________________________3. Protista _________________________________________________________4. Fungi ___________________________________________________________5. Plantae _________________________________________________________6. Animalia ________________________________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.

______ 1. The organisms that live in hostile environments that cannot support other forms of life are members of the domaina. Bacteria. b. Archaea. c. Eukarya. d. None of the

above

______ 2. Amoebas and paramecia belong to the kingdoma. Fungi. b. Plantae. c. Protista. d. Archaea.

______ 3. Mushrooms, puffballs, mildews, and some molds belong to the kingdoma. Fungi. b. Plantae. c. Protista. d. Eukarya.

______ 4. The domain that includes the oldest known fossil cells is calleda. Eukarya. b. Archaea. c. Bacteria. d. Eubacteria.

______ 5. The domain that includes organisms with true nuclei and membrane-bound organelles is calleda. Bacteria. b. Archaea. c. Animalia. d. Eukarya.

______ 6. The domain Eukarya includesa. archaea, protists, fungi, and plants.b. protists, fungi, plants, and animals.c. protists, fungi, eubacteria, and archaea.d. fungi, eubacteria, plants, and animals.

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Modern Biology 93 Biodiversity

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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.

1. What characteristics distinguish archaea from bacteria? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What characteristics distinguish fungi from plants? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Which kingdoms include multicellular heterotrophic organisms? _____________________________________________________________________________

4. What evidence led scientists to develop the three-domain system of classification? ____________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Critical Thinking Another possible way to classify organisms would be to separate them into unicellular and multicellular organisms. Explain why this is not a useful classification system.

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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The diagram below represents the relationship between the three-domain system and the six-kingdom system of classifying organisms. Label each box in the diagram with the correct domain or kingdom name.

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Modern Biology 94 Biodiversity