01. OSH Awareness

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    Discussed briefly are the;

    1. COST of accident

    2. Accident and theCONSEQUENCES

    3. Terminology of ACCIDENT

    4. CAUSES of accident5. Terminology of SAFETYand SAFETY AWARENESS

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    Suffering Lost ofearningExtra

    expensesEffect on family

    Continuingdisability

    Effect onsport &hobbies

    VICTIM & DEPENDENTS

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    Worry

    Recrimination

    Report, extra work, trainingnew staff

    Lossprestige

    SUPERVISOR

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    MoraleCapacity to produce

    SECTION/DEPARTMENT

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    Loss ofearning

    Compensati

    Extrainsurancepremium

    Lost of client Damage to the equipmentand materials

    Loss in payingin legal action

    Penalty

    FIRM/ORGANISATION

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    Loss of income in a form of incoLoss of morale

    NATION

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    IMMEDIATEDeathInjuryPain

    DiseaseDamage

    LossFear

    SHORT TERMMedical Treatment

    RepairsReplacements

    Lost ProductionIncreased Costs

    Discipline

    Low Morale

    LONG TERMSufferingDisability

    Lost Income

    InsuranceCompensation

    MistrustMissed Targets

    Profitability

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    THEHIDDEN

    UNINSUREDCOSTS(8 36

    as much asinsured costs)

    INSUREDCOSTS (1) Medical (covering injury, ill health) Compensation

    Building damage Tool, equipment, material, product damage Production delays and interruptions

    Legal expenses Expenditure on emergency first aid supplies Interim equipment rentals Investigation time/clearing site Wages paid for time lost

    Costs hiring and/or training replacements Overtime working Extra supervisor time Loss of expertise/experience Decreased output of injured worker upon return Loss of business and goodwill

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    300

    29

    1

    NON-INJURY

    MINOR INJURIES

    SERIOUS / FATAL

    THE HEINRICH

    THEORY (USA -1931)

    600

    30

    10

    NON-INJURY

    PROPERTY DAMAGE

    MINOR INJURIES

    THE BIRD THEORY(USA-1969)

    1 SERIOUS / FATAL

    400

    80

    50

    PROPERTY DAMAGE

    MINOR INJURIES(1 TO 3 DAYS MC)

    THE TYE/PEARSONTHEORY (UK -1974/75)

    1 SERIOUS / FATAL

    3

    FIRST- AID INJURIES

    NON-INJURY / DAMAGE

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    An unplanned event which results inunacceptable consequences

    An undesireable event which interrupts normal activity

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    Anunexpected, unplanned event insequence of events, that occurs through

    a combination of causes. It results ininjury or disease to an individual,damage to property or

    equipment, anear-miss,a loss or any combination of these effects.

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    Workers always say that the workplace is :

    HAZARDOUS * UNSAFE * DANGEROUS *BADLY ORGANISED

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    Employers sometimes say that the worker is :CARELESS * RECKLESS * SILLY * ACCIDENT

    PRONE * STUBBORN * INCONSIDERATE *

    IGNORANT

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    Accidents may be due to human errors .Workers are human and sometimes make mistakes this

    must be acknowledged during workplace design .Employers can improve the workplace so that stress, fatigue

    and poor working conditions do not cause mistakes.

    HAS BLAMING EACH OTHER SOLVEDTHE PROBLEM ?

    NOAS CAN BE SEEN FROM THE ACCIDENTFIGURES.

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    MANAGEMENTSYSTEMS

    WORK ACTIVITIES

    OPERATINGRULES

    ACCIDENTS

    VIOLATIONS MISTAKES DIRECT CAUSE

    ROOT CAUSE

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    UNSAFE ACTSOF PERSONS

    88%

    UNSAFE MECHANICAL ORPHYSICAL CONDITIONS

    10%

    INEXPLICABLE

    2%

    MAN FAILUREKnowledge, Attitude, Fitness, Ability

    MANAGEMENT

    Through SupervisionControls

    Which Causes or Permits

    ACCIDENTS2% are unpreventable

    50% are practically preventable98% are of a preventable type

    Which Cause

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    HEINRICH (1930s) Prevention on unsafe acts/condition.

    Blaming the worker when management system

    is at faults (prone worker approach).Five factors/stages in the sequence of events;1. Ancestry/Social Environment.

    2. Fault Of A Person3. Unsafe Acts/Condition4. Accident5. Injury

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    MULTIPLE CAUSATION THEORYMore that one cause to any accident. The multicauses is equivalentto the third stage in theHeinrich theory.

    Heinrich made reference to

    Underlying causes. Whatwere these cause.

    Using 5W, 1H.

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    DIRECTLYINVOLVED

    Fatigue Stress Taking shorts cut Lack of experience

    Lack of training Lack of concentration Not wearing appropriate PPE Using incorrect tool Not following work practices

    INDIRECTLYINVOLVED

    Fault with theoriginal design of apiece of equipment.

    Inappropriate

    purchasing decisions. Behavior of fellowindividuals in theworkplace.

    THE HUMAN FACTOR

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    Operating without clearance/failure to secure or warn. Operating or working at unsafe speed. Making safety devices inoperative.

    Using unsafe equipment or equipment unsafely. Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc.

    Taking unsafe position of posture.

    Working on moving of dangerous equipment. Distracting, teasing, abusing, startling, etc.

    UNSAFE ACTS OF PERSON

    Failure to use safe attire or personalprotective devices.

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    UNSAFEACTS/CONDITION TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION

    Improper use equipment Incorrect tool selected for job; tool used in a manner for which itwas not intended; overloading, defeat or removal of safetydevices; use of obviously defective equipment.

    Failure to make properuse of correct protectiveclothing/equipment.

    Hot metal clothing not worn or left unbuttoned. Incorrect type ofglove/eye protection used. Failure to use safety harness/lifeline.

    Failure to secure warn. Failure: to shut off equipment not in use; to place warning signsetc.; to lock or secure vehicles, switches, valves, ladders,materials against unexpected motion etc.; to warn others or giveinstructions.

    Working at unsafespeed.

    Jumping from heights, operating plants at unsafe speed, running,throwing materials, haste or short cuts taken, horseplaying.

    Incorrect posture orimproper use of limbs.

    Gripping objects insecurely, taking wrong hold, improper bodyposition adopted; attempting to lift excessive weight or move

    awkward load manually.

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    UNSAFEACTS/CONDITION TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION

    Inattention To footing or surrounds.

    Personal unsafeposition

    Standing/riding/walking in unsafe places. Unnecessaryexposure to moving equipment, or equipment/substanceswhich are hot.

    Unsafe placement Of vehicles, materials or equipment (housekeeping).Hazardous plant/equipment/materials

    Accident caused through equipment or plant/materials whichare rough; sharp; worn; hot; broken; improperly designed;constructed; assembled or maintained.

    Unsafe operationalmethod

    Use of inherently hazardous methods or procedures;inadequately lifting aids.

    Inadequate personalequipment

    Improper of inadequate clothing or equipment provided.

    Unsafe precautions onplants/site equipment

    Inadequate guarding, shielding, insulation, earthling, shoring,labeling.

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    UNSAFEACTS/CONDITION TYPICAL UNSAFE ACTS/CONDITION

    Unsafe storage Improperly stacked or placed equipment/materials;plant/ equipment inadequately secure against

    movement.Environment hazards Excessive noise, insufficient space, clearance,

    ventilation, lighting; inadequate traffic control;airborne dust; effects of room temperature.

    Unsafe place of workand unsafe means ofaccess/egress.

    Defective premises, low headroom, slippery floors,improperly designed or damaged stairs, catwalks,ladder etc.; holes in floors; house-keeping.

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    SAFETY is absence of danger.SAFETY is an attitude , a frame of mind. It is theawareness of ones environment and actions, all

    day, everyday. To do this does not require genius, aPhD, or even a title or rank.

    SAFETY is knowing what is going on; knowing what can injure anyone or anything; knowing how

    to prevent that injury and then acting to preventit . All it requires is intelligence and a reasonableamount of native ability to see, to hear, to smell

    and to think.

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    Being able torecognise unsafe practicesand conditions. Itrequires following safety procedures.

    Getting to knowall you can about theconditions that

    promote safety, including emergency response procedures.Signifies you towillingnessto take time toprevent accident.

    Having theright attitude about safety, both your own andyour coworkers safety. Can help prevent injury, illness andaccidental damage to company property.

    Being on thelookout for unsafe practicesand conditions inyour work area.

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    Safety Awareness is all aboutunderstanding theneed to prevent avoidable accidentsand there

    are three compelling reasons why every

    organisation and every individualMUST acceptaccident prevention as vital element of all activityin the workplace.

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    An accident can lead to achange oflifestyle that can be for an individual

    and often for a whole family.

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    Organisation face lossabsenteeism, higher accident compensation premium

    Hidden cost of accidentsstopped production, spoilage of material, damage to plant and equipment, replacement of staff, training & re-

    training, re-tooling, re-designing

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    Social Security paymentstopeople injured in accidents,but not adequately coveredby other insurance.

    Aid to dependent familieswhere income falls belowa minimum level.

    Payments to legal personnelrelating to courtproceedings.

    Preparation and issuance oflaws standards andregulations and theiradministration.

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