01-Introduction1 [Compatibility Mode]

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AppliedReservoir

Geology

Applied Reservoir Geology

Copyright 2008, NExT, All rights reserved

-


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AppliedReservoir

Geology

RegionalGeology

Provenance, Stress

Local Geology DepositionalEnvironment

StructuralGeology Stratigraphy

Depositional Sequence,

DepositionalProcess

The Geological Integration Process

Stage 1

Copyright 2008, NExT, All rights reserved 2

RegimeGenetic Units Facies Distribution

17 Sd

20 Sd21 Sd

22 Sd

23 Sd

IMM 9

22

Sd

ClosureArchitecture

Flow Regime

Stage 2


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AppliedReservoir

Geology

Rock & Pore TypesRock & Pore TypesLithofaciesLithofacies

Petrophysics Integration Process ModelPetrophysics Integration Process Model

SwiSor

Relative Permeability

Recovery Factor, PVTFractional Flow

Sw

AABB

CCSw i

Non-wetting Saturation

Pressure

orHeight

Capillarity, NMR,

Pore Sizes, Saturations,Fluid Column Heights

FluidsFluids

. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .

. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .

. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .

. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .

. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .

Facies BFacies B

Facies CFacies C

Depositional

Architecture

Facies AFacies A

Petrology, Mineralogy,

Diagenesis, Porosity

PoreSizes

CorePerm

AA

Core Porosity

Porosity, Permeability,

Pore size distribution

. . ... . ... . ... . ... .. .. .. .

. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... ..

. . ... . ... . ... . ... .. .. .. ...... ... ... ... ..

. ... ... ... .. CC

BBAA

AA CCBB

Stage 2

The Geological Integration Process


Fundamentals of Petrophysics and Subsurface Integration

/

19/97/19/97 1111 96ori en t.ppt96ori en t.ppt

Sandst

one

Density

Neutron

*

Formation EvaluationFormation Evaluation

WaterWater

Pressure

Lithology, Porosity,Fluid Satn, Net Pay

Pressures,Fluid Density,Fluid Contacts

Reservoir Compartments & Flow UnitsReservoir Compartments & Flow Units

Press. Transient,Permeability,

Reservoir Limits

FetkovichType Curves

Volume in-place,Permeability

Reservoir &Reservoir & GeostatisticsGeostatisticsModelsModels

Performance MapsTime

Depth

K/Phi(1-S w)%PhiH %KH

Storage

Capacity

Delivery

Speed

Flow

Capacity

Rate

* ** **

*

*

Pressure

Well Log ModelsLithology, Porosity

Resistivity

***

Dolo

mite

Limeston

e

*

Depth

EOR sweep,by-passed pay

Porosity, Perm,Pay Distribution

Well & FieldPerformance

Oil

Gas

Water

%Cum.KH

Modi fied Lorenz,Storage & Flow Capacity

% Cum. BVHC

SeismicSeismicModelsModels

Amplitudes, AVO,Coherency, Vp/Vs

3D Volume

Attribute Maps

Horizon Slices. . .. .. . .Pay Maps

ReservoirReservoirManagementManagement

Time

PerformanceSimulation,

GCOMP, GAS3D

Time

Gr Sw

Production DataProduction Data

**

*

*

*

****

**

CC

BB

AA

CC

BB

AA AABB

CC

AAABBB

CCC

AAA

BBB

CCC

*

Stage 4

Stage 3


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AppliedReservoir

Geology

The Petroleum Reservoir

is a complexinteraction between

physical, chemical,and time processesthat needs to beunderstood from a


number ofviewpoints.

In this course, we willdeal with the

GEOLOGICAL pointof view.


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Geology

Petroleum:

a natural yellow-to-black liquidhydrocarbon found at and beneath

the earths surface. Petroleum is a

What is Petroleum?


mixture of many differenthydrocarbons

Hydrocarbon:

an organic compound made up ofcarbon and hydrogen atoms


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Geology

History of petroleum use

First Use

Egypt , China, Babylon, America

First Drilling

History of Petroleum


.

America: 70/25m in 1859 AD.

First Product

Kerosene for lamps.

Gasoline was unwanted by-product.

Demand Increase with Industrial Revolution

Internal Combustion Engine(1885)

Global Economic Growth


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Geology




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AppliedReservoir

GeologyThe early days.




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Geology

One barrel of oil

42 gallons / 159 litres Gasoline - 19.5 gallons 45 %

Fuel Oil - 9.2 allons 21 %

The Ubiquitous Barrel


Jet Fuel - 4.1 gallons 9%

Asphalt - 2.3 gallons 5%

Kerosene - 0.2 gallons 0.5%

Lubricants - 0.5 gallons 1.2%

Petrochemicals/other products 6.2 gallons

14.7%


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Geology

80

100

100 BILLIONBARRELS

Billion

Hydroelectric

Solar WindGeothermal

1993NewTechnolo

NewTechnolo

Careers inCareers inOil & GasOil & Gas

Will be ImportantWill be Important

World Energy Demand 1900-2100


1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

20

40(GBOE)

Equivalent

NaturalGas

Crude Oil

oa

Dec

reasing

Dec

reasing

FossilFuels

FossilFuels

ies

ies

after Edwards, AAPG 8/97

Tar Sands/Oil Shales


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AppliedReservoir

Geology

June 2008$ 145

Price of Oil 1861 to Today


Feb 2009$ 39

March 2010$ 72


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Geology

Proved oil reserves

61.0%

Copyright 2008, NExT, All rights reserved From BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2008

Total 2007 Reserves = 1,238 billion barrels

11.6 %9.5 %9 %5.5 %3.2 %


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Geology

Distribution of proved oil reserves 1987-2007

1er.3ero.

Copyright 2008, NExT, All rights reserved BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2008

1er2do.

3ero.

2do.

.

2do.


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AppliedReservoir

GeologyTotal 2007 Production = 81.5 million barrels per day

Oil production by area


1

2


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Geology

Oil consumption by area

2007 Consumption = 86 million barrels per day

Total 2007 Production = 81.5 million barrels per day



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Geology

Reserves Coal and Gas



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Geology


1er

2do.

3ero.

4o.


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Geology

World Oil Reserves by Rock Type



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Geology

Energy Consumption



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Geology

The United States' "400-plus coal-fired

power plants emit more toxins into the

air than any other single source; some

42% of the US total, according to the

2002 Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)"

The CO2 Problem


Half of all Americans live within 30miles of a coal-burning power plant

"...which, in addition to mercury, emit

more than 361,000 tons of other toxins

including vanadium, barium, zinc, lead,

chromium, arsenic, nickel, hydrogenfluoride, hydrochloric acid, ammonia

and selenium."


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Geology

Even though the early

oilmen worked with

primitive exploration

techniques, the peakyear for discoveries of

giant oil fields (ultimate

recovery of 500 mbbl oil

or more) in the U.S. was

Are we replacing reserves?


In the last 20 years, only three fields (in Norway , Columbia and Brazil ) have been found with more than one

billion barrels each. None produce more than 200,000 barrels a day. From 1990 to 2000 a total of 42 billion

barrels of new reserves were discovered. In the same period the world consumed 250 billion barrels.

,

1962. 80% of the oilproduced in 1995 was

found before 1973.

We now find one barrel

for every four we

consume.


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Geology

Are we replacing reserves?



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AppliedReservoir

Geology

Exploration

The reservoir is discovered, but not yetunderstood (size, contents, etc.)

Delineation/Appraisal

The Reservoir Lifecycle


ze an ex en o reservo r e nea e

reservoir parameters evaluated

Development

Understanding of reservoir improves,

production grows Maturity

Reservoir well understood, produced,

depleted, secondary recovery


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AppliedReservoir

Geology

Exploration Appraisal Development Maturity

+

Maximize ProductionEconomically

MaximizeRecoveryEconomically

AccelerateProduction

Reservoir Life Cycle and Business Value


MinimizeCapitalExpense

MinimizeOperatingExpense

DeferAbandonment

Time

Optimized Development Traditional Development

CashFlow


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Geology

Prediction

Description

Characterization

Geophysics

Petrophysics Geology

Domain Integration


Performance Optimization

Engineering

Drilling Computing

Reservoir


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Geology

Prudhoe Bay - 2001



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Geology

Prudhoe Bay - 2001



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Geology

Prudhoe Bay Original 1969 Map



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Geology

Prudhoe Bay Field Oil - 28API


Carboniferous

U. Triassic

L. Jurassic

L. Cretaceous

Source Rocks:1. L. Cretaceous marine shale (HRZ Fm.)

2. L. Jurassic marine shale (Kingak Sh.)3. U. Triassic marine carb. & shale

Triassic


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Geology

Prudhoe Bay Field -Parameters

Discovery

OOIP

1968 Arco Sohio

22 Billion Barrels

First Production 1977

Initial Recovery Estimate 9.6 BSTB


.

Estimated Start of Decline 1989

1997 Recovery Estimate 13 BSTB

Gas Cap 30TCF

ReservoirHigh quality sandstone with

discontinuous shales

Drive Mechanism

Gravity, Gas Cap expansion,

solution gas

A li d


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Geology

Better 3D Seismic Gas Injection (Cycling)

Reservoir

Enhanced value and field production due to technology and improvedreservoir understanding.

Prudhoe Bay Field -Development


o e s o e ng

3x Number of Wells New Zones/Satellite

Fields

Horizontal/MultilateralWells

Re-Perforations

Coiled Tubing Formation Damage

Mitigation

Waterflood

A li d


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Geology

Prudhoe Bay Field Maturity


A li d


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Geology

Prudhoe Bay Field -Stratigraphy


Applied


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Geology

Prudhoe Bay Field Stratigraphic Section


Applied P dh B Fi ld


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Geology

Prudhoe Bay Field Depletion Mechanism




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Geology

Prudhoe Bay Field Development & Production




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Geology

OOIP 22 Billion Barrels

Estimate Ultimate in9.6 Billion Barrels (Rf = 44%)

Prudhoe Bay Field Summary


1997 13.0 Billion Barrels (Rf = 59%)

Note:38%

more oil to be produced due to improvedgeological understanding and improved technology

Documents

01-Introduction1 [Compatibility Mode]