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1
Introduction to RF IC Design
Prof. Bhaskar Banerjee
University of Texas at Dallas
EERF 6330 - RF Integrated Circuit Design
Books and References
Textbook: Notes, Papers, Slides ... Refs:
RF Microelectronics, B. Razavi (Prentice Hall) - 2nd Edition (2011) The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, T. H. Lee (Cambridge
University Press)
2
3
What is RF?
Radio Frequency: the mode of communication for wireless technologies of all kinds, including cordless phones, radar, ham radio, GPS, and radio and television broadcasts.
Loosely defined in the band: 3 Hz - 300 GHz.
Most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits.
4
RF Examples
Application Frequency Band
Aeronautical/Maritime 9 kHz - 535 kHz
AM radio 148.5 kHz - 1.71 MHz
Short Wave Radio 1.71 MHz - 30 MHz
Citizens Band (CB) 26.96 MHz - 27.41 MHz
TV (2-6) 54 MHz - 88 MHz
FM Radio 88 MHz - 108 MHz
TV (7-13) 174 MHz - 220 MHz
Cell Phones (GSM) 824 MHz - 894 MHz
Air Traffic Control 960 MHz - 1.215 GHz
Global Positioning System (GPS) 1.227 GHz - 1.575 GHz
Cell Phones (PCS) 1.850 GHz - 1.99 GHz
WLAN (802.11b/g) 2.4 GHz
5
Early Electronics
General area of Electronics began in the early 20th century radio and radar during the world wars
Early systems used discrete electronic components Vacuum tubes
amplifying devices with the flow of electrons between plates in vacuum
finite lifetime large size
Transistors were invented in 1940s (Bardeen, Brittain under William Shockley at Bell Labs) Germanium Crystal
First silicon transistor was produced at Texas Instruments Gordon Teal in 1954 First MOS transistor by Kahng and Atalla (Bell Labs) in 1960
6
Microelectronics
Integrated Circuit (IC) Technology with millions of components (transistors, capacitors, etc.) on a small semiconductor (typically Silicon) area (100 mm2)
Invented independently in 1958 by Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments) in Germanium Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductor) in Silicon
7
Why Microelectronics?
Impact of ICs: Todays microprocessors contain ~ 100 million transistors in a 10 cm2
area If we used 100 million discrete components and each device occupied a
volume of 3 mm x 3mm x 3mm volume => total volume of 27 mm3 x 108
A CUBE 1.4 m on each side!!!
Would be very slow - signals need to travel on wires 1.4 m long If each transistor cost 1 cent and weighed 1 g
$ 1 million and weigh 100 tons!!!
8
Microelectronics in Daily Life
Satellite TV/GPS
High speed microprocessors
Cell Phones
Mobile Computing/WLAN/3G
Digital Cameras
Wireless Systems
9Image courtesy: B. Razavi (RF Microelectronics)
10
Evolution of Mobile Phone
Size Features Battery Life Price
11
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
After 15 years of research, $100 mil
Size: 13 x 1.75 x 3.5 Weight: 28 oz (793 g) Features: Only Talk Battery Life:
30 mins Talk Time, 8 hrs standby 10 hours to recharge
Price: $3995 (in 1983)
Current Smartphones
12
Size (approx): 5 x 2.5 x 0.5
Weight: 5 oz (137 g)
Features: Talk, Web, Email, Camera, GPS, Multimedia
Battery Life: 10 hrs Talk Time, 300 hrs
standby
Price: $500 (in 2010)
13
Many Wireless Alternatives
50 Million US Homes equipped with Multimedia Broadband Service
WirelessCable
MMDS/MDS(2.5GHz)
Wireless Access (Fixed WirelessLoop - 2-4GHz)
WirelessMonitoring and
Control of Utilitiesand Security Devices
(ISM, N-PCS)
C-BandBroadcastSatellite(4-6GHz)
DirectBroadcastSatellite(12GHz)
CellularizedCable
(28GHz)
WirelessFiber
(38GHz)Broadcast TV(HDTV/SDTV)
Broadcast AM and FM
Radio(Digital AM/FM)
Wireless TVSales/Polling
(IVDS)
Wireless Data
One-way andTwo-way Messaging
Analog CordlessDigital CordlessFamily Radio ServiceCellular,PCSBluetoothMobile Satellite Service3G, 4G, LTE, ...
Hey Buddy,can you spare
a MHz?
14
Emerging/Future Wireless Requirements
Support Multiple Communication Services
Handling Multi-Band / Multi-Standard Comm. System
Carrier Frequency : 50MHz~100 GHzData rate : 4k ~ 10 Gbps
Output Power : 10 W ~ 10 WConcurrent Multi-mode operation
Low Power ConsumptionRe-configurability
Flexible, Wearable H/W Platform
Mobile GPS
Wireless LAN Wireless PAN Wireless MAN
Digital A/V Broadcasting, Wireless HDWireless RAN
15
W-RAN: 802.22Wireless Regional Area Network
Wider range utilizing Unused VHF/UHF band (54~854MHz)
Wider r
ange
W-MAN: 802.16WiMax / WiBro
Broadband Wireless Access Upto 70Mb/s bandwidth
U.S. D
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UNITEDSTATES
THE RADIO SPECTRUM
NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
GOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHAREDGOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND
ACTIVITY CODE
NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION FIXED
MARITIME MOBILEFIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
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MARITIMEMOBILE FIXED
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ronau
tical
Radio
navig
ation
(Rad
io Be
acon
s)
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5
20.0
5
30 30 59 61 70 90 110
130
160
190
200
275
285
300
3 kHz 300 kHz
300 kHz 3 MHz
3 MHz 30 MHz
30 MHz 300 MHz
3 GHz
300 GHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
AeronauticalRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)
Aeron
autic
alMo
bile
Mariti
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diona
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adio
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ons)
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ICAL
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IO BE
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AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)
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MARI
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TIME
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ISTRE
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MARITIMEMOBILE
LAND MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED STAN
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MOBILE
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RADIO-LOCATION RADIO-
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FIXEDSATELLITE
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SATE
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SATE
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SATE
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SATE
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SATE
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FIXED
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MARITIMEMOBILE
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FIXED
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NAVIG
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N
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PL. S
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(Passi
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300
325
335
405
415
435
495
505
510
525
535
1605
1615
1705
1800
1900
2000
2065
2107
2170
2173
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90.5
2194
2495
2501
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2505
2850
3000
RADIO-LOCATION
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FIXED
MOBILE
AMAT
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MOBIL
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MARI
TIME
MOBIL
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MARIT
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MOBIL
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NDMO
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MOBIL
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30.0
30.5
6
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.2
5
39.0
40.0
42.0
43.6
9
46.6
47.0
49.6
50.0
54.0
72.0
73.0
74.6
74.8
75.2
75.4
76.0
88.0
108.
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173.
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0
216.
0
220.
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225.
0
235.
0
300
ISM 6.78 .015 MHz ISM 13.560 .007 MHz ISM 27.12 .163 MHz
ISM 40.68 .02 MHz
ISM 24.125 0.125 GHz 30 GHz
ISM 245.0 1GHzISM 122.5 .500 GHzISM 61.25 .250 GHz
300.
0
322.
0
328.
6
335.
4
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9
400.
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764
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794
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824
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869
894
896
9019
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2
928
929
930
931
932
935
940
941
944
960
1215
1240
1300
1350
1390
1392
1395
2000
2020
2025
2110
2155
2160
2180
2200
2290
2300
2305
2310
2320
2345
2360
2385
2390
2400
2417
2450
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1427
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1432
1435
1525
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5.0
5.15
5.25
5.35
5.46
5.47
5.6
5.65
5.83
5.85
5.92
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6.52
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5
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7.30
7.45
7.55
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9.3
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17.3
17.7
17.8
18.3
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20.1
20.2
21.2
21.4
22.0
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31.0
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32.0
32.3
33.0
33.4
36.0
37.0
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.5
40.0
40.5
41.0
42.5
43.5
45.5
46.9
47.0
47.2
48.2
50.2
50.4
51.4
52.6
54.2
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57.0
58.2
59.0
59.3
64.0
65.0
66.0
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77.0
77.5
78.0
81.0
84.0
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95.0
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PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
AERONAUTICALMOBILE
AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AMATEUR
AMATEUR SATELLITE
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTINGSATELLITE
EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE
INTER-SATELLITE
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIME MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION
METEOROLOGICALAIDS
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE SATELLITE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
RADIODETERMINATIONSATELLITE
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE
SPACE OPERATION
SPACE RESEARCH
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE
RADI
O AS
TRON
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FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
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MARITIMEMOBILE AeronauticalMobile
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ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATIONSERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Primary FIXED Capital LettersSecondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management
October 2003
MOBIL
EBR
OADC
ASTIN
G
TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz
59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES
Fixed
AERO
NAUT
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RADI
ONAV
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ION
SPAC
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EARC
H (Pa
ssive
)
* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)
** EXCEPT AERO MOBILE WAVELENGTH
BANDDESIGNATIONS
ACTIVITIES
FREQUENCY
3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105 3 x 104 3 x 103 3 x 102 3 x 10 3 3 x 10-1 3 x 10-2 3 x 10-3 3 x 10-4 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-6 3 x 10-7
0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz
THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz
VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray
Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves InfraredP L S XC RadarBands
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY
X-ray
ALLOCATIONSFREQUENCY
BRO
AD
CA
STIN
GFI
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MO
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*
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FIXED
FIXED
BROA
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FIXED
BROA
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FIXED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
BROA
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FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
FIXED
LAND
MOBI
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FIXE
D
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This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.
The Radio Spectrum
16
17
Why RF?
Human voice-band: 20 Hz - 20 kHz = 1.5 x 107 m - 1.5 x 104 m
For efficient wireless transmission, antenna dimensions (d) ~ /4 For voice-band, d ~ kilometers
If d ~ 6 cm, = 24 cm => carrier frequency (fc) = 1.25 GHz So we need frequency translation (mixing)
?MIC
Antenna Antenna
?
Speaker
Transmitter Receiver
18
Why RF?
?MIC
Antenna Antenna
?
Speaker
Transmitter Receiver
Oscillator
Mixer
A Simple Receiver and Transmitter Block Diagram
Oscillator
LPF
Mixer
PA LNA
19
A Typical Communication System
InformationSource ADC
Compression/Coding Modulator
DriverAmplifier
Channel
Low-NoiseAmplifier
Down-converterADCDemodulator
De-coding/De-compressor DAC
InformationSink
Receiver
Transmitter
Digital
Digital
voice, video, data, music
mixer,VCO/PLL, PA, Filters
mixer,VCO/PLL, VGA, Filters
speakers, displays
20
Wireless Environment Signals of various levels coexist around the wireless channel Wireless communication is achieved by careful transmission and
selective reception of signal Note the in-band and out-of-band interferers
Desired Signal
Interferers
Noise
21
Basic Wireless Transceiver
Transmitter Should not emit spurious signals out of its band Should have power control to prevent wastage of power Should not affect the modulation present in the transmitted signal
Receiver Should be able to select the desired signal Should be able to distinguish very weak signals from noise and other
unwanted signals lying in the band
22
Terminology
Active Components: Components which provide GAIN (power) Amplifiers Some kinds of mixers
Passive Components: LOSSY components (-ve gain) Filters Some kinds of mixers
Selectivity: Ability to select the desired channel while rejecting the others Sensitivity: The minimum power a receiver can successfully detect Dynamic Range: The difference between the maximum power a receiver
can tolerate (distortion) and the sensitivity
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): Signal power/Noise Power (over the bandwidth)
Noise Figure (NF): Noise contribution of the component
23
RF Power
dBm: Power is represented in dBm scale log power measured relative to 1 mW reference. e.g., a power level of 1 mW = 0 dBm Power level of
In general, x mW power can be represented as
dB is used to represent difference in Power levels e.g.: A power gain of 2 ~ 3 dB gain.
Sometimes voltage, current are also represented in dB scale: Voltage: Current:
24
RF Power
Typical power levels at the receiver of a WLAN card on your laptop or cell phone signal ~ -70 to -100 dBm
GPS ~ -120 to -150 dBm -100 dBm power = 10-10 mW = 10-13 W
If this is across a 50 antenna, then the voltage across it will be
The aim is to amplify such low signals to higher values, suppressing the interferers and noise
RF Design Challenge
25Image courtesy: B. Razavi (RF Microelectronics)
26
RF Design Hexagon
Noise Power
FrequencyLinearity
Supply Voltage
Gain
Image courtesy: B. Razavi (RF Microelectronics)
27
Course Objective
Learn how to translate wireless system specification into optimum System Architecture, and understand specifics on Integrated Circuits (IC)
Linearity Specs (IIP3, P1dB), Dynamic Range, Sensitivity, Blockers
Noise Figure, Signal-to-noise Ratio Link Budget Analysis
Study passive components: Inductors, Capacitors Q-factors, Matching networks
Study key building blocks for RF transceivers: Low Noise Amplifier, Mixer, Oscillators, Power Amplifiers
Understand the RF Design Hexagon trade-off!
Hands-on experience via design project with emphasis on RF system and front-end circuit using state-of-the-art CAD tools, such as Agilent-ADS.
28
What you are expected to know!
Prerequisites: Familiarity with basic RF/Microwave (4xxx level)
S-Parameters 2-Port Network Theory
Familiarity with Analog Circuits Basic Device Physics: CMOS, Bipolar transistors Small signal analysis of transistors
gm, , ro, fT, fMAX Basic amplifier topologies
Common Source, Common Gate, Cascode Familiarity with circuit simulation tools
SPICE, HSPICE, PSPICE ADS (training manuals/tutorials will be provided)
29
Grading
Course structure: About 10 HWs in the Semester, 3-4 Quizzes 2 Midterm Exams (in Class) 1 Design Project (Group of 2-3 students)
Homeworks/Quizzes 30%
Midterm-1 20%
Midterm-2 20%
Design Project 30%
Total 100%