01 - Frady's Biologyfradybiology.weebly.com/.../3rd_six_weeks.docx · Web viewCircle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. ... AGA. 6. UAG. 7. tryptophan (Trp) 8

Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________

Ch 8 Section 2: Structure of DNA

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTDNA structure is the same in all organisms.

VOCABULARY

nucleotide double helix base pairing rules

MAIN IDEA: DNA IS COMPOSED OF FOUR TYPES OF NUCLEOTIDES.

1. In the space below, draw a nucleotide and label the phosphate group, the nitrogen-containing base, and the deoxyribose sugar.

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

2. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA? ___________

3. All nucleotides have two parts that are the same: the deoxyribose sugar and __________________. The third part, _____________________, is different.

MAIN IDEA: WATSON AND CRICK DEVELOPED AN ACCURATE MODEL OF DNA’S THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE.

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

4. Franklin’s data revealed that the structure of DNA is uniform / variable in width.

5. Watson and Crick determined the three-dimensional shape of DNA by building models / building genomes.

6. DNA base pairing results in a molecule that has a uniform width. A sugar-phosphate backbone is on the inside / outside. Inside the structure, a base with two rings always pairs with a base with one / two ring(s).

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 1 From DNA to Proteins

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Study Guide A continued

MAIN IDEA: NUCLEOTIDES ALWAYS PAIR IN THE SAME WAY.

7. The T nucleotide pairs with the ___________ nucleotide, and the C nucleotide pairs with the ___________ nucleotide.

8. In the space below, draw a DNA double helix. Label the sugar-phosphate

backbone, the nitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen bonds.

Vocabulary CheckFill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

9. The DNA double helix is similar to a spiral staircase: the ___________________________ is like the twisting handrails of the staircase, and the ______________________________ are like the steps that connect the railings to each other.

Select from the lettered list to fill in the blanks in the sentence below.

10. The base pairing rules of DNA relate to Chargaff’s rules. The base pairing rules state that A only pairs with T and C only pairs with G. Therefore, the amount of A will be _______________ the amount of T, and the amount of C will be ______________ the amount of G.a. less thanb. more thanc. equal to



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Ch 8 Section 3: DNA Replication

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTDNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell.

VOCABULARY

replication DNA polymerase

MAIN IDEA: REPLICATION COPIES THE GENETIC INFORMATION.Fill in the blank or circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

1. DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied / observed during the cell cycle.

2. DNA replication takes place in the centrosome / nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

3. DNA is replicated during the M stage / S stage of the cell cycle.

4. DNA replication needs to occur so that every cell / organism will have a complete set of DNA following cell division.

5. A template is something that serves as a ___________.

6. Suppose that one strand of DNA has the sequence TAGGTAC. Write down the sequence of the complementary DNA strand. _______________________

MAIN IDEA: PROTEINS CARRY OUT THE PROCESS OF REPLICATION.

7. Circle all of the roles that proteins play during DNA replication.a. They help unzip the DNA strand.b. They hold the DNA strands apart.c. They attach nucleotides to the nucleus.d. They remove nucleotides from the DNA strands. e. They bond nucleotides together.



12.11.10.

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

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8. In order for the DNA strands to separate, the ________________ bonds connecting base pairs must be broken.

9. DNA replication is called semiconservative because each molecule consists of one ___________ strand and one ___________ strand.

Place the following sentences in the correct order to summarize the steps of replication. Draw a diagram showing each step.

a. Enzymes unzip the helix.b. Two identical DNA molecules result.c. DNA polymerase binds nucleotides together to form new strands that are

complementary to the original strands.

MAIN IDEA: REPLICATION IS FAST AND ACCURATE.Circle the word or phrase that best completes the

statement.

13. Human chromosomes have only one / hundreds of origin(s) of replication, where the DNA is unzipped so replication can begin.

14. DNA polymerase has a proofreading function that enables it to detect errors / enzymes and correct them.


15. The suffix -ase indicates an enzyme. A polymer is a string of repeating structural units. DNA polymerase is an enzyme that makes DNA by forming bonds between _____________________.

Ch 8 Section 4: Transcription



1. _______________

DNA RNA Proteins

3. __________________________________________

2. ______________________________

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Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTTranscription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule.

VOCABULARY

central dogma messenger RNA (mRNA)

RNA ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

transcription transfer RNA (tRNA)

RNA polymerase

MAIN IDEA: RNA CARRIES DNA’S INSTRUCTIONS.

Label the diagram below with each of the following processes: translation, transcription, and replication. For each process, write down whether it takes place in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.

Place the following words and letters into the table below to contrast DNA and RNA.

ribose deoxyribose double single U T

DNA RNA

4. Contains the sugar ____________ Contains the sugar ____________

5. Has the bases A, C, G, and ________ Has the bases A, C, G, and ________

6. Typically __________-stranded Typically __________-stranded



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MAIN IDEA: TRANSCRIPTION MAKES THREE TYPES OF RNA.Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

7. The enzyme that helps a cell to make a strand of RNA is called ________________________.

8. The following sentences summarize the three key steps of transcription.Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,

i. A large transcription complex, including RNA polymerase and other proteins, assembles at the start of a gene / nucleus and begins to unwind the DNA / RNA.

ii. Using one strand of the DNA as a template, DNA polymerase / RNA polymerase strings together a complementary strand of RNA.

iii. The RNA strand attaches to / detaches from the DNA as it is transcribed, and the DNA zips back together.

9. Identify which type of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA) performs each of the following functions.

__________ brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein.

__________ forms part of ribosomes. __________ is an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein.

MAIN IDEA: THE TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS IS SIMILAR TO REPLICATION.

10. Check the appropriate boxes to identify whether each of the following processes is true of transcription, true of replication, or true of both transcription and replication.

Transcription Replication Both

i. is catalyzed by large enzymes

ii. is highly regulated by the cell

iii. involves complementary base pairing of the DNA strand

iv. involves unwinding of the DNA double helix

v. occurs within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells



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11. Check the appropriate boxes to identify whether each of the following end results is true of transcription, true of replication, or true of both transcription and replication.

Transcription Replication Both i. makes a double-stranded copy of all the

DNA in a cell

ii. makes a single-stranded complement of only a particular DNA sequence.

iii. occurs only once during each round of the cell cycle

iv. occurs repeatedly throughout the cell cycle to make proteins, rRNAs, and tRNAs, as needed by a cell


12. The name of each type of RNA tells what it does.

mRNA is a form of the DNA message that tells the cell what type of ________________ to make.

rRNA is a key component of ______________________.

tRNA transfers, or carries, _____________________ from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.

13. Transcription is the process of copying a sequence of __________ to produce a complementary strand of ________.



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Ch 8 Section 5: Translation

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTTranslation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein.

VOCABULARY

translation stop codon anticodon

codon start codon

MAIN IDEA: AMINO ACIDS ARE CODED BY MRNA BASE SEQUENCES.Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence or answers the question.

1. Translation is the process that converts an mRNA message into a _____________.

2. A codon is a sequence of ________ nucleotides that code for an amino acid.

3. Would the codons in Figure 5.1 in your textbook be found in a strand of DNA or RNA? ____________

4. A reading frame is the order in which _____________ are read.

Refer to Figure 5.1 in this section of your textbook to complete the table below.

Codon Amino Acid or Function

5. AGA

6. UAG

7. tryptophan (Trp)

8. GGA

MAIN IDEA: AMINO ACIDS ARE LINKED TO BECOME A PROTEIN.Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

9. Ribosomes / Vesicles and tRNA molecules / DNA polymerase are the tools that help a cell translate an mRNA message into a polypeptide.



Ribosome assembles at the start codon of mRNA strand.

A.

B.C.

When the ribosome encounters a stop codon, it falls apart and the protein is released.

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10. The small / large subunit of a ribosome holds onto the mRNA strand.

11. The small / large subunit of a ribosome has binding sites for tRNA.

12. A tRNA molecule is attached to a(n) sugar / amino acid at one end and has a(n) frame / anticodon at the other end.

13. Place the following sentences into the cycle diagram below to outline the steps of translation. i. The ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon. The first

tRNA exits the ribosome, and another codon is exposed. ii. The ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids. It breaks the

bond between the first amino acid and tRNA.iii. An exposed codon attracts a complementary tRNA bearing an amino acid.


14. AGG, GCA, and GUU are examples of _________________.

15. A(n) __________ is a set of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA codon.

16. A ______________ indicates where translation is to stop.


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Meiosis and Mendel

46 chromosomes in human body cellshalf come from

4.

include include 5.

sex chromosomes 6.

include include

consist of 7. 8.

22 homologous pairs

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Ch. 6 Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTGametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.

VOCABULARYsomatic cell autosome fertilization

gamete sex chromosome diploid

homologous chromosome sexual reproduction haploid

meiosis

MAIN IDEA: YOU HAVE BODY CELLS AND GAMETES.Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. The two major groups of cell types in the human body are called ______________ and ______________.

2. The gametes are located in the _____________ organs.

3. The number of chromosomes in a typical human body cell is _______.

MAIN IDEA: YOUR CELLS HAVE AUTOSOMES AND SEX CHROMOSOMES.Fill in the Concept Map below to summarize what you know about chromosomes.



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9. A person with two X chromosomes is female / male.

10. The X / Y chromosome carries the fewest number of genes.

MAIN IDEA: BODY CELLS ARE DIPLOID; GAMETES ARE HAPLOID.

Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

11. During fertilization, the nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse / separate.

12. Germ / Somatic cells are haploid.

13. The haploid / diploid chromosome number in humans is 23.

14. Each human gamete has one autosome / sex chromosome.

Read the descriptions in the table below and then decide which column should be labeled Mitosis and which column should be labeled Meiosis.

15. 16.

Makes diploid cells. Makes haploid cells.

Makes genetically identical cells. Makes genetically unique cells.

Happens throughout an organism’s life. Happens at specific times in an organism’s life.

Involved in asexual reproduction. Involved in sexual reproduction.

Vocabulary Check17. Circle all of the following statements that are true for

homologous chromosomes.a. One is from the mother and one is from the father.b. They are a pair of chromosomes.c. They are fertilized gametes.d. They have the same genes, but they differ in length and appearance.e. They have the same genes, length, and overall appearance.



Meiosis I

Meiosis II 10. 9. 8. 7.

6. 5. 4. 3.

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Ch. 6 Section 2: Process of Meiosis

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTDuring meiosis, diploid cells undergo two cell divisions that result in haploid cells.

VOCABULARYgametogenesis egg

sperm polar body

MAIN IDEA: CELLS GO THROUGH TWO ROUNDS OF DIVISION IN MEIOSIS.Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

1. After a chromosome is replicated, each half is called a sister chromatid / polar body.

2. Two chromosomes that are very similar and carry the same genes are called somatic / homologous chromosomes.

In the space below, sketch the phases of meiosis I and II and write the name of each phase below it. Use Figure 2.3 to help you.



Sperm Formation Egg Formation

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11. In the diagram on the previous page, circle the phase in which homologous chromosomes separate, and put a box around the phase in which sister chromatids separate.

MAIN IDEA: HAPLOID CELLS DEVELOP INTO MATURE GAMETES.

12. The sperm cell and the egg both contribute to an embryo. Place a check mark in the appropriate boxes below to indicate what each gamete contributes to the embryo.

Sperm cell Egg

DNA

Organelles

Molecular building blocks

13. Where are polar bodies made, in the male or in the female? ___________________

14. Complete the diagram of gametogenesis in the boxes below. Use Figure 2.4 to help you.


15. Genesis comes from a Greek word

that means “to be born.” Therefore, gametogenesis is the _____________ of gametes.

16. Polar bodies are cells produced by ______________ in the female body. They contain little more than DNA and are eventually _______________.

Ch. 6 Section 3: Mendel and Heredity

Study Guide A© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company


Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________KEY CONCEPTMendel’s research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units.

VOCABULARYtrait purebred law of segregation

genetics cross

MAIN IDEA: MENDEL LAID THE GROUNDWORK FOR GENETICS.Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. Genetics is the study of biological _________________ patterns and variation in organisms.

2. A man named Gregor ___________________ did early work that is the basis for much of our current understanding of genetics.

3. Mendel’s views on inheritance differed from the views of many scientists of his time. Mendel recognized that _____________ are inherited as discrete units.

MAIN IDEA: MENDEL’S DATA REVEALED PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE.In designing his experiments, Mendel made three important choices that helped him see patterns of inheritance. The table below describes these choices and gives an example of how he put each choice into action. Match each choice with its example in the table.

Mendel’s Choices Example

4. Use of purebred plants

a. He removed the stamens and fertilized the pistil with pollen from a pea plant of his choice.

5. Study of “either-or” traits

b. He experimented with self-pollinating, purebred pea plants.

6. Control over breeding c. He looked at traits that did not have intermediate characteristics such as pea shape, pea color, flower color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, and plant height.



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7. Mendel used pea plants, because they reproduce quickly / slowly, and he could control how they grow / mate.

8. Mendel bred flowers resulting in F1 generation with dominant / recessive phenotype. He then allowed the F1 generation offspring to self-pollinate. This resulted in an F2 generation with dominant phenotypes only / both dominant and recessive phenotypes.

9. Mendel concluded that traits are inherited as “discrete units.” Today, we call these discrete units gametes / genes.

10. Mendel’s law of segregation has two conclusions: i. Organisms inherit one copy / two copies of each gene, one from each parent. ii. Genes segregate during gamete formation, so organisms donate one copy /

two copies of each gene in their gametes.

Vocabulary CheckCircle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

11. Segregation means “separation.” In Mendel’s law of segregation, it is the gametes / genes that are segregated, or separated.

12. “Purebred” means a line of organisms that has uniform genetics / phenotype.



Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________

Ch. 6 Section 4: Traits, Genes, and Alleles

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTGenes encode proteins that produce a diverse range of traits.

VOCABULARYgene heterozygous phenotype

allele genome dominant

homozygous genotype recessive

MAIN IDEA: THE SAME GENE CAN HAVE MANY VERSIONS.Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

1. There is a relationship between genes and proteins: A gene / protein provides instructions for a cell to make a certain gene / protein.

2. An allele is any of the alternative forms of a gene / genome that may occur at a specific locus / trait.

3. If a pair of alleles is the same, they are called heterozygous / homozygous. If a pair of alleles is different, they are called heterozygous / homozygous.

4. Homologous chromosomes are two chromosomes (one from the mother and one from the father) that have the same length, overall appearance, and alleles / genes, although the alleles / genes may differ.

5. In the space below, draw a pair of homologous chromosomes. On the chromosomes, draw and label one set of genes with homozygous alleles (Gene A, Gene A). Draw and label another set of genes with heterozygous alleles (Gene B, Gene b).



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MAIN IDEA: Genes influence the development of traits.

6. Genotype and phenotype differ. Use the statements below to fill in the definition and an analogy for each one in the table.a. The observable traits of an organism.b. The underlying genetics of an organism.c. A person’s thoughts that you can’t read.d. A person’s words that tell you what they’re thinking about.

Definition Analogy

Genotype

Phenotype


7. Alleles are represented on paper by letters. Uppercase letters indicate ______________ alleles, and lowercase letters indicate ______________ alleles.

8. An organism’s phenotype is affected both by alleles and by ______________.

Complete the table by filling in the following terms: dominant, recessive, TT, Tt.

Genotype Phenotype Alleles

homozygous dominant dominant 9.

homozygous recessive 10. tt

heterozygous 11. 12.


13. An organism with a QQ genotype has ____________________ alleles.

14. An alternative form of a gene is called an _________________.

15. The opposite of homozygous is _______________. The opposite of dominant is _______________.



2.

A a

A

a1. 3.

AA Aa

Aa aa

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Ch. 6 Section 5: Traits and Probability

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTThe inheritance of traits follows the rules of probability.

VOCABULARYPunnett square testcross law of independent assortment

monohybrid cross dihybrid cross probability

MAIN IDEA: PUNNETT SQUARES ILLUSTRATE GENETIC CROSSES.Identify what each of the numbered parts represents in the Punnett square below. Then draw lines from each of the parents’ alleles to the corresponding alleles in the offspring.

1. Circle the parts of the Punnett square that represent the parents’ alleles.

2. What are the possible genotypes of

the offspring in this cross? _________________________________________________

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best complete the following sentence.

3. Each parent contributes only one allele to the offspring, because the alleles segregated during gamete formation, which is called ____________. During this process, the ___________ chromosomes separated.



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MAIN IDEA: A MONOHYBRID CROSS INVOLVES ONE TRAIT.

4. You know a ratio is a comparison that tells how two or more things relate. Therefore, a genotypic ratio is a comparison that tells the proportion of offspring that have a particular ____________. A phenotypic ratio is a comparison that tells the proportion of offspring that have a particular ___________.

5. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in Figure 5.3? __________

6. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring in Figure 5.4? ________

MAIN IDEA: A dihybrid cross involves two traits.

7. A dihybrid cross examines the inheritance ofa. two testcrosses. b. four testcrosses.c. two traits.d. four traits.

8. Suppose an organism has the genotype AABb. Two types of gametes could result from this allele combination: ____________ and _____________.

9. What is the phenotypic ratio that results from a dihybrid cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for both traits? See Figure 5.5 for help. __________________________

MAIN IDEA: HEREDITY PATTERNS CAN BE CALCULATED WITH PROBABILITY.Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.

10. Probability predicts the average / exact number of occurrences, not the average / exact number of occurrences.

11. To calculate the probability that two independent events will happen together, divide / multiply the probability of each individual event.


12. A testcross is done between an organism with a dominant / recessive phenotype and an organism with a(n) known / unknown genotype.

13. In the law of independent assortment, allele pairs / gene pairs are independent.


Holt McDougal Biology 1 Extending Mendelian Genetics

Autosomal Recessive Autosomal Dominant

D d D d

D D

d d

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Ch. 7 Section 1: Chromosomes and Phenotype

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTThe chromosomes on which genes are located can affect the expression of traits.

VOCABULARY

carrier sex-linked gene X chromosome inactivation

MAIN IDEA: TWO COPIES OF EACH AUTOSOMAL GENE AFFECT PHENOTYPE.Fill in the blank or circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. Sex chromosomes determine an organism’s _______________. All other chromosomes, which do not directly affect an organism’s sex, are called _______________.

2. A person who is a carrier differs from a person who has a genetic disorder. A carrier does / does not show symptoms of a disorder but can / cannot pass the disorder to offspring.

3. Complete the two Punnett squares below to compare autosomal recessive disorders with autosomal dominant disorders. Fill in the possible genotypes for offspring, and write in the phenotype (no disorder, carrier, or disorder) for each.



Sex Chromosome Inheritance

X

X

Y

X

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MAIN IDEA: MALES AND FEMALES CAN DIFFER IN SEX-LINKED TRAITS.

4. Sex-linked genes are located on the _____________________.

5. Fill in the Punnett square below to show the pattern of inheritance for sex chromosomes. Write in the phenotype (male or female) for each.


6. In humans, a gamete from a male determines the sex of the offspring, because a male can pass on only X / only Y / either X or Y chromosomes. In contrast, a female passes on only X / only Y / either X or Y chromosomes.

7. The genes on the Y chromosome are responsible for male / female characteristics.

8. Place a check mark in the appropriate boxes to show how sex-linked genes are expressed in the phenotypes of males and females.

Males Females

Show phenotypes from all sex-linked genes.

Show phenotypes similarly to autosomal gene expression.


9. The verb carry means “to transport.” This meaning is related to the term carrier in genetics, because a carrier is a person who “transports” a disease-causing allele to offspring / parents.

10. With X chromosome inactivation, which occurs in males / females, one of the two X chromosomes in every cell is randomly “turned off” / “turned up.”



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Ch. 7 Section 2: Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Study Guide AKEY CONCEPTPhenotype is affected by many different factors.

VOCABULARYincomplete dominance codominance polygenic trait

MAIN IDEA: PHENOTYPE CAN DEPEND ON INTERACTIONS OF ALLELES.

1. Circle the letter of all of the following statements that are true about incomplete dominance.a. Both alleles are completely expressed.b. Neither allele is completely dominant.c. Neither allele is expressed.d. One allele is not hidden in a heterozygote.e. Heterozygous phenotype contains the separate products of both alleles.f. Heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the homozygous

phenotypes.

2. Circle the letter of all of the following statements that are true about codominance.a. Both alleles are completely expressed.b. Neither allele is completely dominant.c. Neither allele is expressed.d. One allele is not hidden in a heterozygote.e. Heterozygous phenotype contains the separate products of both alleles.f. Heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between the homozygous

phenotypes.


3. With a multiple-allele trait, the gene has less than / only / more than two alleles.



Name________________________________Class____________________Date____________________


Place the following statements into the appropriate boxes to indicate how phenotypes appear in incomplete dominance and codominance and to provide an example of each.

a. A third phenotype that has both of the homozygous parental phenotypes.b. A third, distinct phenotype that has neither of the homozygous parental

phenotypes.c. Blood type (one parent has blood type A, one parent has blood type B,

offspring has blood type AB).d. The 4 o’clock plant (one parent has red flowers, one parent has white

flowers, offspring has pink flowers).

Interaction Phenotype ExampleIncomplete dominance 4. 5.

Codominance 6. 7.

MAIN IDEA: MANY GENES MAY INTERACT TO PRODUCE ONE TRAIT.Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

8. Polygenic traits are produced by two or more ______________ and show a continuous range of ______________. One example is eye color.

9. Epistasis is the term for one gene affecting the ________________ of other genes involved in a particular trait. One example is albinism.

MAIN IDEA: THE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTS WITH GENOTYPE.

10. Genotype is not the only factor that affects phenotype. The _______________ can affect gene expression, which will influence phenotype.

11. Complete the following sentences, which give examples of how environment and genotype can interact.

In sea turtles, sex determination depends on both genes and the __________________ at which sea turtle eggs mature.

In humans, height is affected by both genes and factors such as __________________.



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12. The prefix in- means “not.” In genetics, the term _____________________ means that neither allele is dominant.

13. The prefix co- means “together.” In genetics, the term ___________________ means that both alleles are expressed together.

14. The prefix poly- means “many,” and the term genic means “related to genes.” Traits that are produced by two or more genes are called ______________________.



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01 - Frady's Biologyfradybiology.weebly.com/.../3rd_six_weeks.docx · Web viewCircle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. ... AGA. 6. UAG. 7. tryptophan (Trp) 8