Chapter One:Chapter One:

Basic Concepts

Classification of MatterClassification of Matter

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space.

Energy is the capacity to do work.

Law of Conservation of Energy

Matter has three statesMatter has three statesSolid – definite shape with it

particles close together & firmly attached to each other

Liquid – its particles move more freely while still retaining a definite volume

Gas – no fixed shape with its particles moving independent of each other

Matter is made up of substancesElements – cannot be broken

down into simpler substancesCompounds – are substances

made from two or more elements that have combined in a unique proportion

Mixtures – consist of two or more substances that are present in varying proportions

PropertiesChemical – characteristic way

substances react to produce other substances

Physical – ways a substance can be identified without changing its composition

Extensive vs. Intensive – quantity vs. intrinsic properties

Compounds are made by Compounds are made by chemical reactionschemical reactions

Reactants products◦ O2 + 2H2 2 H2O

Physical properties are quite different◦ O2 & H2 H2O◦ Gasses liquid

Compounds obey the law of definite proportions◦ 32 g oxygen combine with 4 g H to give 36 g water◦ 32g/4g = 8/1 (ratio by mass)

Compounds obey the law of conservation of mass◦ 32 g O + 4 g H 36 g water◦ In any chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the

reactant always equals the sum of the masses of the products

Dalton’s theory of atoms can Dalton’s theory of atoms can be summed up as followsbe summed up as followsElements are composed of minute indivisible

particles called atomsAtoms fo the same element are alike in mass

and sizeAtoms of different elements have different

masses and sizesChemical compounds are formed by the union

of two or more atoms of different elementsWhen atoms combine to form compounds, they

do so in simple numerical rations, such as 1:1, 2:1, 2:3, etc

Atoms of two elements may combine in different ratios to form more than one compound – law of multiple proportions

Law of multiple Law of multiple proportionsproportionsWhenever two elements form

more than one compound, the different masses of one that combine with some mass of the other are in the ratio of small whole numbers

H2O◦2 g H to 16 g O 16/2 or 8/1

H2O2◦2 g H to 32 g O 32/2 or 16/1

Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table

Symbol- unique to each chemical element

Period- horizontal row on table

Family- (group) vertical column

Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table

Chemical Symbols and Chemical Symbols and Periodic TablePeriodic TableFamily Names

◦Alkali metals◦Alkaline earth metals◦Coinage metals◦Halogens◦Noble gases

Chemical Symbols and Periodic Chemical Symbols and Periodic TableTable

Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table

Main Group Elements

Transition Elements

Inner Transition Elements

Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table

Chemical Symbols and Periodic TableMetals

Non-metals

Chemical Symbols and Periodic Table