01 Cargo Care and Handling

7/25/2019 01 Cargo Care and Handling

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CARGO CARE ANDHANDLING


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The Chief Mate is generally responsible for loading and

discharging of the vessel. All cargo handling gear on board

needs frequent overhauling. If wires, blocks, chains, shackles,

cargo hoses, hooks and slings are not checked regularly,loading and discharging can become a risky affair or cause

unnecessary delay.


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Carrying general cargo and its many separate items in

drums, barrels, crates, bags, rolls, cases, boes and

cartons often presents difficulty. Check that this

packing is not damaged or deformed. !hen loading

general cargo take special care not to waste loadingspace.


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Take into account the nature

of the cargo. Some merchandise gives off

a strong pungent smell ormoisture and is liable to contaminate other

goods. Cover contaminated goods

with tarpaulins and separate them from

other goods.


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"andle fragile goods with caution. #o not stow heavy pieces on

fragile ones$ barrels of liquids may leak and cause damage, etc.


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Container damage% &egregation, Infestation.Today most general

cargo is transported in containers. Before stuffing it is important

that containers are checked for external damage such as holes or

tears in the panelling or broken or distorted or deformed doorhinges, locks or door seals.


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There must be no internal damage such as leftovers

(dust, grease or liuid! of the previous cargo and the

interior should be free from any sweat or frost.


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There should be no evidence of pests, insects, vermin or

rodents which might infest the cargo and lead to delay by

the 'ort authorities.


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The term pest may be used to refer specifically to

harmful animals but is also often taken to mean all

harmful organisms including weeds, plant pathogenicfungi and viruses.


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The term vermin describes farm pestswhich raid farms as opposed to infest

farmsmainly predators such asfoxes, weasels and burrowing animalsthat directly damage crops and land.


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(ther rules concerning stowing goods into containersinclude the following%#o not load goods with damaged or deformed packing into

the containers#o not stow wet or damp goods with dry goods#o not use dunnage or packaging which is incompatiblewith the cargo#o not stow goods with tainting odours close to sensitivemerchandise


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(bserve all IM( regulations concerning dangerousgoods and use appropriate labels on the containersto identify such cargo


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Comply with IM( stowage segregation at all times


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Be sure to instruct the crew on how touse equipment, e.g. how to connectreefer plugs and clip on units (anattachable terminal refrigerationsystem used while storing goods at a

terminal to maintain cooling


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VentilationIn cargo handling the mate)s knowledge on proper ventilationon board is of great importance. In loading and discharging as

well as in making repairs on board, the crew members orstevedores may be poisoned or even killed by contaminated airor poisonous gases due to lack of ventilation.


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*efore anybody enters oil tanks, ballast tanks, store rooms,holds or pump rooms to carry out repairs or inspectionsthose spaces must be properly ventilated. !ithout breathingapparatus and protective clothing or a smoke mask and a life

line men risk their lives if the spaces are not gas free. Therehave been eamples of victims of suffocation on board shipsdue to accumulation of lethal gases or lack of oygen.


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Humidity, condensation, sweating.Container or cargo sweating occurs when the outer surface of thecontainer "cargo hold is cooled to a temperature below that of the airenclosed in the container"hold. This results in condensation dropletsforming on the interior roof and the interior side panels and thendripping on to the cargo, causing mould and water damage.


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This may happen when cargo loaded in the tropical belt in warmconditions with a relatively high humidity is transported to cold winterconditions in #urope. The temperature outside the containergradually cools down during transit, leading to condensation insidethe container. $ne simple solution may be to replace the warm moistair by proper ventilation or air conditioning. Sometimes it is importantthat the air surrounding a cargo has to be very dry. %entilated air thenhas to be passed through dehumidifier units. %arious desiccants andabsorbent materials can also be used to absorb moisture and helpkeep cargo dry.


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#angerous goods.Today a great deal of the cargo carried on board ships falls intothe category of dangerous goods. +nowledge of the IM(classification of dangerous goods is vital and it is equally

important always to observe the IM# Code when handlingsuch goods. -plosives, flammable substances, poisonous ornoious cargo, infecting substances, radioactive material andcorrosives all require special precautions as to handling,stowing, segregation and labelling.

&o do goods that are liable to

spontaneous heating and combustion.Always check the compatibility of IM(class good and ensure proper

segregation. lammable goods should bestowed away from the engine

room. Infectious substances must beseparated by one hold/compartment from

foodstuffs.


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&') Code

The International Maritime #angerous oods Code is aninternational guideline to the safe transportation of dangerousgoods or ha0ardous materials by water .

IM# Code is intended to protectcrew members and to prevent marine pollutionin the safe transportation of ha0ardous

materials by vessel. It is intended foruse not only by the mariners but also by all thoseinvolved in industries and services

connected with shipping. Contains advice onterminology, packaging, labelling,

markings, stowage, segregation, handling, andemergency response.


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&pillageCleanliness in the engine room is important in order to

prevent excessive oil residue. Spills of fuel oil on boardshould end up in the sludge tank but today*s mixture offuel oils resulting from drainage and leakage inmachinery spaces, lubricants, detergents, solvents andwater often find their way into the bilge water tanks.+ithout modern bilge water cleaning euipment this may

lead to discharge of bilge water containing pollutants atsea.


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&hips have to de1ballast as the cargo is loaded and ballast ascargo is off1loaded. *allasting is a great problem from the pointof view of pollution. Tankers carry their cargo in a number oftanks . After the oil was discharged tanks were cleaned by

filling them with ballasting seawater. This lead to aconsiderably amount of oil getting into the sea. In the late 2345an improvement was introduced. Instead of using water, thetank cleaning machines used crude oil, in other words, thecargo itself. !hen sprayed onto the sediments, clinging to thetank walls, stripping the tanks, the oil simply dissolved them,turning them back into usable oil that could be pumped off with

the rest of the cargo. There was no need for slop tanks to beused since the process virtually left no slops. The processbecame known as Crude (il !ashing.

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01 Cargo Care and Handling