01_228470_ffirs_2.qxd:Wiley 10/5/09 12:01 PM Page iv

BUILDING SYSTEMS FOR INTERIOR

DESIGNERSSECOND EDIT ION

Corky Binggeli, A.S.I.D.

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

01_228470_ffirs_2.qxd:Wiley 10/5/09 12:01 PM Page i

This book is printed on acid-free paper. �Copyright © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permittedunder Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior writtenpermission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to theCopyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission shouldbe addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts inpreparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy orcompleteness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantabilityor fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives orwritten sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation.You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liablefor any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental,consequential, or other damages.

For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer CareDepartment within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 orfax (317) 572-4002.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Binggeli, Corky.

Building systems for interior designers / Corky Binggeli. — 2nd ed.p. cm.

ISBN 978-0-470-22847-0 (cloth)1. Buildings—Environmental engineering. 2. Buildings—Mechanical equipment—Design and

construction. 3. Buildings—Electric equipment—Design and construction. I. Title.TH6014.B56 2010696—dc22 2008047057

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

01_228470_ffirs_2.qxd:Wiley 10/5/09 12:01 PM Page ii

To my mother, Genevieve Bingley, who taught me to love learning, and

to my father, Walter Bingley, who showed me how buildings are made.

To my father-in-law, Edward T. Kirkpatrick, whose lifelong commitment to engineering education

continues to inspire me, and to my mother-in-law, Barbara Kirkpatrick,

whose lessons in calm and loving acceptance are the best antidotes to anxiety and stress.

01_228470_ffirs_2.qxd:Wiley 10/5/09 12:01 PM Page iii

01_228470_ffirs_2.qxd:Wiley 10/5/09 12:01 PM Page iv

v

CONTENTS

Preface • xiAcknowledgments • xii

PART ITHE BUILDING AND ITSENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER 1Environmental Conditions and the Site • 3

The Outdoor Environment 3Limited Energy Resources 5The Greenhouse Effect 8Sustainable Design Strategies 8

Setting Sustainability Goals 9Sustainable Design Strategy List 9The LEED System 9Energy Star® 10Advances in Sustainable Design 10

Building Site Conditions 10Local Climates 10Climate Types 11The Site 12Animal and Plant Life 14

CHAPTER 2Designing Building Functions for Human Health and Safety • 16

The Building Envelope 16Building Form 18

Designing for Building Systems 18Between Floors and Ceilings 18Service Cores 20

Embodied Energy of Building Materials 21The Design Team 21The Human Body and the Built Environment 22

Maintaining Thermal Equilibrium 22Effects of Heat and Cold 23Visual and Acoustic Comfort 23

Other Human Environmental Requirements 24

Building Codes 24Code Officials 24Coordinating with Architects and Engineers 24Standards and Organizations 24Federal Regulations 26Codes and Regulations 26Occupational Safety and Health Act 26Americans with Disabilities Act 26Fair Housing Act 27

PART IISTRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 3Basic Structural Principles and Elements • 31

Superstructure and Foundation 31Building Loads 31

Static and Dynamic Loads 31Compression, Deflection, and Tension 33Spanning Openings 33

Vertical Supports 36Lateral Forces 37Shearing Forces 38Grid Frameworks 39

CHAPTER 4Structural Forms • 40

Windows and Doors 40Vapor Pressure 41Roofs 42Foundations 42Exterior Walls 44Load-Bearing Walls 44Structural Types 45

Embodied Energy and Construction Materials 45Light Frame Structures 46

Light Frame Wood 46Light Frame Steel 47

02_228470_ftoc.qxd:Wiley 4/14/09 2:53 PM Page v

Post-and-Beam and Heavy Timber 48Masonry Structures 49

Masonry Openings 49Masonry Wall Construction 49Movement Joints 50Stone 50Brick 51Concrete Block 52Unfired Earth Constructions 52

Concrete Structures 53Site-Cast Concrete 54Precast Concrete 54Shell Structures 55

Metal Structures 55Cast Iron and Wrought Iron 55Steel Framing 56

Other Structural Types 57

CHAPTER 5Horizontal Structures and Vertical Movement • 59

Horizontal Structural Units 59Floor and Ceiling Assemblies 59Concrete Floor Systems 59Wood Floor Systems 60Steel Floor Systems 62

Moving Vertically 62Stairs 62Ramps 67Elevators 68Escalators 77Moving Walks and Ramps 78

Materials Handling 79Vertical Lifts 79Conveyors 79Pneumatic Systems 80Automated Container-Delivery Systems 80

PART IIIWATER SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION, AND WASTE SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 6Water-Supply Systems • 85

The Hydrologic Cycle 87Retaining Rainwater 87Protecting the Water Supply 88

Contaminated Water Supplies 8Water-Supply Systems 88

Well Water 89Municipal Water-Supply Systems 89

Water Quality 89Water-Quality Characteristics 90Water Treatments 90

Water Distribution 90Distribution Systems 94Supply Pipes 94Supply Lines and Valves 96

Hot Water 97Hot Water Temperatures 97Water Heaters 98Water-Heater Energy Efficiency 101Hot Water Distribution 101

CHAPTER 7Water Waste and Reuse Systems • 103

Waste-Piping Networks 103Residential Waste Piping 106Large Building Waste-Piping Systems 107Waste Components of Plumbing Fixtures 107

Vent Piping 109Treating and Recycling Water 110

Rural Sewage Treatment 110Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants 111On-Site Large-Scale Treatment Systems 111Recycled Water 112

Solid Waste Systems 113Construction Waste 113Planning for Recycling 114Solid Waste Collection in Small Buildings 115Large-Building Solid Waste Collection 115

CHAPTER 8Toilet and Bath Design • 117

Plumbing History 117Toilets 118Urinals 120Designing Bathrooms 120

Plumbing-Fixture Selection and Installation 121Designing Private Bathrooms 131Designing Public Toilet Rooms 131

Plumbing for Appliances and Equipment 135

PART IVTHERMAL COMFORT: HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 9Principles of Thermal Comfort • 139

Principles of Heat Transfer 140Heat Transfer and the Building Envelope 141

Radiation 141

vi • CONTENTS

02_228470_ftoc.qxd:Wiley 4/14/09 2:53 PM Page vi

Heating Floors and Ceilings 144Conduction 145Convection 145Evaporation 145

Thermal Capacity and Resistance 146Thermal Mass 147Thermal Conductivity 149Thermal Resistance 149R-Values 151Types of Insulation 151Thermal Feel 154U-Factors 154Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 154

Humidity 154Condensation 155High Humidity 155Low Humidity 155Controlling Hidden Moisture 156

Mechanical Engineering Design Process 157Phases of the Design Process 157Thermal Comfort Zones 158Heating and Cooling Loads 158Energy-Use Calculations 160Heating and Cooling System Components 160Architectural Considerations 160

CHAPTER 10Indoor Air Quality • 162

Sick Building Syndrome 163Allergies and Multiple-Chemical Sensitivity 163Odors 164

Volatile Organic Compounds 164Chemicals Affecting Indoor Air Quality 165Other Indoor-Air-Quality Contaminants 167Biological Contaminants 169Interior Materials and Volatile Organic Compounds 170Material Safety Data Sheets 173Indoor-Air-Quality Equipment 173Plants and Indoor Air Quality 179Controls for Indoor Air Quality 179

Ventilation 179Natural Ventilation 179Mechanical Ventilation 181

Fenestration 183Window Orientations 183Windows and Natural Ventilation 183Thermal Transmission 184Selecting Glazing Materials 189Window Films 189Window Frames 190Window Treatments 190

Doors 192

CHAPTER 11Heating and Cooling • 193

Solar Heating 193Passive Solar Designs 195

Shading for Solar-Heat Control and Cooling 196Solar Collectors 198

Active Solar Designs 198Solar Water Heating, Cooling, and Other Applications 198

Heating Systems 199History of Heating Systems 199Building Heating Fuels 199

Building Energy Conservation 200Fireplaces and Woodstoves 201Chimneys and Flues 205Gas-Fired Heaters 205Hot Water and Steam-Heating Systems 205Natural Convection Heating Units 209Radiant Heating 211Warm Air Heating 214

Cooling Systems 219Air Conditioning Energy Use 220Design Strategies for Cooling 220Fans 221Mechanical Air Conditioning 222Air-Conditioning Equipment 223Other Heating and Cooling Equipment 225

HVAC Systems 228HVAC-System Design 228HVAC Zones 230HVAC-System Types 230HVAC Equipment 231

PART VELECTRICAL AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 12Electrical-Systems Basics • 239

Principles of Electricity 239Lightning 240Circuits 240Amps, Volts, Watts, and Ohms 241Direct and Alternating Current 242Power Generation 244

Power Sources 244Photovoltaic Technology 245

Electrical-System Design Process 248Electrical Service Equipment 250

Energy Conservation and Demand Control 252Electrical-Circuit Design 253

Grounding 253

CONTENTS • vii

02_228470_ftoc.qxd:Wiley 4/14/09 2:53 PM Page vii

Electrical-Fire Risks 255Circuit Protection 255Branch Circuits 257Electrical Design for Residences 259Electrical Design for Commercial Spaces 262Electronic-Equipment Protection 263Electrical Emergency Systems 263

Electrical Wiring and Distribution 264Full-Access Floors 268Low-Voltage Wiring 268Power Line Carrier Systems 269

Receptacles and Switches 269Electrical Receptacles 270Switches 271

CHAPTER 13Lighting Systems • 273Daylighting 273

Physiological Effects of Daylighting 273Glare 274

Designing for Daylighting 274Sidelighting 275Toplighting 277Daylight Control 279Daylighting and Heat 281

Lighting-Design Basics 281History of Lighting 281Principles of Lighting Design 283The Process of Lighting Design 285Selecting Light Sources 287Lighting-Fixture Selection 293Lighting Controls 295Lighting-System Tuning 298Lighting Fixtures and Codes 298Lighting-System Maintenance 299Emergency Lighting 299

Lighting Design Applications 300Lighting Residential Spaces 302

Guidelines for Residential Kitchens 302Guidelines for Residential Bathrooms 302Other Residential Lighting 303Residential Lighting Controls 303

Lighting Commercial Spaces 303Lighting Public Restrooms 303Office Lighting 303Lighting Educational Facilities 305Retail Lighting 306Lighting Hotel Rooms 307Lighting Industrial Buildings 307

Outdoor Lighting 307

CHAPTER 14Electrical Appliances and Communications Equipment • 308

Kitchen Appliances 309Refrigerators and Freezers 311Stoves and Ovens 312Dishwashing 316Laundry Equipment 317Appliance Control and Energy Conservation 319

Data and Communications Wiring 320

PART VIFIRE SAFETY

CHAPTER 15Basic Principles of Fire-Safety Design • 327

Combustion 328

Products of Combustion 329

Fire Safety Codes 330

Fire Safety Design 332

Fire Safety Objectives 332

Protecting the Structure 333

Compartmentation and Fire Barriers 334

Areas of Refuge 336

Horizontal Exits 337

Vertical Openings 338

Construction Assemblies 339

Doors 339

Windows 341

Fire Dampers and Draft Stops 342

Firestops 343

Designing to Help Firefighters 343

Smoke Management 343

Escape Routes 345

Occupant Loads 345

Means of Egress 345

Exit Access 346

Exits 348

Exit Passageways 348

Exit Discharges 348

Exit Signs 350

Limiting Fuels 350

Terminology 351

Using Materials Safely 352

Finish Classes and Test Ratings 353

Nontested Finishes 356

viii • CONTENTS

02_228470_ftoc.qxd:Wiley 4/14/09 2:53 PM Page viii

CHAPTER 16Fire Detection, Alarm, and Suppression • 358

Fire Suppression 358Occupancy Hazard Classifications 358Designing Fire-Suppression Systems 359

Sprinkler-System Components 361Sprinkler-System-Damage Control 362Standpipes and Hoses 362Other Fire-Suppression Systems 362Portable Fire Extinguishers 364

Fire Detection and Alarms 366Fire Detection 366Fire-Alarm Systems 369

PART VIIACOUSTICS

CHAPTER 17Acoustic Design Principles • 375

Acoustic Design 375Wavelengths and Frequencies 376The Ear 377Speech 378Loudness 378Sound Waves 379

Reflected Sound 379Absorbed Sound 382Sound Masking 382Musical Sounds 384Noise 384The Designer’s Role 384

Addressing Interior Acoustic Design Issues 385Acoustics and Building Codes 386Noise Reduction 386Acoustically Transparent Surfaces 388

CHAPTER 18Sound Absorption Within a Space • 389

Sound Absorption 389Coefficient of Absorption 389

Installation of Absorptive Materials 390Fibrous Materials 391Acoustical Ceiling Materials 392

Wall Panels 397Carpet 398Draperies, Fabrics, and Upholstery 399Acoustical Properties of Other Finish Materials 399

Sound Absorbers 399

CHAPTER 19Sound Transmission Between Spaces • 401

Controlling Building System Noise 401Plumbing and Mechanical System Noise 401Electrical System Noise 402

Airborne and Structure-Borne Sound 402Diffraction 404Flanking Paths 404

Transmission Loss 406Stiffness and Resonance 406Compound Barriers 407Sound Transmission Between Rooms 408Doors 409Windows 410Operable and Demountable Partition Systems 411

Cushioning Impacts 411Isolating Sound in Floor and Ceiling Spaces 412Special Acoustical Devices 414

CHAPTER 20Acoustical Applications • 415

Speech Privacy 415Enclosed Offices 415Open Offices 416Masking Sound 419

Spaces for Music and Performance 420Concert Halls 421Opera Houses 422Recital Halls 422Other Listening Spaces 422

Schools 425Residential Buildings 426Electronic Sound Systems 427

Design of Sound-Reinforcement Systems 428Sound-System Components 428Loudspeaker Systems 429

Index • 433

CONTENTS • ix

02_228470_ftoc.qxd:Wiley 4/14/09 2:53 PM Page ix

02_228470_ftoc.qxd:Wiley 4/14/09 2:53 PM Page x

xi

PREFACE

When the first edition of Building Systems for Interior Designerswas published in 2003, it was the only textbook available thatsupported the special concerns of the interior designer, while con-necting those issues to the work of the rest of the building designteam. To the best of my knowledge, this remains true of the sec-ond edition as we go to press.

The experience of teaching from Building Systems for InteriorDesigners over the past few years has shown me where the firstedition could be improved. The second edition has a great manymore illustrations and explanatory captions. There are new tablesthat condense useful information into an easy-to-read format,along with bulleted lists. The chapter structure has been modifiedto simplify organization and make it easier to break up the textinto reading assignments. Material has been reviewed for accu-racy and updated to reflect current design trends. This is now aneven better book than it was before.

The approach of building design professionals to building sys-tems has changed dramatically in the past five years. The rela-tionship of global climate change to the way buildings are heatedand cooled is now a major concern of architects, engineers, andgovernment officials. The political, economic, and environmentalcosts of using fossil fuels are internationally recognized, leadingto a dramatic increase in interest in alternative fuels and energyconservation. The importance of good indoor air quality for thehealth of occupants is recognized by those who design, fund,build, and furnish buildings.

This second edition of Building Systems for Interior Designersaddresses these issues by increasing information about sustain-able building design, giving the interior designer the resourcesneeded to participate as part of a sustainable design team. PartI: The Building and Its Environment has updated and new mate-rial relating to energy use and sustainable design.

An entirely new section, Part II: Structural Systems, has beenadded to provide interior designers with basic information abouttypes of new and existing structures and how they affect building

interior spaces. It completes the scope of building systems cov-ered and provides a framework for discussions of other systems.Part II is written specifically to inform interior designers about pos-sible structural issues that they might encounter in their work andto encourage them to work with architects, engineers, and otherdesign professionals with advanced knowledge of structures.

Part III: Water Supply, Distribution, and Waste Systems hasbeen updated to address solid waste and recycling issues in moredetail. Part IV: Thermal Comfort: Heating and Cooling Systemsstreamlines the introduction of basic principles, indoor air qual-ity issues, and equipment systems, with a focus on energysources and conservation.

Part V: Electrical and Lighting Systems now includes bothelectrical and lighting systems, as well as electrical appliancesand equipment. Once again, the focus is on energy conservation,including daylighting.

The information in Part VI: Fire Safety has been updated andchecked for accuracy. The section on fire safety tests for interiormaterials is now clearer and easier to use.

The awareness of the role noise control plays in our interiorenvironment continues to grow. Part VII: Acoustics gives interiordesigners the information needed to design spaces that protectspeech privacy and block unwanted noise. These areas are es-pecially appropriate for interior designers to address.

As interior designers continue to be integrated into the de-sign/build team, their need to understand the work of other designprofessionals continues to grow. The expanding adoption of LEEDcertification of buildings relies on the close coordination of designteam members. The introduction of BIM (building information man-agement) software is changing the way buildings are designed andbuilt and making teamwork an essential part of the process. Build-ings are being designed not as isolated objects, but within the con-text of a global environment. Building Systems for Interior Designers,Second Edition is written to help interior designers contribute theirspecial awareness of interior environments to this team effort.

03_228470_flast.qxd:Wiley 4/14/09 2:54 PM Page xi

xii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The second edition of Building Systems for Interior Designers hasbeen improved by the availability of new publications and neweditions of older ones, including the Tenth Edition of Mechanicaland Electrical Equipment for Buildings by Benjamin Stein, JohnS. Reynolds, Walter T. Grondzik, and Alison G. Kwok (John Wiley& Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2006). Its comprehensive and clearcoverage of building systems is both a standard for excellenceand a source for accurate information.

Since writing the First Edition of this book, I have developeda continuing and productive relationship with the staff at JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., whose professionalism, support, and goodadvice continue to guide my efforts. I especially want to thank myeditor, Paul Drougas, for his encouragement, feedback, and good

humor. I would also like to thank Sadie Abuhoff, editorial assistant;Alda Trabucchi, senior production editor; Cindy Geist, designer andcompositor; Liz Harvey, copy editor; and Catherine Bielitz andShannon Egan, proofreaders.

This edition has benefitted greatly from the feedback of mystudents and faculty colleagues. They have contributed honestcriticism and clear expressions of their needs that are reflected inimprovements throughout the book.

Finally, I am as always deeply indebted to my husband, KeithKirkpatrick. This book is a testament to his patience, insight,diligence, and steadfast support in a thousand small ways.

CORKY BINGGELI, A.S.I.D.

03_228470_flast.qxd:Wiley 4/14/09 2:54 PM Page xii

THE BUILDING AND ITS ENVIRONMENT

I

Although interior designers are primarily concerned with the conditions inside build-ings, they benefit from observing a building’s site, climate, and geography. Interiorspaces are increasingly blended with their natural settings. Wise energy use dictatesawareness of how sun, wind, and cold affect the building’s interior. Interior designerstoday are working as part of environmentally aware design teams.

PART

04_228470_ch01.qxd:Wiley 4/14/09 2:54 PM Page 1