01 1Week1 Development and Environment

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F a c u l t y of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g

Dr. MAY Raksmey

(Abdur Rahman al Kambodi)

Room: T1-A13-8ATel: 03-5543-6422

Mobile: 010-2552459

Email: [email protected]

September 2011 January 2012

Development and Environment


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Learning outcomes

At the end of this week, students should be able

to:

1. Analyze pollution (land and water)

2. Synthesize the impact of pollution

3. Apply and use environmental laws and

regulations2


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The Environment

Global environment consists of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and

lithosphere in which the life sustaining resources of the earth are

contained biosphere.

Atmosphere: mixture of gases extending outward from the surface

of the earth.

Hydrosphere: consists of the all water sources such as oceans,

lakes and streams.

Lithosphere: soil mantle that wrap the core of the earth.

Biosphere:the place on earths surface where life dwells.

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Atmosphere

HydrosphereLithosphere

Biosphere

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What is Environmental Science?

Science can be differentiated into the social sciences and

natural sciences.

Natural sciences include

Core sciences (Chemistry, Biology, and Physics)

Numerous applied sciences such as geology, meteorology,

forestry and zoology

Environmental science is an integrative applied science that

draws upon nearly all of the natural sciences to address

environmental quality and health issues.

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What is EnvironmentalEngineering?

A branch of engineering that is concerned the

potentially deleterious effects of human activity.

PROTECTING HUMAN populations from the

effects of adverse environmental factors.

IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL quality for human

health and well being.

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Population and Environment

The growth of population has increased the need for water and usage of

land.

Historically, human action has often been blamed for adverse

environmental effects. The roots of modern concern about human impacts on the environment

can be traced to the late 18th century and 19th century.

Population growth will effect the demand for many resources, the

attainment of environmental goals and the ability of systems toaccommodate waste streams.

Attention to demographic change is critical to the system level

environmental policy direction.

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9/40F a c u l t y of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g

Early civilizations often drank from the same

rivers in which they bathed and deposited their

wastes, yet the impact of such use was relatively

slight as natural mechanisms easily restored

water quality.

Land consumption very minimal as resources

were readily available in biosphere e.g. plants

and animals (food), cave (shelter) satisfying

natural needs.

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When people began to gather in larger, their

impact to environment begin to be significant.

HOW?

Cooking and heating fires caused air pollution

problems, and food and human wastes weredumped.

During industrial revolution, humans begin to

turn their attention to other needs beyond

those associated with survivalacquired needs

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Unlike natural needs, acquired needs are

usually met by items that must beprocessed/manufactured/refined.

Their production, distribution and use

usually results in more complex residuals,

many of which are not compatible with or

readily assimilated by the environment.

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Early days

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Over population

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World Population

World population gains nearly 80 million people each year.

Parceling land, fresh water and other finite resources among more

people.

How increasing in population size effects specific environmental

problems is impossible to say precisely.

Obviously, trends such as the loss of half of the planets forests,

the depletion of most of its major fisheries and the alteration of itsatmosphere and climate are closely related to the fact that human

population expanded to more than 6 billion today.

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World population reached

1 billion in 1804

2 billion in 1927 (123 years later)





World population may reach




Source: United Nations (2004).

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The Environmental Implications ofPopulation Dynamics

Demand for food

Land use

More pollution: water, air and land

Demand for drinking water

Depletion of energy resources

Depletion of other resources e.g. forests, minerals

Crowdedness

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The relationship between demographic factors;

population size, distribution and composition

and environmental change.

The mediating factors that influence this

relationship: technological, institutional, policyand cultural forces.

Two specific aspects of environmental change

affected by population dynamics: climate

change and land use change.

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Climate Change

Human activities are causing greenhouse gas concentrations to

rise above natural levels, further heating the planet. This is called

the greenhouse effect.

Global temperature rise causing changes to weather conditions

worldwide. The enhanced greenhouse effect is often referred to as

global warming or climate change.

The biggest factor of present concern is the increase in CO2 levels.

Other factors including excessive land use, ozone depletion and

deforestation.

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Development and Environment

What is the relationship?

Population increase? What happened to land

use, water development?

Environmental Impacts? Getting worse?

Health Impact?

Case Study: Kuala Lumpur (Discussion)

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Pollution

Definition:

Contamination of the environment by man-made

substances or energy that have adverse effects on living or

non-living matter. (Microsoft Encarta 2009)

Types

Basically 4 major groups: Land, Water, Air and Noise

Impacts:

Human health, ecosystem, environment

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Impact

1. Human health

2. Change in atmosphere

3. Change in hydrosphere

4. Change on land

5. Energy sources

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Change in Atmosphere

Local air pollution

Acid deposition

Deplete the Ozone Layer

Caused by Chlorofluorohydrocarbons (Freon)

Let more UV light in

Harms photosynthesizers

Global Warming Increase carbon dioxide and temperature

Melting of polar ice caps

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Climate Change

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Change in Hydrosphere

Aquifers

Water Pollutants (rivers, lakes, estuaries, oceans, and rain)

Organic matter

Nutrients

Solids

Toxic substances

Pathogens

Heat

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Water Pollution

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Change in Land

Mining

Agriculture

Solid wastes

Deforestation

Desertification

Land uses (worldwide)

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Land Pollution

Land pollution basically is about contaminating

the land surface of the earth through:

Dumping urban waste matter indiscriminately

Dumping of industrial waste

Mineral exploitation

Misusing the soil by harmful agricultural practices

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1. Solid Waste:

Semisolid or solid matter that are created by human or animal

activities and which are disposed because they are hazardous or

useless.

Some of the sources of solid wastes that cause land pollution are:

wastes from agriculture, wastes from mining, wastes from industries,

solids from sewage treatment, ashes, garbage

2. Soil Pollution:

Soil pollution is chiefly caused by chemicals in pesticides such as

poisons that are utilized to kill agricultural pests like insects and

herbicides that are utilized to get rid of weeds.

Soil pollution results from:

Unhealthy methods of soil management

Harmful practices of irrigation methods

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Energy Sources

Solar

Hydro-

Fossil

Nuclear

Geothermal

Renewable

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Institutional Mechanisms for Environmental Protection

Mechanism Advantages Disadvantages

Market Forces Rapid Hard to assigncosts

Poor access toinformation

Common Law

Liability

Compensation Incentive to limitliability

Difficult to provecausation

ExpensiveGovernment

Regulation Uniformity Can address non-

economic factors

IdiosyncraticSlowInflexible

Insurance Compensateefficiently

May reduceincentives to

prevent damageafter Percival et al., 1996

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Protecting the Environment

Laws and Regulations Environmental Quality

Act (1974)

Major objectives include:

Pollution prevention

Pollution control

Pollution abatement

Enhancement of the environment

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Environmental Code of Ethics

Use knowledge and skill for the enhancement and

protection of the environment.

Hold paramount the health, safety and welfare of the

environment.

Perform services only in areas of personal expertise.

Be honest and impartial in serving the public, your

employers, your clients and the environment.

Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful

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Next Class

Water Quality Assessment

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Documents

01 1Week1 Development and Environment