0000-A_Fuel Cell Benefits & Saving

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Cells 2000 : Fuel Cell Basics : Benefits

Engine Type WaterVaporg/mile

CO2 g/mile

CO g/mile

NOx g/mile

HydroCarbonsg/mile

GasolineICE Passenger Car1

176.90 415.49 20.9 1.39 2.80

GasolineICE Light Truck1

N/a 521.63 27.7 1.81 3.51

Methanol FCV2 113.40 68.04 0.016 0.0025 0.0034

Hydrogen FCV2 113.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Fuel Cell Basics

Hydrogen

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Career & Education

Message Board and Blog

About Fuel Cells 2000

No other energy generating technology carries the combination of benefits that fuel cells offer. These benefits include:

Low to Zero Emissions

Stationary Power

A fuel cell running on pure hydrogen is a zero-emission power source. Some stationary fuelcells use natural gas or hydrocarbons as a hydrogen feedstock, but even those produce farless emissions than conventional power plants. Fuel cell power plants are so low in emissionsthat some areas of the United States have exempted them from air permit requirements. Fuelcells are also very quiet, which reduces noise pollution.

Based on measured data, a fuel cell power plant may create less than one ounce of pollutionper 1,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity produced - compared to the 25 pounds of pollutants forconventional combustion generating systems. Check out a compilation of charts showingemissions from various fuel cell companies and other sources HERE.

Transportation

Fuel cell vehicles are the least polluting of all vehicles that consume fuel directly.

Fuel cell vehicles operating on hydrogen stored on-board the vehicles produce zeropollution in the conventional sense. Neither conventional pollutants nor green house gasesare emitted. The only byproducts are water and heat.The simple reaction that takes place inside the fuel cell is highly efficient. Even if thehydrogen is produced from fossil fuels, fuel cell vehicles can reduce emissions of carbondioxide, a global warming concern, by more than half.Fuel cells used as auxiliary power units (APUs) to power air conditioners and accessories inover-the-road trucks could reduce emissions by up to 45% from long haul vehicles, anddeliver economic benefits to the truck owner in lower fuel use and less wear and tear.

According to DOE, fuel cell APUs in Class 8 trucks can save 670 million gallons of dieselfuel per year and 4.64 million tons of CO2 per year.

EMISSIONS FROM VEHICLES

1 2000U.S.EPA

Technology

Updates

To keep abreast of the latestadvancements anddemonstrations in alfuel cellapplications,subscribe to ourfree Fuel CellTechnology Update.

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Low EmissionVehicle (LEV)3

N/a N/a 4.20 0.1 0.09

Ultra Low EmissionVehicle (ULEV)3

N/a N/a 2.1 0.07 0.055

Super Ultra LowEmission Vehicle(SULEV)3

N/a N/a 1.0 0.02 0.01

Average Annual Emission for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks2 Calculations from Desert Research Institute3 California Vehicle Standards

High Efficiency

Because they make energy electrochemically, and do not burn fuel, fuel cells arefundamentally more efficient than combustion systems. When the fuel cell is sited near thepoint of use, its waste heat can be captured for beneficial purposes (cogeneration). In large-scale building systems, these fuel cell cogeneration systems can reduce facility energy servicecosts by 20% to 40% compared to conventional energy service.

Fuel cell power generation systems in operation today achieve 40% to 50% fuel-to-electricity efficiency utilizing hydrocarbon fuels.Systems fueled by hydrogen can consistently provide more than 50 percent efficiency. Evenmore efficient systems are under development.In combination with a turbine, electrical efficiencies can exceed 60 percent.When waste heat is put to use for heating and cooling, fuel utilization can exceed 85percent.Fuel cell passenger vehicles are expected to be up to three times more efficient thaninternal combustion engines, which now operate at 10 to 16 percent efficiency.Read more about the benefits of fuel cells in transportation.

High Reliability/High Quality Power

The National Power Laboratory estimates that the typical computerlocation experiences 289 power disturbances a year that are outside thevoltage limits of the computer equipment. U.S. businesses lose $29billion annually from computer failures due to power outages and arequickly realizing that fuel cells may help prevent not only loss of power,but also loss of dollars. Fuel cells offer clean, high quality power, crucial

to an economy that depends on increasingly sensitive computers,medical equipment and machines.

Fuel cells can be configured to provide backup power to a grid-connected customer, should the grid fail. They can be configured to provide completely grid-independent power or can use the grid as the backup system. Modular installation (theinstallation of several identical units to provide a desired quantity of electricity) providesextremely high reliability in specialized applications. Properly configured fuel cells can achieveup to 99.9999% reliability, less than one minute of down time in a six year period.

Fuel Flexibility

Most fuel cells run on hydrogen and will continue to generate poweras long as fuel is supplied. The fuel cell doesn't care where thehydrogen comes from, so a fuel cell system that includes a "fuelreformer" can generate hydrogen from diverse, domestic resourcesincluding fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal; alcohol fuels,such as methanol or ethanol; from hydrogen compounds containingno carbon, such as ammonia or borohydride; or from biomass,

methane, landfill gas or anaerobic digester gas from wastewatertreatment plants . Hydrogen can also be produced from electricity from conventional, nuclearor renewable sources such as solar or wind.




Security

Hydrogen can be produced from domestic sources, eliminating the need to import foreign oil.Passenger vehicles alone consume 6 million barrels of oil every single day, equivalent to 85percent of oil imports. If just 20 percent of cars used fuel cells, we could cut oil imports by 1.5million barrels every day.

Because they don't have to be attached to the electric grid, fuel cells allow the country tomove away from reliance on high voltage central station power generation which are the mostlikely terrorist targets in any attempt to cripple our energy infrastructure.

Modularity/Scalability/Flexible Siting

The beauty of fuel cells is their versatility - since they are scalable,fuel cells can be stacked until the desired power output is reached.Larger fuel cells can be linked together to achieve megawattoutputs. Fuel cells are quiet, which allows for siting close tobusiness or residences. They are also durable and rugged, so theycan withstand any terrain or weather conditions.

Lightweight/Long-lasting Battery Alternative

Fuel cells are being developed for portable electronic devices such as

laptops, cellular phones, etc. Fuel cells are providing e a much longeroperating life than a battery would, in a package of lighter or equal weightper unit of power output. The fuel cell doesn't require "recharging;" aliquid, solid, or gaseous fuel canister could be replaced in a moment. Fuelcells also have an environmental advantage over batteries, since certainkinds of batteries require special disposal treatment. Fuel cells provide amuch higher power density, packing more power in a smaller space.

Many organizations are working with the military to incorporate fuel cellsinto their equipment since soldiers are starting to carry a range of enabling electronic technologies, computers, personal radios, displays andthermal imaging, all intended to increase effectiveness, lethality andsurvivability. Fuel cells can operate 10 times longer than conventional batteries used to powerhand-held battlefield computers, and are much lighter, have no heat signature and are morecost-effective.

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Based on UTC measured data, a fuel cell power plant may create less than one ounce ofpollution per 1,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity produced – compared to the 25 pounds ofpollutants for conventional combustion generating systems.

UTC Fuel Cell Annual CO2 Emissions



Source - UTC

Source – UTC



Source – Plug Power (5 kW units – has fielded more than 650 units)

Baseload Distributed Generation Technologies' Emissions, 2002Generator Type Emissions lb/kWh

NOx SOx CO CO2 VOC PMMicroturbine .00115 .00003 .00265 1.18833 .00004 .00009Advanced Turbine .000211 .000021 .0026 .95 .00003 .000069Conventional CT .00124 .00003 .0016 1.145 .00003 .0004DualFuel Engine .010 .0001 .0322 1.20 .0009 .0005PEM Fuel Cell** .000015 .000 .000 .95 .0009 .000PhosFuel Cell** .000015 .000 .000 .85 .000 .000* Utility** Natural Gas FuelThese numbers are from: "Air Pollution Emission Impacts Associated withEconomic Market Potential of Distributed Generation in California", June

2000, prepared for the California Air Resources Board (www.arb.ca.gov ) andthe California Environmental Protection Agency (www.calepa.ca.gov).

Emissions are KILLING our Environment

0

2

4

6

8

CO NOx+SOx Particulate Matter

Emissions

g r a m / k W h

GenCore

0 g/kwh

GenCore

0 g/kw h

GenCore

0 g/kwh

Diesel Gen

8.0 g/kwh Diesel Gen

7.5 g/kwh

Diesel Gen.8 g/kwh



Fuel Cells Can Reduce Air Pollution More Than Any Other Green Energy Resource (sourceFuelCell Energy)

The attached chart indicates the level of reduction in power plant emissions possible through thedevelopment of green energy resources. The exhaust emissions of interest are:

1) Total Criteria Pollutants including nitrous oxides (NOx), sulfuric acid (SOx) carbonmonoxide, hydrocarbons and particulates. (“Exposure to these pollutants is associatedwith numerous effects on human health, including increased respiratory symptoms,hospitalization for heart or lung diseases, and even premature death.” Source:www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/6poll.html)

2) NOx Only

3) SOx Only

4) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Only (CO2 is the major greenhouse gas which has beenassociated with global warming.)

The green energy resources are the cleanest available technologies.

As indicated in the legend, the first vertical bar in each group indicates the emission level from theaverage fossil fuel power plant in the U.S. in units of lb/hr per MW of generation in the year 2000.The subsequent three bars represent the amount of potential emission reduction from the threegreen energy resources: DFC fuel cells, solar energy, and wind energy, respectively.

The criteria pollutant emission rates from a DFC fuel cell are negligible, as shown below:

• NOx: 0.005 lb/MWh



• SOx: 0.0003 lb/MWh

• Total Pollutants: 0.175 lb/MWh

However, as one would expect, the criteria pollutant emission rates from solar and wind energyare zero, so why is the emissions reduction less for these technologies than for DFC fuel cells?

The key to this paradox is that solar energy and wind energy are “intermittent” energy sources.

They are available only when the sun shines and when the wind blows, respectively. Dependingon the part of the country, solar energy is only available 12 to 20 percent of the day on average(this percentage is often referred “capacity factor,” the term used in the chart) and depending onthe part of the country, and the terrain, wind energy is available less than 33 percent of the time(off shore wind may be available up to 40 percent of the time depending on the location).Therefore, conventional fossil fired power plants will have to operate when these resources arenot available. Put another way, these two green energy resources produce only 20 to 33 percent(in this case) of the possible emission reduction. A DFC fuel cell operates continuously and candeliver all of the possible emission reduction available from this ultra-clean technology.

In fact, the level of pollution reduction from solar and wind energy in many parts of the country iseven less than the values shown in the attached chart. This is because these energy sources areoffsetting cleaner, fossil fired generation – new natural gas fired combined cycle plants – insteadof the emissions from the “average” US fossil fired power plant which includes older coal, oil, andnatural gas fired power plants.

Here’s why: These two green energy technologies typically operate during the day, during periodsof peak electrical demand. Because of the price of natural gas is high, this is the same period oftime that cleaner, new, gas fired, combined cycle plants would operate (These plants areprominent in the many of the Northeastern and Western States.) Even though these new plantshave very low pollution emission rates (however, not as low as a DFC fuel cell), they arerelegated to operate during times of peak electric power demand when the value of the electricityis high enough to justify the high cost of these plants. The DFC fuel cell would operatecontinuously and offset “cleaner” gas fired plants that operate during peak demand periods and“dirtier” coal fired plants that operate during non-peak periods.



Source: FuelCell Energy

Emission Outlook(Direct FuelCell & Renewables - Offsets per MW of Reduced Fossil Combustion)

24.89

13.92

6.042.96

-24.71

-6.96-6.04

-2.96

-8.09

-4.53

-1.96-0.96

-4.98

-2.78-1.21 -0.59

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

T o t a l

P o l l

u t a n t s

( l b / M W

h )

C O 2 E m

i s s i o n

s ( 1 0 0 l b

/ M W h )

S O x E m

i s s i o n

s ( l b /

M W h )

N O x E m

i s s i o n

s ( l b /

M W h )

v s U . S . Y e a r 2 0 0 0 F o s s i l G e n

e r a t i o n E m i s s i o n s

U.S. Fossil Direct FuelCell (Ultra Clean)Wind Energy (33 % Capacity Factor) Solar Energy (20 % Capacity Factor)



US Army Corps

of EngineersEngineer Research & Development Center

Slide 5

Fleet Performance SummaryFleet Performance Summary(29 Power Plants)(29 Power Plants)

As of 31 January 2003As of 31 January 2003

• CO2 Abated 34,074.6 tons

• SOx Abated 566.2 tons

• NOx Abated 266.0 tons

• Availability

Model B Fleet 57%

Model C Fleet 75%

• Energy $ Saved $5,724,196

• CO Abated 23.0 tons

• Total Run Time 819,428 hrs

20 FEB 03

From DoD’s Stationary Fuel Cell Demonstration Program (PAFC) -http://dodfuelcell.cecer.army.mil/pafc/index.php4.

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0000-A_Fuel Cell Benefits & Saving