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Readiness Knowledge and SkillsSocial Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
EstablishingColonies•ReligiousandPoliticalFreedom•EconomicOpportunity(mercantilismandlandownership)
SettlementoftheAmericanColonies•NewEngland(CT,NH,MA,RI):settledbyPilgrimsin1620andPuritansinthe1630’stoescapereligiouspersecutioninEngland.Poorrockysoil,coldclimate,andabundantforestledtoaneconomybasedonfishing,ship-building,lumber,whaling,andtrading(merchants)
•MiddleColonies(NY,NJ,PA,DE):importanttradingarea,WilliamPennfoundedPAasQuakersafehaven.Mildclimateandgoodsoilledtoaneconomybasedonfarming,calledthe“BreadBasket”andsmall-scalebusiness(cottageindustry)
•SouthernColonies(VA,MD,NC,SC,GA):MarylandfoundedbyLordBaltimoreforCatholicsfeelingreligiouspersecution,Georgiawascreatedfordebtors/indenturedservants.Hotclimateandperfectsoilledtoaneconomybasedoncashcrops(cotton,tobacco,rice,indigo,sugarcane)
Just– Jamestown,1607Made–MayflowerCompact,1620Drake– DeclarationofIndependence,1776Cry– Constitutionsigned,1787Likea– LouisianaPurchase,1803CapturedWhale– CivilWar,1861-1865
ExplorationReasonsforExploration:•Religion(God) •FastertraderoutetoAsia•Wealth(Gold)•FameandInternationalrecognition(Glory)
EarlyFormsofGovernmentMagnaCarta – limitedthepoweroftheKing,guaranteedtherightoftrialbyjuryMayflowerCompact– signedbymanyPilgrims,helpedestablishtheideaofself-governmentVirginiaHouseofBurgesses– 1st representativeassembly inNorthAmericaFundamentalOrdersofConnecticut– outlineofself-governmentinfluencedbyThomasHooker,oftencalledthe“FirstwrittenConstitution”
TheGreatAwakening•Periodofgreatrevivalthatspreadthroughthecoloniesinthe1730’sand1740’sthatpromotedquestioningthechurchandgovernment•AnneHutchinsonwasbanishedfromMassachusettscolonyforpreachingagainsttheestablishedchurchleaders
SlaveryEstablished/TriangularTradeRoutesTheneedforcheaplaborerstogrowcashcropsencouragedwhitesettlerstouseAfricanslaves.•Trans-AtlanticSlaveTrade– goods(includingslaves)wereexchangedbetweenAfrica,England/Europe,andtheWestIndies&ColoniesinNorthAmerica
FrenchandIndianWar•BritishcolonistswantedtotakeoverFrenchlandinNorthAmerica•BritishsoldiersfoughtagainstFrenchandNativeAmericansTreatyofParis(1763)– endedtheFrenchandIndianWar•Asaresultofthewar,theBritishbegantaxingthecoloniststopayoffthewardebt andtheProclamationLineof1763wasestablishedtokeepcolonistsfromsettlingwestoftheAppalachianMountains
IncreasingTensionwithBritain
BritishPolicy Definition AmericanReaction
SugarAct Taxonsugar,molasses, etc.
Taxationwithoutrepresentation
StampActTaxon alllegaldocuments,playingcards,etc.
Protests,SonsofLibertyform
TownshendActs
Taxonimportedgoods,suchaslead,glass & paint
BoycottBritish
TeaAct Taxontea BostonTeaParty
IntolerableActs
CloseddownPortofBoston,etc.;England’sreactiontoBostonTeaParty
FormedFirstContinentalCongress
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Readiness Knowledge and SkillsSocial Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
RevolutionaryWarDeclarationofIndependence – DocumentwrittenbyThomasJeffersonclaimingindependencefromGreatBritain,listedgrievances,suchas“taxationwithoutrepresentation”
Lexington&Concord– FirstbattlesoftheRevolution•BritishplannedtoarrestAmericanleadersandseizeguns•PaulReveremadefamousridetowarnaboutBritishattack
Saratoga – turningpointofthewar•ImportantvictorybecauseitinfluencedforeignnationstosupportAmericainitswaragainstEngland•France useditsNavyintheAmericaneffortforvictory
Yorktown – lastmajorbattleofthewar•FrenchshipspreventedBritishsuppliestoreachYorktown•Britishsurrenderbecausetheyaresurroundedandlacksuppliestomaintainwareffort•GeneralCornwallisandtheBritishsurrenderedtoGeorgeWashington andbeginnegotiatingtheTreatyofParis1783
TreatyofParis1783– endedtheAmericanRevolution•The13ColoniesbecameindependentfromEngland•TheboundariesofthenewnationweretheMississippiRiverinthewest,Canadatothenorth,andSpanishFloridatothesouth
LeadersoftheAmericanRevolution•GeorgeWashington– CommanderoftheContinentalArmy,PresidentoftheConstitutionalConvention,FirstPresidentoftheU.S.,setmanyprecedents•BenjaminFranklin– inventoranddiplomat•AlexanderHamilton– SecretaryoftheTreasury,FounderoftheFederalistParty,supportedaNationalBank•JohnAdams–MemberoftheContinentalCongress,SecondPresident,XYZAffair,AlienandSeditionActs•AbigailAdams– Memberof“DaughtersofLiberty,”knownforherstanceonwomen’srights,“remembertheladies”•JamesMadison– FatheroftheConstitution(1787),FourthPresidentduringtheWarof1812•ThomasJefferson– AuthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence,founderoftheDemocratic-RepublicanParty,ThirdPresident(EmbargoAct),purchasedLouisianaTerritoryin1803•MercyOtisWarren– Patriotwriterthatsupportedindependence•Crispus Attucks– AmericanheroandfirstpersonshotatBostonMassacre•Haym Salomon– Polish-JewwhospiedforAmericansandwasheldasatranslatorfortheGermansbytheBritish•JohnPaulJones– FounderoftheU.S.Navy,famousforyelling“Ihavenotyetbeguntofight”•PatrickHenry– “Givemelibertyorgivemedeath”
ColoniesgovernmentduringtheRevolutionArticlesofConfederation – thefirstattemptatanationalgovernmentbytheAmericancolonies.
Weaknesses•Statesnotworkingtogether•Noexecutivebranch(noPresident)•Norespectfromforeignnations•Nopowertotax•Weakcentralgovernment•Nohighcourtsystem
Strengths•Coulddeclarewar•Couldmaketreaties(peace)•Couldcoinmoney•Creationofpostalsystem•Shay’sRebellionfinallyconvincesAmericanstorevisittheeffectivenessoftheArticlesofConfederation
PhiladelphiaConvention(1787)AlsocalledtheConstitutionalConvention– DelegatesmetinPhiladelphia,PAtorevisetheArticlesofConfederation;instead,theywroteanentirelynewconstitutionandformedanewgovernment. Hadtoresolveseveralissuesincludingrepresentation,slavery,andtrade.•GreatCompromise– settlementreachedbetweenthosesupportingtheVirginiaPlan(largestates-population)andtheNewJerseyPlan(smallstates-equalrepresentation),formeda2-chamberlegislativebranchconsistingoftheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate•3/5Compromise– settlementreachedbetweentheNorth(taxation)andtheSouth(representation)thatsaid3/5ofaslavewouldbecountedtowardboth taxationandrepresentation•Federalist –supportratificationoftheConstitution•Anti-Federalist–opposeratificationoftheConstitution•ConstitutionSigned(1787)– becomesblueprintforAmericanGovernment,approvedonlyafterFederalistsagreetoaddBillofRights(1788)->demandedbyAnti-Federalists;Constitutionactuallytakeseffectin1789•AmendingtheConstitution– requires2/3 ofbothHousesofCongresstopropose,then3/4 ofStatestoapprove
BillofRights1st Amendment– freedomofSpeech,Press,Religion,Petition,andAssembly(RAPPS)2nd Amendment– righttobearArms3rd Amendment– protectionfromquarteringtroops4th Amendment– protectionfromunreasonablesearchandseizure5th Amendment– grandjury,protectionfromself-incrimination6th Amendment– righttojuryforcriminaltrial,speedytrial7th Amendment– righttojuryinciviltrial8th Amendment– nocruelandunusualpunishment,excessivebail9th Amendment– protectionofrightsnotstatedintheConstitution10Amendment– powersnotlistedgotothestates/people
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Readiness Knowledge and SkillsSocial Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
CreatingaNewGovernment– Constitution
7PrinciplesoftheConstitution
Federalism– divisionofpowerbetweenthestatesandnationalgovernment
LimitedGovernment– governmentpowerisrestrictedinordertoprotectthepeople
IndividualRights– thefirst10amendmentsoftheConstitution;protectindividualrightsagainstthepowerofthegovernment
PopularSovereignty– thegovernmentiscreatedbyandsubjecttothewillofthepeople
Republicanism– governmentinwhichthedesiresofthepeoplearerepresentedingovernmentbyelectedofficials
ChecksandBalances– eachbranchmakessuretheothersareworkingthewaytheyaresupposedto
SeparationofPowers– splittingthepowerofthegovernmentinto3branches(executive,legislative,andjudicial)
DevelopmentofPoliticalParties•Thefirsttwopoliticalpartieswerecreatedinsupportoroppositiontoissuesconcerninghowstrongthecentral(federal)governmentshouldbe
SupremeCourtCasesJohnMarshall– OneofthemostinfluentialSupremeCourtJustices,helpedestablishideaofJudicialReview•Marburyv.Madison(1803)– establishedtheideaofJudicialReview•McCullochv.Maryland(1819)– statescouldnottaxanationalbank,increasedpowerofnationalgovernment•Gibbonsv.Ogden(1824)– federalgovernmentcouldregulateinterstate trade•Worcesterv.Georgia(1832)- JohnMarshalldeclaresitillegaltoremoveIndians fromtheirland•DredScottv.Sanford(1857)– slaves areNOTcitizens,insteadareconsideredproperty;MissouriCompromisedeclaredunconstitutional
Federalists Democratic-Republicans
ImportantLeaders
JohnAdamsAlexanderHamilton
ThomasJeffersonJames Madison
Issues
Government StrongNationalGovernment
StrongStateGovernments
Constitution Looseinterpretation
Strictinterpretation
Economy Basedonindustry Basedonagriculture
Democracy Fearofmobrule Fearofrulebyoneorafew
ForeignAffairs SupportsEngland SupportsFrance
Warof1812Significance – Americadefendeditsfirst"invasion,"provingitwasapowerfulforce.Noterritorywasgainedorlostandtherewasnoclearwinner.Causes/Issues•ImpressmentofU.S.sailors•Shippinginterference•BritishsupportedAmericanIndianresistanceagainstAmericans•WarHawks– persuadedCongresstosupportadeclarationofwaragainstBritainEvents•AttackonWashington,D.C.– in1814,theBritishoccupiedDCandsetfiretomanypublicbuildings(WhiteHouse)•FortMcHenry– FrancisScottKeywrotethepoem“Defence ofFortMcHenry,"fromwhichthe“Star-SpangledBanner”waswritten•BattleofNewOrleans–GeneralAndrewJacksondefeatedtheBritish,whowereintentonseizingNewOrleansandthelandAmericahadacquiredwiththeLouisianaPurchase.ThevictorymadeJacksonanationalhero.•TreatyofGhent– peacetreatythatendedtheWarof1812andrestoredrelationsbetweentheU.S.andBritaintopre-warstatus.
GeorgeWashington’sFarewellAddress•Urgednationtobeneutral andsteerclearofpermanentallianceswithanyportionoftheforeignworld•Recognizedthedangersofpoliticalparties andwarnedthatattacksbypoliticalpartiescouldweakenthenation•HisadviceguidesU.S.foreignpolicyeventotoday
PresidentialForeignPoliciesJohnAdams•XYZAffair– theFrenchwereseizingAmericanshipstopreventAmericansfromtradingwiththeBritish.ThomasJefferson•EmbargoAct(1807)– prohibitedAmericansfromtradingwithforeignnations.ItfailedandhurttheAmericaneconomy
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Readiness Knowledge and SkillsSocial Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
ComponentsofFreeEnterprisePrivateEnterprise– peoplerisktheirownmoneyCompetition– lowerprices/betterproductsforconsumersPrivateProperty– ownershipofpropertybyindividualsProfitMotive– gainafterexpensesaretakenfromrevenueConsumerSovereignty– powerthatbuyershaveovercompanies(determinetypes,quality,andquantity)
AndrewJackson’sPresidencyJacksonian Impact•AndrewJackson'selectionsignaledashiftofpowertothe“commonman” (eliminatedpropertyownershipforvoting,riseofthecommonmanduetoexpandedsuffragerights)•HisviewsleftalegacytothemodernDemocraticParty•Democracyinsocial,economicandpoliticallife•GovernmentbythepeopleNativeAmericans•Whitesettlerswantedlandtoraisecotton•IndianRemovalActof1830ispassedallowingthepresidenttonegotiateremovaltreaties•GeorgiatriestousetheIndianRemovalActtoforciblyremoveCherokeeIndians•CherokeeIndianstakethestateofGeorgiatotheSupremeCourtinWorcesterv.GeorgiawhereJohnMarshalldeclaresitillegaltoremoveIndiansfromtheirland•AndrewJacksonignoresthisrulinganddoesnotstopGeorgiafromremoving15,000CherokeeIndiansandforcingthemtomigratetopresentdayOklahoma•4,000Indiansdiefromcold,hunger,andexhaustiononwhatbecomesknownasthe“TrailofTears”NullificationCrisis•ProtectivetariffsarepassedtoprotectU.S.manufacturing•ThesehightariffsmadesouthernstatesangryincludingSouthCarolina(JohnC.Calhoun),whichpassedtheNullificationOrdinancemeanttonullifythefederaltariff•SouthCarolinathreatenstosecedefromtheU.S.unlessthetariffislowered•AndrewJacksonsendsinfederaltroopstoSouthCarolina•HenryClaywritesTheCompromiseTariffof1833,whichlowersthetariffandresolvesthesituation•SouthCarolina’sactionsprovethatasinglestatecanimposeitswilloncongress
JamesMonroe•InhisStateoftheUnionaddressMonroedeclaredthattheAmericancontinentswereforeverfreeandindependentfromEuropeanPowers.•MonroeDoctrine– proclaimedthatEuropeanpowersshouldnolongercolonizeorinterferewiththeaffairsofthenationsoftheAmericas.U.S.sawitselfasaworldpower.
U.S.EconomicsCapitalism– aneconomicsysteminwhichresourcesandmeansofproductionareprivatelyownedandprices,production,andthedistributionofgoodsaredeterminedmainlybycompetitioninafreemarketFreeEnterpriseSystem- freedomofprivatebusinesstoorganizeandoperateforprofitinacompetitivesystemwithoutinterferencebygovernmentbeyondregulationnecessarytoprotectpublicinterest
ReasonsforIndustrializationPlentifulNaturalResources•Warof1812- largeamountsofsoutherncottonaresenttothenorthtobemanufactured,insteadofGreatBritain•LeadstothecreationofthetextileindustryintheNorth•ManyfactoriesintheNorthwerelocatedalongfastflowingrivers,sothattheycouldusewater-poweredmachinesImprovedTransportation•Railroad
•Suppliedcitiesandtownswithfood,fuel,buildingmaterials,andaccesstomarkets(+)•IncreasedcommunicationbetweentheEastandWest(+)•Ledtoincreasedairpollution(-)•Destroyedthenaturalenvironment(-)
•Canals•Artificialwaterwaythatimprovedtrade•ErieCanal,connectedNewYorkCitytoGreatLakes
GrowingPopulations•ImmigrantsfromEuropeNewInventions•Factorysystem/Interchangeableparts– introducedmassproductiontechniques;increasedefficiency(EliWhitney)•Steamboat –madeshippinggoodsandtransportingpeoplefaster&cheaper;couldnowtravelagainsttherivercurrent;citiesbegangrowingalongrivertraderoutes(RobertFulton)•CottonGin– increasedneedforslavelabor(EliWhitney)•MechanicalReaper/Steel-tippedplow– cropproductionwasincreased(McCormick/Deere)InvestmentCapital•Foreigninvestorssawopportunityforprofit
Positive Negative
Morejobs(factories) Pollution
Bettertransportation Overcrowding/Sanitation
Morehousing Illness/Disease
IndustrialRevolution&UrbanizationRural– countryliving;agricultureUrban– cityliving;factoryjobsUrbanization•themigrationofpeoplefromruraltourbanareas•Needforcheaplaborresultedinfactoryjobsandcausedmanyimmigrantstomigratetocities
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Readiness Knowledge and SkillsSocial Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
WestwardExpansion
•ManifestDestiny– beliefthatU.S.isDivinelygiventerritoryfromtheAtlantictoPacificOcean
NeverLookForThatBrokeOldMan’sGold
Economicreasons - newlandforfarmers,newtraderoutesandmarketsformanufacturedgoodsSocialreasons- refugefromreligiouspersecution(Mormons);removalofNativeAmericansPoliticalreasons- extendingnation’sboundaries,claimingterritory,andexpansionofslavery
ReformMovementsSecondGreatAwakening– religiousrevivalsintheearly1800’s;consideredthe“root”ofmanysocialreformcausesTemperance– calledforanendtotheconsumptionandsellofalcohol;ledbyLymanBeecherEducation– allowedforthewidespreadacceptanceofpublicschools,betterteacherpay/training,andcollegesforwomenandAfrican-Americans;ledbyHoraceMannPrison/Mentally-Ill– pushedforseparatejailsforadultsandchildren;rehabilitationabovepunishment;desirednewandseparatefacilitiesforthementally-ill;ledbyDorotheaDixLabor– setouttoimprovetheworkingconditionsinfactories,aswellasprovidechild-laborlawsAbolition– soughttoendslavery;Quakers firsttoholdsuchbeliefs;ledbyFrederickDouglass(NorthStar),WilliamLloydGarrison(TheLiberator), SojournerTruth,andHarrietTubmanWomen’sRights – soughtbetterworkingconditionsforwomen,aswellassuffragerights;SenecaFallsConvention,meetingofwomen’srightsactivistsinNewYork“DeclarationofSentiments”;ledbyElizabethCadyStantonandSusanB.AnthonyTranscendentalism– emphasizednatureandtheconscience(inner-voice);soughttocreateauniqueAmericancreativeartculture;includedtheworksofEmilyDickinson(poet),WaltWhitman,RalphWaldoEmerson,JamesAudubon(birdpaintings),HudsonRiverSchool(naturelandscapepaintings),andHenryDavidThoreau(civildisobedience)
Mexican-AmericanWarCauses•Annexation ofTexas•PresidentPolk’spushforwestwardexpansion(ManifestDestiny)•BorderdisputeinvolvingthesouthernboundaryofTexas(RioGrandeandNuecesRivers)Effects/Impact•U.S.winsthewareasily•TreatyofGuadalupe-HidalgoendsthewarandsecurestheMexicanCession,whichincludesthecurrentsouthwesternUnitedStates•conflictofexpansionofslaverygrowsinCongress
ImmigrantsandManifestDestinyCaliforniaGoldRush- floodofsettlerstoCaliforniain1848;populationquicklyrisesandstatehoodisacceptedin1850;ChineseimmigrantsarepulledtoareaafterrumorsofgoldTrans-ContinentalRailroad– Chinese,Irish,andGermanimmigrantsallcontributegreatlytothecompletionofthisproject,connectingEastandWest;encouragedwestwardmigrationofimmigrants,aswellasnewbusinessopportunitiesfortrade;metatPromontoryPoint,UtahNativeAmericans– setupthetreatysystemandreservationsystemsecuredplacesforthemtolive
Territory Year FromWho? How?
N.W.Ordinance 1787 England Treatyof
Paris,1783
LouisianaPurchase 1803 France Purchased
for$15M
Florida 1819 Spain Negotiation
Texas 1845 RepublicofTexas Annexation
BritishCessions
1818&1842 England Negotiation
OregonCountry 1846 England Negotiation
MexicanCession 1848 Mexico
TreatyofGuadalupe-Hidalgo
GadsdenPurchase 1853 Mexico Purchased
for$10M
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Readiness Knowledge and SkillsSocial Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
EventsLeadingDirectlytoCivilWarDredScottv.Sanford– SupremeCourtcasewhereChiefJusticeRogerTaneyandtheotherJusticesruledthatDredScott(andallotherslaves)werenotconsideredcitizens,butinsteadwereconsideredpropertyElectionof1860– Presidentialelectionthatshowedthesharpdivisioninthenation,withAbrahamLincoln(Republican)beatingJohnBreckenridge(SouthernDemocrat)withoutthesupportofasingleSouthernstate;signaledtotheSouththatitwastimetosecede,whichSouthCarolinadidjustamonthlaterinDecember1860
SectionalismCauses/Issues•Tariffs
•North:hightariffsprotectedindustrialNorthbyraisingpricesofforeignimports;Northernerslikedprotective-tariffsbecausetheyencouragedpeopletobuyAmerican-madeproducts•South:havingfewfactories,theSouthimportedmostnon-agriculturalproducts;hightariffsmeantthattheirexportshadtobesoldforlesstotheirEuropeantradepartners,aswellashavingtopayhigherpricesformanufacturedgoods;NullificationCrisisinSouthCarolinawas1st instancewhereasouthernstatechallengedafederaltariffsuccessfully•West:manygovernmentspendingprojects,suchasroads,canals,etc.werefinancedbytariffs
•Slavery•North:adamantlyagainstslavery,madeillegalsincetheRevolution;organizedabolitionistssocieties,newspapers,etc.•South:basisofSoutherneconomy;viewedprimarilyasastates’right•West:primarygoalwastobalancenumberofslaveandfreestates;argumentwaswhetherornottoextendslaveryintothesenewterritories
•States’Rights•North:allowedthefederalgovernmenttoplayamoredominantroleingovernment,sostates’rightswerenotviewedasessential•South:hadalonghistoryofthisbeliefbacktotheConstitutionalConvention(Anti-Federalists);believedthatthestatesshouldbeabletomakedecisionsthatservedtheirindividualinterests,10th Amendment
CompromisesMissouriCompromiseof1820 - 1)Missourientersasaslavestate,2)Maineentersasafreestate,and3)lineisdrawnat36°30’(northofthisline,free/southofthisline,slave)Compromiseof1850- 1)Californiaentersasafreestate,2)slavetradeinD.C.ended,3)FugitiveSlaveAct,4)NewMexicoandUtahterritoriesestablished,and5)Texas/NewMexicoborderdisputesettledKansas-NebraskaActof1854 - 1)NebraskaTerritoryisdividedintoKansasandNebraska,2)bothterritoriesareallowedtoorganizethroughpopularsovereignty,decidingwhetherornottoallowslavery,and3)pro-slaveryandanti-slaverysidesclashinKansasinaseriesofviolentactscalled“BleedingKansas”
America’sdesiretocompromisewouldeventuallybeprovenfutile,withthedecisionofDredScottv.SanfordandtheSouth’srelentlesspushforseparation.
ImportantPeopleoftheCivilWarAbrahamLincoln- PresidentoftheUnitedStatesJeffersonDavis- PresidentoftheConfederacyUlyssesS.Grant- CommanderofUnionForces(1864)RobertE.Lee- CommanderoftheArmyofNorthernVirginiaWilliamT.Sherman - UnionGeneral,“MarchtotheSea”Thomas“Stonewall”Jackson - ConfederateGeneralWilliamCarney- 54th MassachusettsColoredRegiment,MedalofHonorrecipientPhilipBazaar - borninChile,SouthAmerica,MedalofHonorrecipient
ImportantBattles/EventsoftheCivilWarFortSumter- RebelforcesfireuponthisfederalfortinCharleston,S.C.,eventuallyforcingasurrenderandstarttheCivilWar(April,1861)BattleofAntietam- bloodiestsingledayinAmericanmilitaryhistorywith23kcasualties (September,1862);promptsLincolntoissueEmancipationProclamationBattleofGettysburg- turningpointoftheCivilWar(July1-3,1863)SiegeofVicksburg- UniongainedcontrolofthisfortinMississippi,thusestablishingcontroloftheMississippiRiveranddividingtheSouthintwo(surrenderedJuly4,1863)AppomattoxCourthouse - LeesurrenderstoGrant,endingtheCivilWar(April,1865)AssassinationofLincoln – shotinthebackoftheheadbySouthernsupporter,JohnWilkesBooth,insideFordTheater,Washington,D.C.(April,1865)
Lincoln’sSpeeches/WritingsFirstInauguralAddress - goalwastopreservetheUnionandclearlystateLincoln’santi-secessionbeliefsEmancipationProclamation- freedtheslavesintheRebelStates(Confederacy),butnottheBorderStates(Union)GettysburgAddress - meanttohonorthedeadandremindthecountrywhytheywerefighting(“halftimespeech”),only2minuteslonganddeliveredontheBattlefieldatGettysburgSecondInauguralAddress – hopedthatthenationcouldhealitswoundsandmoveonpeacefullyfromthisterribleconflict
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Takeyourtime!Showstrategies!Haveconfidence!Giveityourbest!
15thVote
ReconstructionAmendments•13th Amendment
•abolishedslavery•14th Amendment
•grantedcitizenshiptofreedmen(equalprotectionclauseanddueprocessclause)
•15th Amendment•gavealladultmalecitizenstherighttovote
ApproachestoReconstruction•Presidential- PresidentAndrewJohnsonislenientonhowhechoosestoletSouthernStatesbackintotheUnion,eventuallyallowingSouthernDemocratstotakecontroloftheirrespectivegovernmentsandestablishlawscalled“BlackCodes”thatseverelylimitedthenewfreedomsoffreedmen;Johnson’spopularitygrowsweakandheeventuallyonlyservesoneterm•Congressional- RadicalRepublicans,ledbyThaddeusStevensandCharlesSumner,makemanychangesduringReconstruction,includingtheintroductionoftheFreedmen’sBureauandthedividingupof10southernStatesintomilitarydistricts(ReconstructionActof1867)toensurethattheyadheretonewlawsguaranteeingnewfreedomsforformerslaves(freedmen)Freedmen’sBureau - assistedinthedistributionoffood,medicine,clothes,andothernecessitiestoallfreedmenaftertheCivilWar;itsmainpurposewastoguaranteethatallreliefandeducationprogramswereproperlyrecognizedbyformerConfederateStates;theBureaualsocontrolledallconfiscatedlandsinformerConfederateStates,borderstates,D.C.,andIndianTerritoryJimCrowLaws - statelawsintheSouththatweremeanttobypasslawscreatedbyRadicalRepublicansandanyotherfederallawtheydisagreedwith;“SeparateButEqual”KuKluxKlan – secretsocietywhoseinitialgoalwastodisruptRepublicaninfluenceintheSouth,althoughthegroup’stacticsandmessagequicklybecameviolentagainstallthosewhosupportedAfrican-Americans
14thCitizens
13thFreed
Readiness Knowledge and SkillsSocial Studies 8 --- STAAR Review
ReconstructionActsHomesteadAct(1862)- gaveadultheadsofhouseholds160acresofpubliclandinexchangeforstayingthere5yearsandimprovingthepropertybybuildingadwellingandcultivatingit;onlyasmallregistrationfeewasrequiredtobepaidattheendofthe5years;greatlyincreasedthesettlementoftheGreatPlains (westernterritory)MorrillAct(1862)- establishedcollegesinwesternstateswithfederallandgrants;theseschoolswerespecificallybuilttohouseagricultural,mechanical,andmilitaryprograms;sixteenoftheseuniversitieswerebuiltespeciallyfortheeducationofAfrican-Americans;forthefirsttime,highereducationwasbroughtclosertomillionsofstudentsandwouldeventuallyenhancethesocialandeconomicfabricofAmericaDawesAct(1887)– allowedthegovernmenttotakereservationlandanddivideitintosmallerplotsfordistributiontoindividualmembersofaNativeAmericantribe;wasmeanttoprotectIndianpropertyrights,butresultswereoftendifferentwitheitherIndiansnotassimilatingwellintofarmingcultureorthelandwassimplynotsuitedforfarming
ImportantPeopleandGroupsHiramRhodesRevels - electedfirstAfrican-AmericanSenator;chosenbytheMississippistatelegislaturetofilltheSenateseatwhichhadbeenvacantsincethebeginningoftheCivilWar;onlyservedabriefterm,butsetasignificantprecedentpavingthewayfor22African-AmericanmentobeelectedtotheU.S.Congressbytheturnofthe20th CenturyCarpetbaggers - peoplewhotraveledfromtheNorthintotheSouthinordertoinfluencethenewstatepoliticsandalsomakeafinancialgainoffofmanySoutherner’ssituationsScalawags - SouthernerswhoactuallysupportedtheUnionduringtheCivilWarandwhoalsoworkedwithNorthernRepublicansduringReconstruction;wereseenastraitorsbythoseintheSouth
TestingStrategiesConfidenceCoding - asyoumakeyourwaythroughthetest,placea (+)nexttoquestionsyouare100%sureyouhavecorrect,a (?)nexttoquestionsyouarenotcompletelysureabout,anda (-)nexttoquestionsyouhavenoideaaboutCoverUptheAnswers - insteadofgoingdirectlytotheanswersandtryingtosortthroughwhattheyprovidetoyou,simplyuseascratchsheetofpaperandcoveruptheanswersandproperlyunderstandthequestionKeyWordAssociation - thisstrategydirectlyrelatestothe“CoverUpYourAnswers”foundabove;whetherit’saquote,graph,chart,picture,politicalcartoon,oraregularquestion,writedowneverywordthatcomestomindasyoumakeyourwaythroughthequestionandstimulus(visual,quote,graph,etc.)“LazyReader” - notthatIwouldrecommendthisasafirststrategy,butifyoufindyourselfdiscouragedbyalongquoteorexcerpt,gotothebottom/endofthequoteandreadwhowroteit,whattheexcerptisfrom,andwhenitwaswritten;usethisinformationtowritedownasmanykeywordassociationsasyoucanandthenseeifthatsparksamemoryofwhatthequoteshouldbeabout
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