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Gambar 2.2Biaya Efisiensi dan X-Inefisiensi
b#2+#1(GOG(#&#'(:"$*-#)&#'(:*',#'("-%)/1#)"()*+#,#"(+*1"&%/(?
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Envelope Curve
Gambar 2.3Envelope Curve
Perusahaan yang berada pada suatu industri mempunyai ukuran efisiensi
usaha yang dilakukan, salah satunya melalui komponen biaya tetap (fixed cost),
dimana jika perusahaan mempunyai struktur biaya tetap yang tinggi maka akan
membuat pagu efisiensi maka perusahaan itu harus meningkatkan produksi dan
penjualan untuk mampu menutup biaya tetap dan juga menjaga biaya rata-rata tetap
rendah.
Pada SRAC1, biaya rata-rata adalah pada tingkat AC1dengan output yang
dihasilkan adalah sebesar Q1. Pada tingkat ini, tingkat biaya rata-rata sangat tinggi
sehingga akan menyebabkan margin keuntungan berkurang. Penurunan SRAC dari
SRAC1 ke SRAC 2 akan menyebabkan tingkat biaya rata-rata turun pada level AC2
dengan tingkat produksi sebesar Q2. Tingkat SRAC yang paling efisien adalah pada
tingkat SRAC3, yaitu saat LRMC memotong SRAC, dimana biaya rata-rata yang
terbentuk adalah yang paling rendah dan efisien.
Tingkat MES yang tinggi akan menjadi suatu restriksi bagi perusahaan baru
yang akan masuk ke pasar maupun sebagai strategi perusahaan-perusahaan yang
sudah ada untuk mengurangi rival yang ada di pasar. Penurunan MES akan
memberikan ruang bagi perusahaan baru untuk masuk pasar hingga mencapai tingkat
yang paling efisien.(
2.1.1.2 Perilaku (Conduct)
Perilaku perusahaan mengacu pada tindakan yang mungkin dilakukan oleh
perusahaan-perusahaan yang bersaing di pasar. Tindakan-tindakan dan kebiasaan-
kebiasaan yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan biasanya dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik
struktur industrinya.
Greer (1992) mengungkapkan bahwa perilaku adalah kebiasaan yang
mengacu pada apa yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan yang berada di pasar
terhadap tingkat harga, jumlah produksi, komoditi produksi, iklan dan promosi serta
variabel lainnya.
Lebih lanjut lagi, perilaku perusahaan dikelompokkan menjadi dua kategori
utama yaitu harga dan non harga. Kategori harga merupakan perilaku perusahaan
yang baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung berpengaruh terhadap harga.
Komponen non-harga merupakan perilaku perusahaan yang berkaitan dengan
periklanan (advertising), pengepakan, kualitas produksi, dll. Untuk melakukan
analisis mengenai perilaku perusahaan biasanya diukur melalui variabel rasio modal
terhadap tenaga kerja (Capital Labor Ratio/CLR).
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