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by Inna Safonova1,2, Reimar Seltmann3, Min Sun4, Wenjiao Xiao5,6,Yunpeng Dong7, Yener Eyuboglu8, Evgeny Pushkarev9, Nikolai Kruk1

Juvenile crust, mantle magmatism and metallogenyof the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Progress Reportof IGCP#5921 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Koptyuga ave. 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. E-mail: inna03-64@mail.ru2 Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia3 Centre for Russian and Central EurAsian Mineral Studies (CERCAMS), Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK4 Department of Earth Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China5 Xinjiang Research Center for Mineral Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography CAS, Urumqi 830011, China6 State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics CAS, Beijing, 100029, China7 State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Northern Taibai St.229, Xi’an 710069, China8 Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Geology, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey9 Institute of Geology and Geochemistry UB RAS, Pochtovy Line, 7, Ekaterinburg, 620075, Russia

(Received 10/03/2015; Accepted 08/07/2015)

DOI:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i1/89238

The IGCP-Project #592 “Continental constructionin the Central Asian Orogenic Belt compared toactualistic examples from the western Pacific” fundedby UNESCO-IUGS was launched in 2012 and catalysedan explosion of research activities in Central Asia itselfand in other countries engaged in investigations on thatregion. The results, some of which can be highlighted asbreak-through advances in our understanding ofgeological processes, were published in ~60 articles inSCI peer-reviewed journals and reported at six scientificconferences. This paper summarizes main topics andscientific results of the 3rd year of project activities. Themeeting program included international conferences andworkshops in China, Turkey and Russia and theeducational program included nine lecture and fieldtraining courses and other capacity building activitiesin the United Kingdom, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey,China and Japan. In 2014, participants from more than50 countries joined the research and meeting activitiesof IGCP#592, of which more than 35% were women andyoung scientists. The major scientific results come fromthe study of proportions of juvenile and recycled crust inthe Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) with specialfocuses on the timing of granitoid and mafic magmatism,contribution of deep mantle processes, formation agesand genesis of major metal deposits, and comparison ofthe CAOB with the modern western Pacific.

1. Intr oductionThe Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is the world largest

Phanerozoic accretionary or Pacific-type orogen (Fig. 1), which hasbeen evolving during more than 800 Ma. It is located inside theEurasian continent and formed by the Early Paleozoic multipleaccretions of island-arcs, seamounts and small microcontinents tothe active margins of the Siberian Craton, Middle-Paleozoic formationof the Kazakhstan composite continent, and Middle-Late Paleozoiccollisions of the Siberian, Kazakhstan, Tarim and North Chinacontinental blocks (e.g., Windley et al., 2007; Safonova et al., 2011;Glorie et al., 2014; Kröner et al., 2014; Kruk et al., 2014; Safonovaand Santosh, 2014; Xiao and Santosh, 2014, Xiao et al., 2014 andreferences therein) (Fig. 1). During the last 10 years the CAOB hasbeen a focus of study of many research teams. A major impact to thestudy of the CAOB has been given by Project #592 “Continentalconstruction in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt compared to actualisticexamples from the western Pacific” of the International GeologicalCorrelation Program funded by the UNESCO and International Unionof Geological Sciences (IUGS). The project was launched in 2012(Safonova et al., 2013; UNESCO website http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/earth-sciences/international-geoscience-programme/igcp-projects/deep-earth/project-592/) andattracted attention of more scientific groups worldwide to thisuniversally recognized intra-continental orogen.

During the previous years (2012-2013), the IGCP-592 researchactivities addressed these topics: (1) evaluating juvenile to recycledcrust in the CAOB based on isotope geochronology and geochemistry;(2) deciphering the geology, tectonics and magmatism in differentsegments of the CAOB; (3) assessing the accretion as part ofcontinental construction); (4) identifying metallogeny and formationof mineral deposits; (5) correlations between the CAOB and westernPacific (WP); (6) deciphering the contribution of deep-mantle

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processes to continental growth; (7) understanding the impact ofCAOB’s tectonics on climate changes and the environment.

In 2014, our research activities focused on (1) geology,lithostratigraphy, structural/tectonic patterns and magmatism indifferent segments of the CAOB; (2) isotope geochronology andgeochemistry; (3) deep-mantle processes contributing to continentalgrowth; (4) metallogeny and mineral resources; (5) OPS and tectoniccorrelations between the CAOB and WP (Safonova et al., 2013, 2014).

The third year of research, educational and organizational activitiesin the frame of IGCP#592 included six international meetings (Anikinaet al., 2014; Kruk et al., 2014; Safonova et al., 2014; Santosh et al.,2014; Zhang et al., 2014), nine lecture and field training courses,dozens of field missions and many hours, days and months oflaboratory work. In total, participants from 53 countries joinedIGCP#592 related meetings and field visits in 2014. Projectparticipants come from Algeria, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh,Belgium, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Cote d’Ivoire,Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France,Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mongolia, Morocco,Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland,Republic of Korea, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,Switzerland, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, USA,Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.

This paper represents a summary of major 2014 project activitiesand results including the scopes, achievements and outcomes ofmeetings and the major research results reported in about 60 scientificpapers and conference materials volumes. In addition, we present areview of our 2014 educational and capacity building activities and abrief review of our meetings held in 2015. Project materials,

conference proceedings, photos and related publications allare available either at https://sites.google.com/site/igcp592/or at http://igcp592.igm.nsc.ru, or upon request to igcp592@gmail.com.

2. Continental DynamicsThe dynamics of Asian continental blocks related to

continental collisions and deep mantle processes was discussedduring the International Conference on Continental Dynamics(ICCD, Meeting#1), which was held on April 26-28, 2014and organized by the Northwest University of Xi’an (China)and co-organized by IGCP#592. The aims of the ICCD (http://www.conferencenet.org/conference/iccd.htm) were to bringtogether geologists, petrologists, geochemists, geochrono-logists and geophysicists integrating diverse approaches andmethodologies. The focuses of the meeting were discussionand exchange of ideas on a wide range of topics related to theformation of continents, cratons and supercontinents and theirrelationship to tectonics and deep mantle dynamics. Themeeting brought together leading experts and young scientistsfrom Austria, Botswana, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India,Ireland, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and USA and included~200 participants from 19 countries with about 30% of youngscientists (Fig. 2a). It was a successful forum for discussionson continental dynamics and tectonics with examples fromthe Qinling Orogen and surrounding cratons and orogenic beltsincluding the CAOB. The program included 60 oral and 74poster presentations on four sessions titled: (1) “The formation

Figure 1. Tectonic framework of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB)(modified from Safonova and Maruyama, 2014).

and destruction of continental crust”, (2) “Supercontinent cycles andtheir environmental implications”, (3) “Continental crust and mineralresources” and (4) “Geophysical and geochemical perspectives oncontinental crust” (Zhang et al., 2014). The participants discussedthe amalgamation and breakups of supercontinents and theirrelated orogeny and rifting and ocean opening and closure. Inaddition, they discussed continental collisions and related orogenies,and the contribution of deep mantle dynamics to continentalgrowth. Overall, the major topics and conclusions formed during theICCD are Precambrian terranes within orogenic belts, CAOBbasement structure and metamorphic terranes and transformation ofthe CAOB crust. More specifically, the recent zircon U-Pb age andHf isotope data have shown that the Korean Precambrian massifs areparts of the North China Craton and that the western CAOB includesseveral Precambrian continental blocks. The results of geologicalsurvey/mapping clearly indicate that the basement of the easternCAOB is dominated by accretionary complexes. Geochemical andpetrological studies of high-grade metamorphic terranes suggest thatthe recognition of their protoliths is a key point of tectonicinterpretation. And a very important point is that the juvenilecrust of the CAOB was eroded during the Middle Paleozoic(Zhang et al., 2014). Based on the conference outcomes, a specialissue on continental dynamics of Gondwana Research journal“Tectonic Evolution of the Qinling Belt and Related Orogenic Belts”was launched with Prof. Yunpeng Dong, Dr. Inna Safonova andDr. Tao Wang as Guest Editors.

3. Convergent MarginsThe International Workshop on Convergent Margins was held on

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May 21-23, 2014 at Trabzon, Turkey, and organized by the KaradenizTechnical University (http://www.convergentmargins.com/). Themajor scope was the role of plate tectonics in the processes ofconstruction and destruction of continents, cratons andsupercontinents and their bearing on the evolution of life, resourcesand environment in our planet. The specific aims of the workshopwere to share the latest scientific databases and models on convergentmargins and related geological processes, to foster the activeinvolvement of young earth scientists and to provide a commonintellectual forum to discuss their research and ideas with experts,and · to encourage multidisciplinary and international researchcollaborations. The workshop attracted about 400 participants from14 countries (Fig. 2b). The program included 23 lectures of 16 leadinggeoscientists from Australia, Canada, China, Holland, Germany,Russia, Turkey and USA. The main topics included the geology ofconvergent margins, slab windows, ocean plate stratigraphy, CAOBgeology, mantle plume magmatism and metallogeny, granitic magmas,supra-subduction ophiolites, radiogenic isotopes and geochronology,Archean tectonics, mantle melting and volatiles, hydrothermalsystems, core complexes, underplating and magmatism, and thethermo-chemical heterogeneities of continental lithosphere. Theparticipants, mostly under- and post-graduate students and early careerscientists from Turkey, Germany, France, Greece, Azerbaijan, andRussia had an opportunity to directly communicate with experiencedscientists from all over the world and share ideas.

Overall, the major conclusions of this meeting were: (1) Amongthe various plate boundaries, convergent margins play the most crucialrole, with subduction zones acting as a conveyor belt for the productionand destruction of continental crust; (2) oceanic subduction zonesare important regions where mass exchange occurs between Earth’sexterior and interior; (3) convergent margins are cites of intensegeological processes such as magmatism, metamorphism, crustmantle interaction and related tectonics; (4) the geochemicalcharacteristics of magmatic rocks, pressure-temperature conditionsof metamorphic rocks and the depositional environments ofsedimentary rocks in fossil convergent margins are importantclues on the accretionary growth of continents; (5) the huge earth-quakes on subduction megathrusts, tsunamis, landslides, intensevolcanic eruptions and other geohazards in modern convergentmargins also threaten human life, ecosystems, infrastructure andeconomy. IGCP#592 leader Inna Safonova presented two lectures onthe Continental Crust of the CAOB and on the Ocean PlateStratigraphy of the CAOB and western Pacific. The program of theworkshop also included short field trips to the Eastern PontidesOrogenic Belt (Fig. 2c).

4. Formation of PGE Mineral DepositsThe 12th International Platinum Symposium (Meeting#3) held

on August 9-14, 2014 in Yekaterinburg, Russia, included six fieldtrips and a workshop for young scientists. The meeting was organizedby the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry UB RAS and the UralFederal University (http://conf.uran.ru/default.aspx?cid=12ips)(Fig. 2d) and co-organized and co-sponsored by IGCP#592. Theprogram of that important event included papers in eight sessions:(1) Magma dynamics, cumulates and ore genesis; (2) PGEmineralization in mafic-ultramafic intrusions of Russia: geology andpetrogenesis; (3) PGE-Cu-Ni sulphide-bearing ultramafic-mafic intrusions of the Noril’sk Province: insights into ore genesis

and exploration; (4) Models and exploration methods for magmaticNi-Cu-PGE sulphide and PGE-oxide deposits from around theworld; (5) Ophiolites and Ural-Alaskan-type intrusions: traditionaland innovative looks on the PGM formation; (6) PGE and Authrough experiments; (7) New advances in the understanding ofPGE mineralogy from magmatic to supergene environments;(8) Open session (Anikina et al., 2014). In addition, the programincluded workshop for young scientists titled “Processes in magmachambers with implication to genesis of ore deposits” and pre-and post-symposium field trips to Russian major PGE-sulphidedeposits.

About 160 researchers from 25 countries presented 79 talks and67 posters. In addition to scientific sessions, the participantsparticipated in six field trips titled: (1) “Ultramafic-mafic intrusions,volcanic rocks and PGE-Cu-Ni deposits of the Noril’sk Province,Polar Siberia”; (2) “PGM placer deposits and their sources in theultramafic and alkaline rocks of the concentrically zoned Kondyormassif, Far East, Russia”; (3) “The Rai-Iz ophiolite Complexand related chromite deposits, Polar Urals”; (4) “The UralianPlatinum Belt: The Nizhny Tagil clinopyroxenite-dunite massif andthe Volkovsky gabbro massif, and related platinum and copperdeposits”; (5) “The Ural Platinum Belt: The Kachkanartitanomagnetite deposit hosted by clinopyroxenite (Fig. 2d). Platinumplacers and lode deposits related to the Svetly Bor clinopyroxenite-dunite Uralian-Alaskan-type intrusion”; (6) “The Ioko-Dovyren mafic-ultramafic layered intrusion in the Northern Baikal region andassociated PGE-Cu-Ni deposits” (Fig. 2e). The participants agreedthat magmatic ore deposits produced by mafic-ultramafic magmatismare related to igneous cumulate rocks that are generated by processesof magma differentiation, crystallization and solidification in crustalchambers. Another conclusion was that sulfide and chromite transportin the parental magmas and percolation of sulfides and volatilesthrough the cumulate pile are of key importance in understandingscenarios of formation of PGE mineral deposits. Finally, ourunderstanding on the origin of ultramafic-mafic intrusions withdifferent degrees of PGE-Cu-Ni sulphide mineralisation (i.e.,economic, subeconomic and non-economic) evolves with ourunderstanding of mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, geochronologyand structural controls.

5. Granitoid Magmatism and Earth’ sEvolution

The II International Conference and Field Trip “Granites andEarth’s Evolution” (Meeting #4) was held on August 16-20, 2014 inNovosibirsk, Russia, organized by the Institute of Geology andMineralogy SB RAS (http://www.igm.nsc.ru/granites2014/index.php). The focuses of the meeting were (1) sources for granitoidmagmas of various geochemical types; (2) links between granitoidgeochemistry and characteristics of host rocks; (3) granite magmatismand continental crustal growth within large lithospheric blocks; (4)mantle-crust interactions and the role of mantle material and mantleheating in the generation of granitic magma; (5) syntectonic granitoidmagmatism; (6) granitoids of Large Igneous Provinces: composition,sources and mechanisms of magma generation; (7) ore mineralizationin granitoids. About 110 participants and paper authors from 16countries presented 43 oral and 8 poster presentations (Kruk et al.,2014). The meeting program included scientific sessions and field

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Fig. 2. Photos from the 2014 conferences and related field trips. A, International Conference on Continental Dynamics (Xi’an), groupphoto. B-C, International Workshop on Convergent Margins (Trabzon): B, workshop group photo, C, field trip to the eastern Pontidesorogenic belt: a late Cretaceous turbiditic sequence of the Kermutdere Formation (Gumushane area; Eyuboglu et al., 2015); D-E, XIIInternational Platinum Symposium: D, the Silurian Kachkanar Fe-Ti Deposit of the Uralian Platinum Belt hosted by Silurian gabbro-pyroxenites and Ordovician basalts and dolerites; C, the Neoproterozoic Ioko-Dovyren PGE-Cu-Ni deposit hosted by layered dunite-troctolite-gabbro of northern Transbaikalia, southern Siberia (Anikina et al., 2014) - Prof. Kislov, Ulan-Ude, in the photo); F-G, InternationalConference on Granites and Earth’s Evolution (Novosibirsk): F, the Mochische mine of Permian granites of the Novosibirsk Region, G, thelate Permian-early Triassic Sinyukha granite massif of the Rudny (Ore) Altai (Kruk et al., 2014).

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trips. Key discussions were on “first” granites and continental crustformation, Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic characterization of granitoids inaccretionary orogens of the CAOB and western Pacific (Japan andRussian Far East), and on the role of mantle plumes in the granitoidmagmatism of Western Transbaikalia. Three field trips (Fig. 2f) weretaken to a Devonian granite massif in the Borok quarry of Novosibirsk,Early Triassic granitoids of the Novobibeevo and Mochische quarries,and Middle Paleozoic granitoids of the North-western Russian Altai.Field observations were focused on (1) Middle Devonian-EarlyTriassic granitoids formed in different geodynamic settings(suprasubduction, transform margin, collisional, post-collisional andintra-plate); (2) interaction of mantle-derived and crustal melts duringthe formation of granitoids; (3) ore deposits associated with maficand granitoid magmatism; (4) the Altai accretion-collision system ofthe western CAOB, which is known for the Paleozoic-Early Mesozoicjuvenile crustal growth resulted in formation of numerous granitoidmassifs (Kruk et al., 2014). The participants of the Altai trip observedthe Altai active margin of the Siberian continent and the magmaticcomplexes and mineral deposits of the Rudny Altai including thePavlovsky Complex (granites), Ust’yansky complex (granites, diorites,tonalites), Zmeinogorsky Complex (granites and gabbroids);Volchikhinsky Complex (granites), Sinyukha Complex includingfamous Savvushki granitoid pegmatites (Fig. 2g), and the Stepnoyeore deposit.

6. Mineral deposit systems of activecontinental margins: subduction,accretion to collision

Session “Mineral deposit systems of active continental margins:subduction, accretion to collision” was organized in the frame ofthe14th Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium “Mineral Resources:Discovery and Utilization”, which was held on August 19-22, 2014,in Kunming, China (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acgs.2014.88.issue-s2/issuetoc). The main goals of the symposiumwere to provide opportunities to present and exchange knowledge onthe research on the genesis of ore deposits, to cover all aspects ofcurrently hot topics in economic geology that will lead to an enhancedunderstanding of the genesis of mineral deposits in continentalsettings, as well as to improve techniques for exploration, discovery,and utilization. IGCP#592 participated in the 2014 IAGODsymposium as the metallogeny and minerals resources of the CAOBis one of the major goals of the IGCP#592 Project. The key topics ofthe related workshops for early career scientists were mafic magmaticdeposits, orogenic gold deposits, and sediment hosted base metalsdeposits. The IGCP#592 Session was to hold a discussion on themetallogeny and mineral resources of the CAOB with contributorson giant gold deposits, pegmatite, porphyry, hydrothermal, activemargin and contrasting deposits. The session was attended by 13scientists from Australia, Japan, Korea and New Zealand witheight invited talks on (1) mantle contribution to the formation ofgiant ore deposits in Uzbekistan; (2) time–space distributions ofcontrasting ore deposits in the Southern Altaids; (3) granitoidpegmatite deposits of the Chinese Altay; (4) molybdenum depositsin the Qinling Orogen; (5) geodynamics of active continentalmargins and associated mineral systems; (6) polymetallic hydro-thermal ore systems; (7) migmatitic-hydrothermal ore systems;(8) Alaskan-type mineral deposit systems. The participants also

discussed other important issues of CAOB metallogeny, e.g. porphyry-epithermal Cu-Au-Mo-Ag ore systems, geochronology andgeodynamic settings of epithermal Au deposits of the Tianshan. Thepresentations reflected a large topical and methodical progress inmodern fundamental and prospective studies of accretionary orogensin terms of their social impact as hosting important mineral deposits.The post-conference field trips showed: (1) porphyry-skarn Au-Pb-Zn, Pb-Zn, polymetallic tin, and MVT-type Pb-Zn deposit of theYunnan Province; (2) Carlin-like gold, black-shale hosted barite,phosphorus and Mn deposits of the Guizhou Province; (3) Au depositsof the Shandong Province; (4) Cu-Au and epithermal Pb-Zn-Agdeposits of the Jiangxi Province. The cooperation with researchersworking in other areas of Asia was to mutual benefits of researchand created synergy.

7. Tectonic Evolution from Gondwanato Asia

The 2014 International Association for Gondwana Research(IAGR) Annual Convention and 11th International Symposium on“Gondwana to Asia” organized by the China University of Geosciences(CUGS), and co-organized and co-sponsored by which IGCP#592(Meeting#6), was held on September 19-23, 2014, in Beijing, China(http://www.iagrhomepage.com). The meeting was aimed to provideimportant opportunities to meet with renowned geoscientists, forexchange of scientific ideas and for the growth of excellence inacademic and scientific pursuit to address a wide range of topics relatedto supercontinent tectonics in general and Gondwana-Asia inparticular. The oral and poster presentations were in four sessions:(1) Secular evolution of Earth: supercontinents, life and environment;(2) Gondwana to Asia: orogenic belts, correlations and connections;(3) Metallogeny; (4) Geophysical imaging of continents and cratons.About 270 participants and paper authors from 21 countries presented35 oral and 51 poster presentations (Santosh et al., 2014). In additionto the sessions, the program included a pre-symposium workshop onestablishing a Global Research Centre, Best-Poster Challenge foryoung scientists, the Annual Meeting of Gondwana Research (GR)and Geoscience Frontiers (GSF) Editorial Boards and InternationalAssociation of Gondwana Research (IAGR) Secretariat, and a post-symposium field trip “Paleoproterozoic post-collisional magmatism– the Damiao anorthosite-gabbro-mangerite-granite suite”. The GR-IAGR meeting discussed the annual results of GR and IAGR activity.The participants of the post-conference field excursion examined thelithology, structure and metamorphic architecture of the DamiaoComplex. The abstract volume includes 90 abstracts of oral and posterpresentations (Santosh et al., 2014). The hottest discussions were onthe correlations between the CAOB and Japan, the target ofIGCP#592. This meeting helped IGCP#592 to promote the majorgoals of our project, i.e. i) correlations between the CAOB and westernPacific; ii) erosion of the CAOB juvenile crust.

8. Educational, social and capacitybuilding activities

The geographic position of the major areas of interest (Centraland East Asia) determines the high portion of project participantsfrom developing countries, namely China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. Participants fromdeveloping countries outside the CAOB are also involved including

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India, Egypt, Iran, Thailand, Vietnam and other countries (~65% ofIGCP#592 participants). By having a female Project Leader,IGCP#592 also attracted the continued participation of femalescientists in elevated numbers (42 from 8 countries). Catalysed bythe training modules and field courses offered by IGCP#592 that tookplace in the UK (Oxford, London), China (Xi’an, Kunming, Beijing),Russia (Novosibirsk), Kazakhstan (Oskemen) a large number of youngscientists (postdocs, PhD students, specifically from countries ofstruggling economies) became involved into IGCP#592 linkedresearch. A Researcher Links workshop on sustainable use of nature’swealth (co-sponsored by IGCP-592) took place in Oskemen(Kazakhstan) in March 2014 and included young Kazakh and Britishscientists (limited to early career researchers) aiming to developbilateral and multinational cooperation projects. At a special sessionIGCP#592 was presented that promoted as a suitable program to seekseed funding for joint research projects in the future. It was agreed toenter into preparations for an IGCP Young Scientist Project (YSP)involving researchers from developing countries of Central Asia,Russia and China, with guidance from experienced researchers fromRussia, China and UK. The project is planned to be submitted in2015. Among those financially supported by IGCP#592 are about70% female scientists and 50% young scientists. Female and/or youngscientists and those from developing countries form 90% ofparticipants supported by IGCP#592.

Best Student’s Poster challenge was organized in the frame ofthe International Conference on Continental Dynamics (supervisors

Prof. S. Tsunogae, Dr. I. Safonova; see Section 2) and the Gondwanato Asia Symposium (supervisors: N. Rogers, S. Glorie, E. Andreeva;see Section 7) (Fig. 3a). The International Workshop on ConvergentMargins (Section 3) was organized exclusively for early careerscientists (see above). In addition, to the capacity building activitiesin the frame of IGCP#592 meetings, the educational program ofIGCP#592 included six lecture and field training courses: (1) Atraining module on mineral deposits in the frame of the MineralDeposit Studies Group annual meeting in Oxford (UK) and amethodology training for PhD students from Kazakhstan at the NaturalHistory Museum in London (UK), both in January 2014 (supervisor:R. Seltmann); (2) A training course at the East Kazakhstan StateTechnical University (EKSTU) in Oskemen, Kazakhstan, March 2014(supervisors: R. Seltmann, A. Dolgopolova); (3) A seminar on “Asiaas a frontier of a futures supercontinent Amasia” with focuses ontectonics and petrology was held in the Institute of Geology andMineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia, March 2014 (supervisor:I. Safonova) (Fig. 3b); (4) A field training course on mineral depositsfor PhD students was held at EKSTU, Oskemen, Kazakhstan, June2014 (supervisor: R. Seltmann) (Fig. 3c); (5) The pre-symposiumworkshop for students “Processes in magma chambers and genesisof ore deposits”, Yekaterinburg, Russia (supervisors: R. Barnes, R.Latypov) was organized in the frame of the 12th International PlatinumSymposium (Section 4); (6) Short lecture courses on climate changesand environmental problems for Russian and Japanese students wereorganized at the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS,

Figure 3. Photos from the 2014 educational and capacity building activities for young scientists related to IGCP#592. A, Best Student’sPoster Award ceremony in the Northwest University of Xi’an, China; B, seminar on the CAOB and mantle plumes in the Institute ofGeology and Mineralogy, Novosibirsk, Russia; C – training courses on mineral deposits in Kazakhstan: Prof. Reimar Seltmann (CERCAMSNHM) and PhD student Anastasya Miroshnikova (EKSTU) jointly examining PhD project research samples from the Vasilkovskoe golddeposit; D, short lecture course on environmental and climate changes in the University of Gifu, Japan by Prof. S. Krivonogov.

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Novosibirsk, Russia, on September 27, 2014, and at the GifuUniversity, Gifu, Japan, on December 10, 2014 (supervisor: S.Krivonogov) (Fig. 3d).

9. Major research targets and generalscientific achievements

In 2014, the research activities in the frame of IGCP#592 wereperformed in the fields of geology, geochemistry, geochronology,petrology and metallogeny. Geological, lithostratigraphic, structuralstudies of tectonic patterns and magmatism were performed in differentsegments of the CAOB including the Russian-Kazakh Altai and EastKazakhstan (e.g., Cai et al., 2014; Kurganskaya et al., 2014; Safonova,2014; Yang et al., 2014); Junggar Region in NW China and SEKazakhstan (e.g., Shen et al., 2014; Simonov et al., 2015; Zhao et al.,2014); Kyrgyz and Chinese Tianshan (Ju and Hou, 2014; Klemd etal., 2014; Konopelko et al., 2014; Mao et al., 2014); southern CAOB(e.g., Guo et al., 2014; Song et al., 2013, 2014; Tian et al., 2013 ;Xiao et al., 2014); eastern CAOB (e.g., Fedotova et al., 2014; Li etal., 2014; Ruppen et al., 2014). Isotope geochronological andgeochemical studies were focused on the formation of continentalcrust and timing of granitoid magmatism (Cai et al., 2014; Guo et al.,2014; Konopelko et al., 2014; Kruk et al., 2014; Mao et al., 2014;Song et al., 2014); the evolution of convergent margins and the timingof mafic and andesitic magmatism (e.g., Mao et al., 2014; Tian et al.,2013; Yang et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2014); juvenile vs recycledgranitoid magmatism (e.g., Cai et al., 2014; Kröner et al., 2014); theprovenance analysis of metasediments (e.g., Glorie et al., 2014;Ruppen et al., 2014); the timing of deformation and metamorphism(e.g., Klemd et al., 2014; Song et al., 2014). A special emphasis wasmade to deep-mantle processes contributing to continental growth interms of deep-mantle dynamics and plume magmatism (Safonova andMaruyama, 2014; Safonova and Santosh, 2014; Zhang et al., 2014;Santosh et al., 2014).

A key goal of the project was the study of CAOB metallogeny

2014; Tian et al., 2013). The comparison with the modern WP showedthat the CAOB is dominated by P-type orogenic belts as it hostsnumerous localities of granitoids with juvenile isotope characteristics,blueschists derived from MORB and OIB protoliths, accretedcarbonate-capped OIBs and other OPS units (Fig. 4), huge granitoidbatholiths and boninites (Kusky et al., 2013; Safonova, 2014;Safonova and Santosh, 2014).

The timing of granitoid and mafic magmatism shows peaks inthe late Neoproterozoic (mafic), Cambrian-Ordovician, Devonian andTriassic (granitoid) periods and indicates the late Permian closure ofthe Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO; Cai et al., 2014; Guo et al., 2014;Konopelko et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014; Safonova and Santosh, 2014).Combination of U-Pb zircon ages with Nd and Hf isotopes elucidatedsource characteristics showed the Early-Middle Paleozoic crustalgrowth and a mixed character of CAOB crust (Fig. 5), despitedominating P-type orogens due to tectonic erosion (e.g., Huang etal., 2013; Konopelko et al., 2013; Kröner et al., 2014; Zhang et al.,2014). The identification of juvenile versus recycled crust domainsin the Altai Orogen, Junggar terrane and Tienshan Orogen (westernCAOB), in the Beishan Orogen and adjacent Dunghuang terrane(southern CAOB) and in Inner Mongolia (eastern CAOB) showedboth juvenile and recycled domains in the Kyrgyz Tianshan anddominantly juvenile domains in Altai and Beishan (Kröner et al., 2014;Safonova, 2014; Song et al., 2014; Tian et al., 2013).

Deep mantle dynamics contributed to the continental constructionin the CAOB through the Meso-Cenozoic intra-plate continentalvolcanism, which is manifested in the Junggar terrane of Kazahstanand China (Fig. 6), Transbaikalia, Mongolia, and East China (Ju andHou, 2014; Safonova and Maruyama, 2014; Simonov et al., 2015).That magmatism could be related to hydrous-carbonated plumesgenerated in the mantle transition zone and triggered by the oceanicsubduction, tectonic erosion and arc subduction at Pacific-typeconvergent margins surrounding Laurasia and Eurasia (Safonova andMaruyama, 2014; Safonova et al., 2015b).

New data on the formation ages and genesis of gold, PGE,

Figure 4. Localities of Ocean Plate Stratigraphy units with accreted oceanicislands, seamounts or plateaus (stars) in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(modified from Safonova and Santosh, 2014).

and mineral resources, such as PGE deposits (Anikina et al.,2014; Santosh et al., 2014), porphyry and sulphide deposits(Kruk et al., 2014; Plotinskaya et al., 2014; Seltmann et al.,2014; Han et al., 2014); gold deposits (Kruk et al., 2014;Seltmann et al., 2014; Shatov et al., 2014; Santosh et al., 2014),and iron deposits (Han et al., 2014; Kruk et al., 2014). Andfinally, the main goal of the project, i.e. correlations betweenthe CAOB and western Pacific were discussed in terms of themagmatism and tectonics of CAOB versus western Pacificconvergent margins (Cai et al., 2014; Guo et al., 2014;Kurganskaya et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014; Ruppen et al., 2014;Safonova, 2014; Tian et al., 2013); collisional and post-collisional processes (Cleven et al., 2014; Fedotova et al., 2014;Safonova, 2014) and global tectonic correlations (e.g., Kröneret al., 2014; Safonova and Maruyama, 2014; Safonova andSantosh, 2014; Xiao and Santosh, 2014).

The major general achievements of the 2012-2014IGCP#592 research activities include the geologic andlithostratigraphic comparisons of the CAOB and WP, andPacific- and collision-type orogenic belts, which highlightedthe presence of ocean plate stratigraphy (OPS) units in bothPhanerozoic (CAOB, WP) and Precambrian accretionaryorogens (e.g., Biske et al., 2013; Glen, 2013; Kusky et al.,2013; Safonova, 2014; Safonova et al., 2015a; Song et al.,

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porphyry and iron deposits contributed to the understanding ofmetallogenesis and evolution of the whole CAOB. In particular, itwas shown that significant porphyry Cu–Au/Mo and Au–Cu depositsformed during the whole Paleozoic and early Mesozoic (Plotinskayaet al., 2014; Seltmann et al., 2014; Shatov et al., 2014). Thecombination of geology and petrologic modelling in studying PGE-Ni deposits allowed us to highlight the formation of porphyry depositsby a subduction-related input of juvenile material and to recognizemajor episodes of metallogeny in CAOB likely related to certain

Figure 5. Juvenile versus recycled crust domains in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (modified from Kröner et al., 2014). Domains: red –juvenile, blue – recycled, green – mixed.

Figure 6. Localities of Meso-Cenozoic intra-plate volcanism in the Tianshan-Junggar region (from Simonov et al., 2015). Basaltic fields:Jurassic (rhombs) and Late Cretaceous-Paleocene (stars).

geodynamic settings. For example, the Ni-Co sulphide mineralizationat 290 Ma related to plume-related decompression melting, ascent ofmelts via translithospheric faults, melt-crust interaction and, finallyCu-Ni-Co-sulphide accumulation (e.g., Dolgopolova et al., 2013; Hanet al., 2013; Ma et al., 2013; Seltmann et al., 2014).

Multi-proxy studies of sedimentary cores and wells showed linksbetween tectonic activity, humidity and sedimentation and their effectson environmental and climate changes (e.g., Krivonogov et al., 2012;Gao et al., 2013). The late Quaternary volcanism and tectonics in the

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Darkhad Basin of northern Mongolia affected topography and climateand accordingly changed the environment as recorded in the dammedlake sedimentary sequence and glaciomorphs (Krivonogov et al.,2012). The Paleogene change of the tectonic pattern in the JunggarBasin affected the transportaiton of hydrocarbons and changed theconditions of sedimentation and related lithologies (Gao et al., 2013).

10. IGCP#592 activities and meetings in2015

For the final year of our project we planned to increase the numberof field trip training programs for young scientists, finalized evaluationof juvenile to recycled crust proportions in major CAOB terranes,traced accretionary tectonics, OPS records and mantle temperaturesback to the Precambrian and to the Cenozoic, and evaluated the timingof ocean closures to fix the beginning of the CAOB amalgamationand the timing of intra-plate magmatism and metallogeny to betterconstrain the end of CAOB accretionary orogeny and the initiationof whole Asia intra-continental orogeny, continental crust erosionand cratonization.

The list of meetings included five events. The VI Conference onisotope geochronology “Isotope dating of geological processes: newresults, approaches and prospects” was held at the Institute ofPrecambrian Geology and Geochronology, St.-Petersburg, Russia, onJune 2–5, 2015 (http://www.ipgg.ru/geochron2015.php). TheConference brought together geochronologists, geologists, petro-logists and geochemists to integrate diverse approaches andmethodologies in isotope dating. The conference consisted of fourdays of sessions on the following topics: dating of recent volcanism,dating of sedimentary units, duration of geological processes;problems of stable isotope dating, problems of geological andpetrologic interpretation of detrital zircon patterns, isotope systemsand minerals-geochronometers.

The XIX Quadrennial INQUA Congress was held on July 27 –August 2, 2015, in the Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan (http://inqua2015.jp/). Since 1928, INQUA, the International Union forQuaternary Research, promoted communication and internationalcollaboration in Quaternary research. The current scientific scope ofINQUA is reflected by its five Commissions: Coastal and MarineProcesses; Palaeoclimate; Humans and Biosphere; Stratigraphy andChronology; Terrestrial Processes, Deposits and History. The Congressprogram addressed the themes of the Commissions during 6 days oforal and poster sessions, plenary presentations, and side meetings.IGCP#592 participants contributed to sessions “Tibetan Plateau andarid Central Asia” and “ Recent progress in the field of active tectonicsand paleoseismology”.

The XVIII International Congress on the Carboniferous andPermian (ICCP 2015) was held on August 11-15, 2015 organized bythe Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia (www.ICCP2015.kpfu.ru). The Carboniferous and Permian are important stages of theCAOB evolution as it is the timing of the closure of the Paleo-AsianOcean and subsequent collision of the North China, Tarim, Kazakhstanand Siberian continental blocks. The XVIII ICCP providedopportunities for basinal studies, global and regional tectonicreconstructions, paleogeographical and biostratigraphic research, andupper Paleozoic fossil collecting. including our understanding of thepaleoclimate at the end of the Paleozoic, and new insights into thecauses and consequences of Carboniferous-Permian events, especially

the P-T extinction. IGCP#592 participants contributed to sessions“Carboniferous and Permian plate tectonics and orogenies andIGCP#592” and “The late Paleozoic oceans: paleoceanography”.

A key event was the “First Chinese-Russian Conference on theCentral Asian Orogenic Belt and IGCP#592 Workshop” held onSeptember 24-25, 2015, which was organized by the Institute ofGeology and Geophysics, CAS, Beijing, China. The First China-Russia International Meeting and IGCP#592 Workshop included 2days of talks in sessions followed by a post-conference field trip toInner Mongolia orogenic belts during September 26-October 1. Thismeeting provided a forum for discussion to compare the tectonicevolution of the CAOB in Russia, China and neighbouring countries,to present and discuss new data and evolutionary models, and todiscuss future international cooperation on geological and geophysicalresearch. The main topics were: (1) Evolution of Palaeo-Asian oceans:from accretion to collision (ophiolites, ocean plate stratigraphy,tectonics, magmatism, metamorphism and deformation styles);(2) Across-border correlations in the CAOB and nomenclature;(3) Continental crustal growth and architecture; (4) Intra-plateprocesses and mantel plumes; (5) Mineralization in the CentralAsian; (6) Superposition of the palaeo-Pacific and Okhotsk tectonics;(7) Continental amalgamation in the CAOB, Neoproterozoic toPalaeozoic palaeogeography and palaeomagnetism.

The 2015 IAGR Annual Convention and 12th “Gondwana to Asia”International Conference and Field Trip to the Kanto area, co-organized and co-sponsored by IGCP#592 was held at the Universityof Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan on October 21-25, 2015. The 2015 IAGRconference provided important opportunities to meet with renownedgeoscientists, for exchange of scientific ideas and for the growth ofexcellence in academic and scientific pursuit. A wide range of topicsrelated to supercontinent tectonics in general and Gondwana-Asia inparticular was addressed with a special focus to the correlationsbetween the CAOB and western Pacific. The program included twodays of scientific sessions and a post-conference field excursion tothe Mineoka ophiolitic melange and surrounding Neogeneaccretionary complexes of the Boso Peninsula where the participantsobserved various ophiolitic rocks (pillow lava, dolerite, amphibolite),and chert exposed along the coastal area of the Chiba Prefecture.

ConclusionsIn 2014, the research activities of IGCP-Project #592 “Continental

construction in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt compared to actualisticexamples from the western Pacific” funded by UNESCO-IUGS werefocused on (1) geology, lithostratigraphy, structural/tectonic patternsand magmatism in different segments of the CAOB; (2) isotopegeochronology and geochemistry; (3) deep-mantle processescontributing to continental growth; (4) metallogeny and mineralresources; (5) OPS and tectonic correlations between the CAOB andWP (Section 9). The program included international meetings(Sections 2-7), lecture courses, field training courses (Section 8), andfield missions in various regions of the CAOB (http://igcp592.igm.nsc.ru/field-works). We have obtained a lot of breaking throughscientific results, which were published in about 60 articles in SCIpeer-review journals and reported at six scientific conferences inChina, Turkey and Russia. The educational program included ninetraining courses and other capacity building activities in the UnitedKingdom, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey, China and Japan.

The major scientific results come from the study of proportions

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of juvenile and recycled crust in the CAOB, timing of granitoid andmafic magmatism, contribution of deep mantle processes, formationages and genesis of major metal deposits, and comparison of theCAOB with the modern western Pacific. The geologic andlithostratigraphic comparisons of the CAOB and WP, and Pacific-and collision-type orogenic belts highlighted the presence of OPS inboth Phanerozoic (CAOB, WP) and Precambrian accretionaryorogens. We showed that the CAOB was dominated by P-typeorogenic belts as it is composed of juvenile granitoids, blueschistsand accreted OIBs. The granitoid and mafic magmatism of the CAOBpeaked in the late Neoproterozoic (mafic), Cambrian-Ordovician,Devonian and Triassic (granitoid) suggesting the late Permian closureof the PAO. The CAOB crust has a mixed character despite thepredominance of P-type orogens suggesting tectonic erosion ofjuvenile rocks. Both juvenile and recycled domains were recognizedin the Kyrgyz Tianshan, whereas the Altai and Beishan orogens aredominated by juvenile crust. The construction of the CAOB crustwas affected and overgrown by deep mantle processes manifestedby the Meso-Cenozoic intra-plate continental volcanic fields ofthe Tienshan-Junggar region. The CAOB is special for numerousCu–Au/Mo and Au–Cu deposits, which formed during the wholePaleozoic and early Mesozoic. The 290 Ma peak of Ni-Co sulphidemineralization was related to mantle plume processes. The linksbetween tectonics and environmental changes were reconstructed fromCenozoic sedimentary records.

AcknowledgementsIn addition to the funding from UNESCO-IUGS this work was

supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the RussianFederation, project No 14.B25.31.0032, Russian Foundation for BasicResearch (grants #14-05-00143, 16-05-00313) and Scientific Project(Lab 211) of the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS. Thecomments from reviewers and Dr. Fareeduddin, the Editor-in-Chiefof Episodes, are much appreciated.

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