*Conditions for workers

*Workers before the Five year

plans

*Workers believed they would be better off in the five year plans– in NEP, real wage only rose slowly and unemployment was high in the late 1920s.

*Young workers were tired of their managers giving orders

*It seemed unfair that engineers were given privileges from dull work.

*Creation of a proletarian

intelligentsia

*The group of industrial workers, also called proletarian intelligentsia were highly developed in technical skills and education.

*This group did well, wage differentials were introduced, and their standard of living were higher than the broad mass of workers

*Workers during the five year

plans

*Workers in 1930s who stayed in their jobs were better off.

*Training courses allowed workers improve their qualifications, position, pay and prospects.

*If exceeded their targets, workers rewarded with higher pay, better working conditions and if lucky, better housing.

*Also celebrated in newspapers

*Women in the labour force

*Around 10 million women joined the labour force

*Dominated some professions, esp. in medicine and school teaching.

*Less educated, tough women became factory workers. Made up 44% of the workforce.

*Women paid less and less involved in political and technical education compared to men – however, did jobs that they had not done before.

*Women in the labour force

(cont….)

*Women had to look after home AND work.

*Chances of reaching top were limited – 20/328 factory directors were women.

*Only four women were head doctors – 50-60% of doctors were women.