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What Problems Cause Distress and Impair Functioning?
What Problems Cause Distress and Impair Functioning?
Why do People Behave in Unusual Ways?
Why do People Behave in Unusual Ways?
How do we Help People Behave in More Adaptive Ways?
How do we Help People Behave in More Adaptive Ways?
What Conditions AreNECESSARY,SUFFICIENT,
AND CONTRIBUTORYin
the Etiology, Maintenance, and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior?
What Conditions AreNECESSARY,SUFFICIENT,
AND CONTRIBUTORYin
the Etiology, Maintenance, and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior?
EtiologyEtiology Treatment TargetsTreatment Targets
Treatment OutcomeTreatment Outcome
ProcessesProcesses
HypothesisHypothesis• a ___________________________a ___________________________
Research designResearch design• a method to test hypothesesa method to test hypotheses• Independent variable- Independent variable-
____________________________________________________________• Dependent variable- Dependent variable-
____________________________________________________________
HypothesisHypothesis• a ___________________________a ___________________________
Research designResearch design• a method to test hypothesesa method to test hypotheses• Independent variable- Independent variable-
____________________________________________________________• Dependent variable- Dependent variable-
____________________________________________________________
Internal validity Internal validity – can results of study be attributed – can results of study be attributed to the independent variable(s)?to the independent variable(s)?
External validity – External validity – can results be applied to real can results be applied to real world occurrences, or other studies?world occurrences, or other studies?
Internal validity Internal validity – can results of study be attributed – can results of study be attributed to the independent variable(s)?to the independent variable(s)?
External validity – External validity – can results be applied to real can results be applied to real world occurrences, or other studies?world occurrences, or other studies?
ETHICSETHICS– Protection of Subjects (IRB
Boards)– Informed Consent• Competence
• Voluntarism
• Full information
• Comprehension
– Weigh Costs vs. Benefits
ETHICSETHICS– Protection of Subjects (IRB
Boards)– Informed Consent• Competence
• Voluntarism
• Full information
• Comprehension
– Weigh Costs vs. Benefits
ETHICSETHICS ETHICSETHICS
VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDSVALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS
Internal ValidityInternal ValidityInternal ValidityInternal Validity
• Control GroupsControl Groups• RandomizationRandomization• Analog StudiesAnalog Studies
• Control GroupsControl Groups• RandomizationRandomization• Analog StudiesAnalog Studies
ETHICSETHICS ETHICSETHICS
VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDSVALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS
• Representative Representative SamplingSampling• GeneralizabilityGeneralizabilityExternal ValidityExternal ValidityExternal ValidityExternal Validity
ETHICSETHICS ETHICSETHICS
VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDSVALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS
Internal ValidityInternal Validity External ValidityExternal Validity
The Balancing ActThe Balancing Act
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCHSIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH– Clinical vs. Statistical Significance
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCHSIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH– Clinical vs. Statistical Significance
ETHICSETHICS ETHICSETHICS
VALIDITY AND CONFOUNDSVALIDITY AND CONFOUNDS
YES,YES, we Have we Have
Statistical Significance!Statistical Significance!
YES,YES, we Have we Have
Statistical Significance!Statistical Significance!
BUTBUT are the Results are the Results
Clinically Meaningful?Clinically Meaningful?
BUTBUT are the Results are the Results
Clinically Meaningful?Clinically Meaningful?
Case StudiesCase Studies Correlational MethodsCorrelational Methods Experimental MethodsExperimental Methods GeneticsGenetics Research Over TimeResearch Over Time Research Across CulturesResearch Across Cultures Combined Methods and StrategiesCombined Methods and Strategies
Case StudiesCase Studies Correlational MethodsCorrelational Methods Experimental MethodsExperimental Methods GeneticsGenetics Research Over TimeResearch Over Time Research Across CulturesResearch Across Cultures Combined Methods and StrategiesCombined Methods and Strategies
Case StudiesCase Studies Case StudiesCase Studies Extensive observationExtensive observation Focus on the IndividualFocus on the Individual Highly Descriptive, Not ScientificHighly Descriptive, Not Scientific Useful to Generate HypothesesUseful to Generate Hypotheses Sacrifice Internal ValiditySacrifice Internal Validity Foundation for early developments Foundation for early developments
FreudFreud
Extensive observationExtensive observation Focus on the IndividualFocus on the Individual Highly Descriptive, Not ScientificHighly Descriptive, Not Scientific Useful to Generate HypothesesUseful to Generate Hypotheses Sacrifice Internal ValiditySacrifice Internal Validity Foundation for early developments Foundation for early developments
FreudFreud
Case StudiesCase StudiesCase StudiesCase Studies A tradition in medicine A tradition in medicine
and psychologyand psychology Anna O.Anna O. Little AlbertLittle Albert Limitation- reactivityLimitation- reactivity
A tradition in medicine A tradition in medicine
and psychologyand psychology Anna O.Anna O. Little AlbertLittle Albert Limitation- reactivityLimitation- reactivity
Correlational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational Methods
Index of associationIndex of associationRange: -1.00 to +1.00Range: -1.00 to +1.00The nature of correlationThe nature of correlationStatistical relationshipStatistical relationshipNo manipulated independent variableNo manipulated independent variableCorrelation vs. causationCorrelation vs. causation
Correlational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational Methods
Positive CorrelationPositive Correlation Positive CorrelationPositive Correlation
0123456789
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mortality / Death
Sm
okin
g
Negative CorrelationNegative Correlation
0123456789
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Drinks
Sexu
al
Perf
orm
ance
Correlational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational MethodsCorrelational Methods Zero CorrelationZero Correlation Zero CorrelationZero Correlation
0123456789
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Amount of Foreplay
Hal
luci
anat
ions
Experimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental Methods
IndependentIndependentVariableVariable
IndependentIndependentVariableVariable
DependentDependentVariableVariable
DependentDependentVariableVariable
MANIPULATIONMANIPULATIONMANIPULATIONMANIPULATION CONTROLCONTROLCONTROLCONTROL
INTERNAL VALIDITYINTERNAL VALIDITYINTERNAL VALIDITYINTERNAL VALIDITY
IndependentIndependentVariableVariable
IndependentIndependentVariableVariable
DependentDependentVariableVariable
DependentDependentVariableVariable
Experimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental Methods
Clinical ContextsClinical Contexts Clinical ContextsClinical Contexts
– Process and Outcome ResearchProcess and Outcome Research
– Compare TherapiesCompare Therapies
– Compare Therapies Compare Therapies ++ Medications Medications
– Selection biases possibleSelection biases possible
– Process and Outcome ResearchProcess and Outcome Research
– Compare TherapiesCompare Therapies
– Compare Therapies Compare Therapies ++ Medications Medications
– Selection biases possibleSelection biases possible
Experimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental Methods Control groupsControl groups
Matched control groupsMatched control groups Age, gender, socioeconomics, etc.Age, gender, socioeconomics, etc.
Placebo control groupsPlacebo control groups Single-blind controlSingle-blind control Double-blind controlDouble-blind control Minimizes allegiance effectsMinimizes allegiance effects
Control groupsControl groups Matched control groupsMatched control groups
Age, gender, socioeconomics, etc.Age, gender, socioeconomics, etc.
Placebo control groupsPlacebo control groups Single-blind controlSingle-blind control Double-blind controlDouble-blind control Minimizes allegiance effectsMinimizes allegiance effects
Genetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and Research Behavioral geneticsBehavioral genetics
Interactions of genes, experience, Interactions of genes, experience, and behavior and behavior
PhenotypesPhenotypes Genotypes Genotypes Human genome projectHuman genome project EndophenotypesEndophenotypes
Behavioral geneticsBehavioral genetics Interactions of genes, experience, Interactions of genes, experience,
and behavior and behavior PhenotypesPhenotypes Genotypes Genotypes Human genome projectHuman genome project EndophenotypesEndophenotypes
Genetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and Research Family studiesFamily studies
ProbandProband First- or second-degree relativesFirst- or second-degree relatives Familial aggregationFamilial aggregation Issue of shared environmentIssue of shared environment
Family studiesFamily studies ProbandProband First- or second-degree relativesFirst- or second-degree relatives Familial aggregationFamilial aggregation Issue of shared environmentIssue of shared environment
Adoption studiesAdoption studies Sibling pairs separated after birthSibling pairs separated after birth Parcels out effects of environmentParcels out effects of environment Observed frequency versus chanceObserved frequency versus chance
Adoption studiesAdoption studies Sibling pairs separated after birthSibling pairs separated after birth Parcels out effects of environmentParcels out effects of environment Observed frequency versus chanceObserved frequency versus chance
Genetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and Research Twin studiesTwin studies
Identical or monozygoticIdentical or monozygotic Fraternal or dizygoticFraternal or dizygotic Confounds:Confounds:
Twin studiesTwin studies Identical or monozygoticIdentical or monozygotic Fraternal or dizygoticFraternal or dizygotic Confounds:Confounds:
Genetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and ResearchGenetics and Research Genetic linkage studiesGenetic linkage studies
Localization of genesLocalization of genes Genetic markersGenetic markers Confluence of disorders and genetic Confluence of disorders and genetic
markersmarkers Association studiesAssociation studies
Markers in people with and without the Markers in people with and without the disorderdisorder
Identifies polygenetic influences Identifies polygenetic influences
Genetic linkage studiesGenetic linkage studies Localization of genesLocalization of genes Genetic markersGenetic markers Confluence of disorders and genetic Confluence of disorders and genetic
markersmarkers Association studiesAssociation studies
Markers in people with and without the Markers in people with and without the disorderdisorder
Identifies polygenetic influences Identifies polygenetic influences
Genome Wide Association Studies: Website
Epidemiological ResearchEpidemiological Research Epidemiological ResearchEpidemiological Research
Studying Behavior Over TimeStudying Behavior Over TimeStudying Behavior Over TimeStudying Behavior Over Time
– Incidence and Prevalence of DisordersIncidence and Prevalence of Disorders– Correlational (most of the time)Correlational (most of the time)– Helpful to Determine EtiologyHelpful to Determine Etiology
– Incidence and Prevalence of DisordersIncidence and Prevalence of Disorders– Correlational (most of the time)Correlational (most of the time)– Helpful to Determine EtiologyHelpful to Determine Etiology
Studying Behavior Over TimeStudying Behavior Over Time Studying Behavior Over TimeStudying Behavior Over TimeCross Sectional DesignsCross Sectional DesignsCross Sectional DesignsCross Sectional Designs
– CorrelationalCorrelational– Study Different Groups Study Different Groups
(Cohorts)(Cohorts)– Retrospective informationRetrospective information– PROBLEM:PROBLEM: Cohort EffectCohort Effect
– CorrelationalCorrelational– Study Different Groups Study Different Groups
(Cohorts)(Cohorts)– Retrospective informationRetrospective information– PROBLEM:PROBLEM: Cohort EffectCohort Effect
Studying Behavior Over Studying Behavior Over TimeTimeStudying Behavior Over Studying Behavior Over TimeTime Longitudinal DesignsLongitudinal DesignsLongitudinal DesignsLongitudinal Designs
– Study Same Persons Study Same Persons – Over TimeOver Time– PROBLEMS: PROBLEMS: – –
– Study Same Persons Study Same Persons – Over TimeOver Time– PROBLEMS: PROBLEMS: – –
Value of cross-cultural researchValue of cross-cultural researchValue of cross-cultural researchValue of cross-cultural research–Overcoming ethnocentric viewsOvercoming ethnocentric views–Increases understanding ofIncreases understanding of– EtiologiesEtiologies– Symptom presentationsSymptom presentations– TreatmentsTreatments
– DefinitionsDefinitions– Variance in presentationVariance in presentation– Thresholds Thresholds – Equivalence in outcomesEquivalence in outcomes
–Overcoming ethnocentric viewsOvercoming ethnocentric views–Increases understanding ofIncreases understanding of– EtiologiesEtiologies– Symptom presentationsSymptom presentations– TreatmentsTreatments
– DefinitionsDefinitions– Variance in presentationVariance in presentation– Thresholds Thresholds – Equivalence in outcomesEquivalence in outcomes
Difficulties in cross-cultural researchDifficulties in cross-cultural researchDifficulties in cross-cultural researchDifficulties in cross-cultural research
IntegrativeIntegrative Program of ResearchProgram of Research IntegrativeIntegrative Program of ResearchProgram of Research
– Theory and HypothesisTheory and Hypothesis– Correlation and EpidemiologyCorrelation and Epidemiology– Lab and Clinic ExperimentLab and Clinic Experiment– Refine Hypotheses, Methods, etc.Refine Hypotheses, Methods, etc.– SHOW ME, and SHOW ME AGAINSHOW ME, and SHOW ME AGAIN
– Theory and HypothesisTheory and Hypothesis– Correlation and EpidemiologyCorrelation and Epidemiology– Lab and Clinic ExperimentLab and Clinic Experiment– Refine Hypotheses, Methods, etc.Refine Hypotheses, Methods, etc.– SHOW ME, and SHOW ME AGAINSHOW ME, and SHOW ME AGAIN