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Page 1: | Website for Students | VTU NOTES ...libvolume5.xyz/industrialmanagementengineering/btech/semester4/... ·  | Website for Students | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS 1

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Grinding

� Grinding is a surface finishing operation

where very thin layer of material is removed

in the form of dust particles.

� Thickness of material removed is in range of

0.25 to 0.50 mm.

� Tool used is a abrasive wheel.

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Abrasives

� Abrasive is the material employed for

sharpening, grinding and polishing

operations.

� Natural abrasive – emery, corundum,

quartz, sandstone, diamond, etc.

� Artificial abrasive – carborundum,

aloxite, alundum, etc.

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Applications of abrasives

� Corundum : is a natural mineral which consists of aluminium oxide. Hardest natural substance after diamond. � Used for shaping, finishing and polishing other tools.

� Emery : natural abrasive consisting of aluminium oxide and little amount of iron oxide.

� Silicon carbide : synthetic abrasive harder than aluminium oxide.� Used to grind metals like iron, brass and soft bronze.

� Used in non metals like wood and leather industries.

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� Zirconia aluminia : it is a mixture of

zirconium oxide and aluminium oxide.

� Used in casting and foundry industries.

� Cubic boron nitride : is made up of

boron nitride with a cubic crystalline

structure.

� Used for hard coating material.

� Diamond :

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Bonding materials

� These are adhesives which holds the

abrasive grains together.

� Vitrified process :

� Silicate process :

� Elastic process :

� Rubber or vulcanite process :

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Grinding machines

�Grinding machine is a power operated

machine tool where, the work piece is fed

against constantly rotating abrasive wheel

to remove thin layer of material from

work.

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Principle of grinding machines

� Work piece is fed against the rotating abrasive

wheel.

� Due to action of rubbing or friction between the

abrasive particles and work piece material is

removed.

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Classification of grinding

machine

� Bench grinding machine

� Surface grinding machine

� Cylindrical grinding machine

� Center less grinding machine

� Internal grinding machine

� Special purpose grinding machine

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Surface grinding machine

� It is machine basically used to grind flat

surface.

� Job is mounted to a table which moves

longitudinally as well as in transverse

direction.

� Manual feed or power feed.

� Work piece can clamped in two ways

� Manual clamps.

� Magnetic chuck.

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� Internal pump and piping arrangement for

coolant.

� Protective guard for safety.

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� Base

� Column

� Table traverse

and vertical feed

hand wheel.

� Wheel guard

and protective

guard.

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� Working

� Work piece is clamped to the table by

operating magnetic chuck.

� Required grade of grinding tool is fixed to

spindle.

� Grinding operation is carried out be

operating both table traverse wheel and

vertical feed hand wheel.

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Cylindrical grinding machine

� It is a process of grinding curved surfaces.

� Surface may be straight or tapered.

� Work piece is mounted on two centers, one

is tailstock centre and the other is headstock

centre.

� Head stock center may or may not revolve.

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Working principle

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Centre less grinding machine

� It is used to grind curved surface work piece

which are long and slender.

� Work piece rests on a work-rest blade and is

backed by a second wheel called as

regulating wheel.

� Grinding wheel pushes the work piece down

the work-rest blade against the regulating

wheel.

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Cutting terminology

� Speed : it is the peripheral speed of the

work piece per unit time. (m/min)

� Feed : it is the distance travelled by the

tool during each revolution of the work

piece. (mm/revolution).

� Depth of cut : it is the perpendicular

distance measured from the original

surface to the machined surface of the

work piece. (mm)

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