CHAPTERS 12: EUROPEAN COLONIALISM

AFRICA, INDIA AND AUSTRALIA(1800’s-1900’s)

IMPERIALISMOK, so this entire chapter deals with imperialism in the 1800’s – 1900’s. What’s that u ask? Imperialism is when stronger countries take over weaker ones. It’s also known as colonization. England took over India, Europe took over all of Africa and Portugal took over Madagascar.

Imperialism was also based on the idea of Social Darwinism; the idea that stronger countries or stronger civilizations have a duty and a right to take over weak ones because only those societies most intelligent or technologically advanced have the right to survive. You see, Charles Darwin was the guy who discovered evolution and natural selection on the islands of the Galapagos in the Pacific Ocean. He found that the exact same species had different characteristics depending upon the environment you put them in. This is also known as Natural Selection; only the strong survive. Countries in Europe simply extended this argument to matters of state as well.

Plus, U have to remember that stronger countries viewed the peoples of the conquered areas as ‘savages’. This was true for the Native Americans, the Aztecs and Incas, the people of Africa, as well as all the peoples of India and Asia. (A pretty big group huh?) They wore strange clothes, they didn’t have guns or gunpowder, and they didn’t know how to make steel. In addition, they weren’t Catholic, hadn’t found Jesus, and were thus going to hell. It is thus my religious duty to conquer them, help them, and save them by forcing them to become either Christian or Catholic. This way they can maybe get into heaven.

The three or four case studies we will look at to study imperialism are: Africa, Australia, India and South Africa.

We have already seen what Spain and Portugal did in Latin America after Cortez and Pizarro came in, and we also learned about what England and America did to Japan and China in Chapter 11; the Opium Wars and Meiji Restoration. Now we move on to the 1880’s-1900’s.

DON’T 4GET that America and Europe were now the strongest countries/areas on the planet. They were industrialized, they had guns, cannons and armor, and they wanted to spread Christianity to the ends of the earth.

INDEPENDENCE: Many of the colonized nations of the world will win their independence after World War II (1945). Why? Because Adolf Hitler showed America and the European powers what imperialism and colonialism were all about: conquest. The world learned that taking over other countries was morally wrong.

ALSO…………………….GOOD VS. BADColonialism by Europe was both good and bad. It had BOTH advantages and disadvantages. For example, England built lots of schools and made everyone learn English. Is this good or bad?

Plus, these European powers also built lots of railroads, lots of schools and lot of roads. What’s wrong with that?

The problem is that each and everyone one of these colonial powers was absolutely racist. Whether it was India, Australia or Africa, if you were white and Christian you were all set. If not…..well that’s just too bad.

In some countries you were basically enslaved:1. In the Belgian Congo (Tarzan), for example, King Leopold would cut off your hands

and your feet if you disobeyed. This is far more effective than killing, Can u understand why?

Plus, when these countries eventually get their independence, and they all will, NONE of them will be ready for self-rule. They will all have the negative consequences of racism, poverty and little real industrialization. Better to have just left them alone. Or was it?

DON’T 4GET that the consequences of colonialism ALMOST everywhere are:Racism…………………illiteracy………….no natural resources……….no industrialization

Latin America_____Africa_______China etc.

By the way, here is a list of the powerful and those taken over.(This is ALL in the 1700’s, 1800’s and 1900’s!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

1. THE BRITISH EMPIRE - The 13 colonies (duh!)

- India- Australia and New Zealand (Oceania)

- South Africa- Canada

2. PORTUGUESE COLONIES- Brazil (duh!)

- A little piece of India in the middle of the Indian Ocean

- East Africa on the left side of the Indian Ocean- Madagascar on the left side of the Indian Ocean. (Worst cartoon EVER!)

- Malaysia and Indonesia on the right side of the Indian Ocean (home of the Komodo Dragon)

*Don’t forget that Vasco de Gama and BartholomueDias were Portuguese and made it ALL THE WAY AROUND

Africa into the Indian Ocean so of course they’re gonna take over the Indian Ocean

3. DUTCH COLONIES (Also called Holland)- The Dutch controlled New York before the British. It was called New Amsterdam (They bought Manhattan from the Indians for $26.00 in the 1600’s. Now in Manhattan

you can’t even get a Hotdog for $26.00)- The Dutch controlled South Africa before the British

- A few other little areas in Africa- A few little islands in the Caribbean

- Also, a few little areas near Malaysia and Indonesia in the Indian Ocean- Indonesia (on the Indian Ocean) has Komodo Island : Home of the fierce Komodo

Dragon, which bites its prey, and then waits until it dies 24 hours later, just like Freshmen.

4. We know that Spain controlled almost ALL of Central America and South America (Y’all know the capitals, right?!)

4. The French:- A lot of Canada

- A lot of America B4 the Louisiana PurchaseSome islands in the Caribbean (St. Thomas and Martinique. Also St. Barts)

The British Empire was so big that it was said “the sun never sets on the British throne!”: THE BRITISH EMPIRE

All of the empires above (British, French, Portuguese, Dutch) are MARITIME EMPIRES. That means that their power came from the sea. They had a strong navy with huge ships, advanced cannons and guns.

The prefix ‘mar’ means ‘sea’ in Latin.

Sometimes these countries brought good things and sometimes they brought bad. More than likely…BAD!

U bee the judge.

CASE STUDY #1: HISTORY OF AFRICA

WHAT DID EUROPE WANT FROM AFRICA1. Gold

2. Diamonds3. Platinum

4. Salt5. Ivory from elephants

6. Guano: Bat poop (good for putting on your cereal or for using for fuel)

These are some of the countries that colonized Africa:France: Mali, Algeria, Chad, the Sudan, Togo, the Ivory Coast (elephants), Djibouti, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Tunisia

Belgium- The Congo (the Tarzan movie)

England: Ghana, Egypt, Kenya, Somalia, Nigeria, Cameroon, Sierra Leone (Blood Diamond), South Africa, Malawi, Zambia, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe

AP DEFINITION: ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM AND MERCANTILISM: New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and

array of goods produced in their factories. This is known as ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM/MERCANTILISM.

MERCANTILISM means rich countries won’t let poor countries buy stuff from any other countries. So England made the 13 colonies buy only from them

Brazil could only buy from Portugal Colombia could only buy from Spain India could only buy from England. Etc.

MERCANTILISM also means that rich countries want to get natural resources from poor countries, make manufactured goods in the rich countries, and then force the poor countries to buy them.

This means that industrialized countries like England or America needed 2 things:1. Raw materials for all their crap2. CUSTOMERS to buy all their crap

- We did this either through WAR, diplomacy or negotiation, but basically just through WAR.

The OPIUM WARS between England and China are a PERFECT example of this. England grew heroin in India and FORCeD the Chinese to smoke it! After all, they weren’t gonna let the kids of London smoke it. Now we get to Africa.

Sure, diplomacy had something to do with t as well but essentially it was talking a god game while carrying a huge gun!

THE HISTORY OF AFRICA

1. We all know that we’re all from Africa cuz that’s where the oldest skeletons were found (3 million and 7.6 million years old skulls and stuff)

2. AP: The Bantu Migration: About 10,000 years ago, the Bantu people of Sub-Saharan Africa spread their language, their agricultural techniques, and new technologies, like their ability to make iron weapons, all throughout the continent.

They were also responsible for what is known as “diffusion of language”. 2 of their most famous languages are: Swahili and Zulu

Swahili saying: SOPHOMORES ni slobs wakati wao kula Translation: I’ll never tell!

3. Islam comes to Africa (Mali and Ghana) - from 700-1100 Islam made its way to West Africa and North Africa but through peaceful means like TRADE for “SALT FOR GOLD”.

4. Then, after Christopher Columbus “discovered” America in 1491, we know that Africa participated in the SLAVE TRADE. Please don’t forget that since the beginning of human history, the continent of Africa has participated in the SLAVE TRADE both as victim and as perpetrator. The tribal chiefs of West Africa would kidnap members of other tribes and sell them to the French, the Bristih or the Belgians in exchange for guns, bullets, cannons, whatever. Thus, no one was exempt from blame.

Also DON’t 4GET that Africa has been in the middle of the slave trade going way back to:Egypt---------------Persians

Greeks-------------RomeMongols----------Byzantine Empire

Ottomans----------Europe

EUROPEAN COLONIALISM OF AFRICA (1800-1950)

EUROPE COLONIZES AFRICA: 1800-1950Europe split Africa up like a pie during THE BERLIN CONFERENCE OF 1884.

I mean, they all just got together and just AGREED how to divide up the whole continent: “YOU GET THIS PART FRANCE, AND I’LL TAKE THIS PART GERMANY, IS THAT COOL WITH YOU ITALY?!” It was also known as the SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

They did all this to avoid all-out war. They figured they would each get enough gold and diamonds to satisfy everyone so let’s just split the continent up like a pie.

One of the problems with this approach is that after Arica gets their independence many of those stupid little lines Europe created will live on. Yet, if you look at a map of Africa

today, many of those lines are completely arbitrary and don’t make sense. That is one of the reasons why the African continent is so mired in Civil war, even decades after independence.

African nations will not get their independence until the 1960’s after WWII. Unfortunately, because of European colonialism and corrupt African leaders after the 60’s too much of Africa is still very poor today.

1950-2016 independence:Libya (in North Africa): 1951The Sudan (East Africa): 1956

Tunisia (North Africa): 1956Ghana (Salt 4 Gold in West Africa): 1967

Madagascar (cartoon animals): 1960But South Africa didn’t get its real independence until……1994 when Nelson Mandela

became its 1st black president

CARIBBEAN INDEPENDENCE DATESJamaica (1962)

Trinidad and Tobago (1962)Barbados (1966)Bahamas (1973)

The thing 2 remember is that all of these countries achieved their independence after WW2 non-violently. That is, according to the AP notes, they are countries in either Africa or Asia that challenged imperial rule not through armed struggle but through

diplomacy and negotiation.

CASE STUDY #2: SOUTH AFRICA

BRIEF HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA1. South Africa was ruled by a guy named SHAKA, who was head of the Zulu Tribe. Hence, his name was SHAKA ZULU.

Fun Fact: His father’s name was Senzangakhona Ka Jama. Pronounce it kidz!!

2. Then, during the Age of Exploration in the 1400’s Bartholomue Dias ‘discovers’ the Cape of Good Hope for Portugal at the Southern tip of Africa.

Well, what do you think Europe is gonna do with South Africa now that they have ‘discovered’ it? They’re gonna conquer it dummies.

South Africa is the #1 gold producer in the world In 2015 South Africa mined 300,000 pounds of GOLD!!!! Gold costs $1000 per ounce That’s $84,000,000,000 at retail value. Of course the peasants see NONE of that money and the miners are basically treated like slaves!!!! But the commercials are so nice! Every KISS begins w/.

The average wages for a gold or diamond miner in Africa is $1.50 per day, and if you are in war zone, then you are essentially a slave!

South Africa has 12% of the world’s DIAMONDS South Africa found $1.2 billion worth of diamonds in 2015 Almost ALL of that money goes to private companies (South Africa only got to keep about $10 million!) The biggest company is De Beers in London and u can see their diamonds in those Jared commercials. The movie ‘Blood Diamond’ is a 4 Star movie and should be requisite viewing for every human on the planet. The largest diamond ever found was 3000 carats and weighed 621 grams or 1.5 POUNDS!!! It was big enough to make 115 diamonds and make 115 brides SO HAPPY!!!!! It was found in 1905 by accident, 18 feet underground The most expensive diamond in the world is the “HOPE DIAMOND”. It is kept in the Smithsonian. It is a blue diamond and

costs $350 million! It can send 20,000 students to college for free but it’s shiny so we won’t let it!

**Don’t you find it funny that humans fight over shiny rocks I do!

Kobe Bryant gave his wife a rare pink diamond worth $3 million after he got caught cheating on her with a girl from Colorado. Ah love! It can’t be bought!

THE WORST THING ABOUT SOUTH AFRICA: APARTHEID APARTHEID is a Dutch word that means ‘APART’. It was the exact same thing as segregation and the Jim Crow laws here in the United States.

Colored Water Fountains/ Whites Only Schools Etc.

“CLASSIFICATION”You were also “CLASSIFIED”: You were either “BLACK, “WHITE” OR “MIXED” and this is how they classified you:

Characteristics of the person's head hair Characteristics of the person's pubic hair Skin color Facial features Eating and drinking habits

The MIXED MARRIAGES ACT of 1949 made it illegal to form a union between “EUROPEANS” and “NON-EUROPEANS”!!

*Don’t 4get that interracial marriages were only made legal here in the United States in 1967!)

PETTY APARTHEID: Like segregation in the USA (Stared in 1949). - Separate schools separate libraries Separate hospitals- Separate water fountains separate movie theatres separate restaurants

⁻ Apartheid will not end, and South Africa will not become fully equal, until a man named NELSON MANDELA is released from prison after 30 years and is elected president.

NELSON MANDELA

NELSON MANDELA:Born: 1918 Died: 2013He was ___ years old.Tribal name: Madiba!

Prison term: 27 year prison term for terrorism against apartheid in 1962Released in 1994 and elected President

Served 2 terms as President of South Africa

He is most famous for telling South Africa that black and whites CAN live together. He denounced all violence and preached the teachings of …Ghandi, MLK, Jesus and the Buddha. For really they all say the same thing, right!?

We will watch a movie about him and South African rugby called……’Invictus’. IF UR good!

THE MOST IMPORTANT THING TO REMEMBER HERE IS THAT NELSON MANDELA AND SOUTH AFRICA GOT THEIR INDEPENDENCE AND GOT DEMOCRACY ………………WITHOUR VIOLENCE…..WITHOUT ARMED STRUGGLE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

NELSON MANDELA (Tribe name: Madiba)#1 movie: ‘Invictus’ starring Matt Damon and Morgan Freeman

#2 movie: ‘Mandela’ starring Idris Elba

(Mandela's father Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a local chief and his paternal great grandfather was king of the Xhosa-speaking Thembu tribe.)

**1 of u will pronounce his name in class for us

In his later days, Nelson Mandela was a pacifist like MLK, Mohandas Gandhi, or Jesus. But he wasn’t always that way. It took 30 years of prison for him to clean his heart. In the 1960’s he advocated for a violent overthrow of the government. He was 1964 and he was 23 years old. There were bombings of electrical plants, explosive devices near factories, and the bigger the bang…the more attention Mandela got. Eventually Mandela was caught and convicted of “sabotage, terrorist activity and sedition”.

It was the best thing that ever happened to him! It was known as the Rivonia Trial of 1963-1964

Mandela was sent to the infamous Pollsmoor Prison on Robben Island off the coast of South Africa. It is an island prison with no escape: one way in-one way out. Kind of like our Alcatraz, or the Plantation High bathrooms. The conditions were brutal. Oppressive heat in the summer and bone chilling cold in the winter. All with just a thin lice infested blanket to sleep on.

But it was in this physical prison that he was able to break out of the prison of his mind. It was in this prison that he was finally able to get rid of all his hate, his aggression, his anger, and eventually his call for violence. Gandhi said: In order to forgive on the OUTSIDE, u must learn to forgive on the INSIDE!

In 1990, Mandela was finally released from prison. The President of South Africa was a guy named de Klerk (a Calvinist Christian if u can believe it). Mandela immediately called for non-violence.

There were so many in his party that were still crying out for blood that Mandela had to act!!! He even had to chill his wife out, Winny. She wanted blood too but Mandela and MLK both knew the same thing: you catch more flies with honey than you do with vinegar, and a war with the whites will lead not to end of inequality, but slaughter!!!!!!!!!

Mandela DID NOT want a war with the whites. As Morgan Freeman states in Invictus : “They still control the police, the banks and the government”. We MUST work together!”

Mandela had to go on live television to calm the people down. HIS ADVICE: CHILL OUT AND…VOTE!!! (Timely advice for us here in the US, no?!)

On APRIL 27TH, 1994 THEY DID JUST THAT!!!

In 1994, South Africans got what they had always wanted: ONE MAN=ONE VOTE. And of course, they elected Nelson Mandela. He died just a few years ago and along with MLK and Gandhi is considered one of the great sages of our age.

CASE STUDY #3: AUSTRALIA and NEW ZEALAND

First of all, in AP, Australia, New Zealand and the island of Polynesia are known as OCEANIA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

- People first came to Oceania about 50,000 years ago.- We then had the maritime (sea) migration of people from Australia and New Zealand to the beautiful - -- -Polynesian islands of Hawaii and the Pacific about 10,000 years ago. These are islands like Tahiti, Fiji and …Samoa (Fun Fact: Hawaii has black sand beaches because of cooled lava from the volcanoes)- It’s about 5,000 miles from New Zealand to Hawaii so of course it took humans a longggg time to get there.- When the Australians went to the various islands of Polynesia they brought transplanted foods and new domesticated animals like …the kangaroo? Do you wanna watch a You Tube video of kangaroos fighting? NO! Ur TOO violent!!

Fun fact: Australia was set up as a penal colony. That means that England sent all their criminals to the island. That means that everyone from there is related to ………criminals, scoundrels and crocodile dundee!!!!!!!!!!!

The original people in Oceania were:The aborigines in Australia and The Maori in New Zealand

England slaughters them both when they discover gold there! Then they segregate the hell out of them just like in South Africa. The Prime Minister of Australia will not APOLOGIZE to them until 2008!!!!

AUSSIE INDEPENDENCE AND NEW ZEALAND Australia gets their independence in 1904 but keeps the Queen of England. New Zealand gets their independence in 1908 and gives women the right to vote there too. Fun Fact: women will not get the right to vote in America until after WWI, the 19th amendment in 1920.

Fun facts about New Zealand- Whaling is huge in both Australia and New Zealand but the discovery channel is constantly trying to get them to stop. Whale oil and whale blubber are very expensive- In New Zealand, the people slaughter 60,000 seals every year. They get $100 per seal. They use clubs instead of bullets to save money!- On the island of New Zealand, there are more sheep than people!

- New Zealand is where “the lord of the rings” was filmed

I WANNA GO!!!!!!!!!! But the flight is 4EVER!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

CASE STUDY #4: INDIA

QUICK REVIEW OF INDIAN EMPIRESA. Indus River people: BCEB. Mauryan and Gupta Empires: 600 BCE-600 CE (ROME, HAN, INDIA)C. The Mughal Empire: (1550-1850)

D. The British take over: (1850’s-1949)E. India gets their independence- 1949

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE (VERY IMPORTANT)A land empire in Northern India after the Mongols made them Muslim

**Don’t 4GET, the Mongols introduced Islam to Much of India. Hinduism lived on in the South, however.

1. King Babur: Thought he was one of Genghis Khan’s like 3000 Grandsons. Not to be confused with Babar the Elephant

2. Built the GREAT TAJ MAHAL (Originally a Muslim mosque)

- HE LEFT HINDUS ALONE. WHY DO YOU THINK HE DID THIS?______________________________________________

- Improved the treatment of women by telling them that they didn’t have to practice SATI anymore. (SATI is where they would jump on their husband’s funeral pyre after they died (that’s crazee talk).

3. Told Hindus they didn’t have to sell Indian princesses anymore (you’re welcome Irina, Riada and Hema)

Then England came in!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

THE BRITISH RULE INDIA IN THE 1800’S

England their sights on India! Why?

- Spices- Jewels

- Animals (tigers, elephants, freshmen)- Indian food (Love it!) Curry, Nan bread

- And finally, because of MERCANTLISM and the need or customers for British stuff

GOOD VS. BAD1. Made everyone learn EnglishFun Fact: Sprint, Verizon and T-Mobil have their Customer Service people in India because of the English

2. England was Christian not Catholic so that’s what they spread to India.3. England built lots of railroads England builds lots of electric power lines and India gets electricity (Just like Europe in Africa) England builds lots of schools (Just like Europe in Africa) England did try to get rid of THE CASTE SYSTEM but some things die hard. They did set up a court system where everyone was equal Also, England gave them better hospitals and more medicine. As a result Indians started having LOTS OF BABIES and went through a massive population boom. This is not so good because India has been too poor to support them.

China: 1.3 Billion PeopleIndia: 1 Billion People today

2050: India will have 1.5 Billion people!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

INDIA STILL SUCKS FOR THE POOR But really, only the rich and white can get a good English education (Just like Europe in Africa) Still so many poor. (Just like Europe in Africa)- 300,000,000 in severe poverty/ Calcutta and Mumbai have one toilet for every 300 people- Are the toilet at P.H.S disgusting?

So even though England helped India out a lot, it still left the country poor, racist, and relatively uneducated.

INDIA GETS ITS INDEPENDENCE WITHMAHATMA GANDHI…NON VIOLENTLY

World War 2 showed a lot of people in the world that COLONIALISM AND IMPERIALISM were wrong. After all, Adolf Hitler was just ONE BIG IMPERIALIST!MAHATMA GANDHI (PRACTICED NON-VIOLENCE)Born 1869 /Died 1948 That’s ___ years old math nerdsFull name: Mahatma or Mohandas Gandhi. “MAHATMA” means “Great One” in Sanskrit.

Gandhi is most famous for his non-violent approach to getting the British out of India. He knew that he couldn’t just fight them. I mean, the British had guns and soldiers and warships. The Indians were powerless. Yet he knew that Martin Luther Kinga and Nelson Mandela knew, that non-violence may work more slowly, but it works nonetheless.

Gandhi’s techniques:1. HUNGER STRIKES: He underwent 17 hunger strikes with the longest one lasting 21 days. You die between 30-60 days without food. Without water, however, we die after only 3 days!!! W/o coffee I wither and die in 12 hours!!!2. SALT MARCH: he marched 240 miles over 24 days to protest the British actually taxing India’s own salt. If u remember, u need salt to love and India has plenty of it, but the British were taxing it, so he marched. The British were forced at arrest 60,000 people who participated. Imagine what just 60,000 people could boycott here in the United States!3. Non Violent protest is spelled ‘satygraha’ in Sanskrit and it means ‘truth-power! 4. DON’T 4GET that Gandhi came first. Then King and Mandela

Review Question: Who is Dr. King named after_____________

So Mahatma Gandhi’s main objective was to get England out of India. Well, following WW2 and the defeat of Adolf Hitler, that’s exactly what happened. So What’ the Problem?

The problem is that India was a country split between Hindus and Muslims. If U remember correctly, Genghis Kahn and his Mongol Muslim hordes brought the Islamic faith into northern India in the 1300’s. Well, they never left.Hindus in India B4 WWII: 75% Muslims in India BR WWII: 25%

After the British left each religion WANTED THEIR OWN COUNTRY!!!! The Hindus get India while the Muslims get Pakistan. This split will 4ver be known as…..the Partition. Also, Mahatma Gandhi gets assassinated!!!!!!!!

India population in 2018: 1.3 billion!!! Pakistan population in 2018: 190 millionTHE PARTITION

In 1947, after WWII, India and Pakistan become 2 countries. - The Muslims must move to Pakistan where they make a theocratic

nation where the Islamic faith essentially controls society and the government. It is so theocratic that up until last year, even making a joke about Muhammad or Allah got u the Death Penalty!!!!!

- India becomes a western style democracy with a President and a Parliament. That’s why India has enjoyed 6-8% growth every year, although poverty is still HUGE and their population just keeps growing. Actually, it will pass China’s population very….soon.

The split is so violent, with entire villages being destroyed, that over 1,000,000 people (Hindus and Muslims) get slaughtered. One of the problems is that the LINE between the 2 countries was basically just drawn by some dude in London. He had like one day to draw the line and he had never even been to India before. The line actually went through people’s houses.

- 1,000,000 people get killed in the mob violence that ensued. I mean, imagine splitting up a country of 1,000,000,000. Chaos!!

- 10,000,000 people had to get up and move. If u were Muslim in the South---outta here. If U were Hindu in the north----outta here!

- In Pakistan Independence Day is August 14th while in India it is August 15th. Astrologers were asked to pick the date but they couldn’t agree so it was at midnight!

- BTW: 25% of American teens don’t know why we celebrate July 4th or that we fought the Revolutionary War against England

5% of teens think we fought Canada

14% think we fought France 9% think July 4th, 1776 is the day the Constitution was written 17% didn’t know we had 13 colonies 25% didn’t know who was in the CIVIL WAR!!!!!!!!1

INDIA (HINDU) AND PAKISTAN (MUSLIM) HATEEEEE EACH OTHER TODAY

- Today, India and Pakistan HATE each other but they BOTH have nuclear weapons so we have to chill both of them out every once in a while. They have fought 3 wars against each other in the last 50 years but none of them turned nuclear. (If u take my Senior IB class: Contemporary History, this is what we cover.

The problem is: THEY BOTH HAVE NUKES!!!!!

There are only 9 countries in the world with nukes. See if you can name them:1. 6.2. 7.3.India 8.4.Pakistan 9. (Unofficially)

GANDHI’S ASSASSINATION

1 abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92955&page=1.

Gandhi was assassinated on January 30th, 1948 He was 79 yrs. old He got shot 3 times in the chest at point blank range! 2 got the Death Penalty while 6 got life imprisonment

This is a very sad story. I actually read a book about a guy who interviewed Gandhi’s assassins and they were not remorseful in the least. They were so religiously fanatical that they felt it was better to kill Mahatma Gandhi than make a deal with the Muslims in India

The book was written by Dominque LaPierre and he is my favorite author. Here are some other topic he wrote about:A. South AfricaB. IsraelC. Interviewed the Nazi General who refused to burn down Paris

2 days b4 the assassination Gandhi sad this:"If I'm to die by the bullet of a mad man, I must do so smiling. God must be in my heart and on my lips. And if anything happens, you are not to shed a single tear."

He knew he was going to die, just like Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm X and Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln had a dream 3 days earlier where he and his corpse were in the same room, and he asked a soldier who that was lying in the casket. “That’s President Lincoln, sir”, the soldier replied.

Ya know, Gandhi was considered wise as was Martin Luther King, yet they’re both dead. Who do we consider wise that is living? How many of u have trouble naming someone?

If so, that’s too bad. What kind of country or world do we live in if we can’t name a single living person we consider ‘wise’?!

HERE IS THE AP LANGUAGE 4 EVERYTHING FOUND ABOVE:III. Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences.A. The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlements.B. The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles maintained cultural and

economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.

C. The proliferation of conflicts led to various forms of ethnic violence and the displacement of peoples resulting in refugee populations.

HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS

ASSIGNMENT #1:MAP OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES CONTROLLED BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Grab a blank map outline of Africa and color in a map of European colonialism in Africa. Use different colors for each country and make a color coded tab on the bottom.

- Use page 777 in the purple textbook.**Please staple it to the homework questions. NO CREDIT without it.

ASSIGNMENT #2: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

A: COLONIALISM1. Explain the relationship between imperialism and Social

Darwinism?2. Isn’t colonialism a good thing, though?

3. Where did Portugal settle?4. Where did the Dutch settle?5. What about the French?

B: AFRICA1. How do we KNOW all humans came from Africa?2. Who were the Bantu and what are 2 reasons why they are important:A) B)3. When did Europe carve Africa up like a pie?4. Why? What did they want?

5. When did African nations start getting their independence?

6. To what degree would you say the problems in areas like the African continent can be blamed on colonization? After all, they have been independent for almost 75 years.

ASSIGNMENT C: SOUTH AFRICAA. Briefly encapsulate the history of South Africa:B. What role exactly did Nelson Mandela play?C. What was APARTHEID?

ASSIGNMENT D: OCEANIA5. What is Oceania?6. Who were the Polynesians and why are they important?7. Which 2 European countries were involved in Australia and New Zealand?8. How are the minority groups in Oceania an example of European colonialism?

ASSIGNMENT #5:INDIA1. Review Question: Why has India always been so hard to unify?

2. WHO conquered them in order: a. b. c.

3. List 3 characteristics of Mughal rule over India:a. b. c.

4. Explain India’s relationship with Islam:

5. WHY did England want them?

6. Explain the positive and negative aspects of British rule in India

7. Review Question: Who was King Asoka and why was he so important?

8. How is that India and Pakistan became 2 countries:

9. Why do India and Pakistan hate each other today and why is this so dangerous for the world?

10. Summarize Gandhi’s significance to British rule:

11. What is meant by “The sun never sets on the British throne”?

AP NOTESOK, so here are what your Essay and Long-Response (SAQ) questions will look

like. Don’t 4get that this is also how the Multiple Choice questions are phrased.

1. Some colonies negotiated their independence HOWEVER some colonies achieved independence through armed struggle.A. Some will win their independence through non violence- Gandhi in India- Nelson Mandela in South Africa

B. And some will win their independence through armed struggle- The Vietnam War- The Korean War

2. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.

A. Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenged imperial rule.B. Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries.C. Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundaries.

3. Imperialism influenced either state expansion or contraction around the world

4. People started to identify themselves based on language, religion, customs and all these new territories.