€¦ · Web viewThis study is based on “Ludwig Von Bertalanffy’s General system theory”. 6.3.5. DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY. ... Key word. R: Randomization. 01:

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.

SYNOPSIS PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

1 NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

AND ADDRESS

MISS. MURPHY KURIAKOSE

1ST YEAR M.Sc. NURSING STUDENT,

RATHNA COLLEGE OF NURSING

K R PURAM, HASSAN,KARNATAKA.

2 NAME OF THE INSTITUTION RATHNA COLLEGE OF NURSING

K R PURAM ,HASSAN,KARNATAKA.

3 COURSE OF STUDY AND

SUBJECT

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

CHILD HEALTH NURSING

4 DATE OF ADMISSION TO

THE COURSE

31-05-2010

5 TITLE OF THE TOPIC EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISTED

TEACHING ON ROAD SAFETY

MEASURES AMONG SCHOOL AGE

CHILDREN.

5.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS

OF VIDEO ASSISTED TEACHING ON

ROAD SAFETY MEASURES AMONG

SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN

IN SELECTED PRIMARY SCHOOLS AT

HASSAN”.

6) BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED STUDY

INTRODUCTION

“Who can hope to be safe?

Who sufficiently cautious?

Guard himself as he may,

Every moment’s ambush”

Horace………..

Safety begins at home. Right from the birth, human beings develop a

sense of safety to protect themselves from the environment. Safety is not only necessary

for the individual but also for the society on the whole1. Road traffic safety means to

safety drive on road to ensure that there is no harm or the driver of vehicle do not cause

any harm to any other vehicle moving near by it. In other words we can say that road

traffic safety means to reduce accident causes on road for proper driving.2

Road accidents are usually not caused intentionally. Rather, accidents are

outcome of lack of interaction among the condition inherent in the three characteristics

like the roads, road users and transport.3 According to WHO, an accident is an event,

independent of human will, caused by an outside force acting rapidly and resulting in

physical or mental injury.4 Road accident involving children has become a major cause

for concern around the world. Within, there has been a dramatic increase in the number

of road accident involving children. Road safety is there for of key importance in terms of

keeping children safe in traffic. If there for means that the strategies will have to be

implemented to enhance road safety for children.5

A report published by the world health organization in 2004 estimated that

some 1.2m people were killed and some injured on the roads around the world each year

and was the leading cause of death among children 10-19 years of age .The report also

2

noted that the problem was most severe in developing countries and that simple

prevention measures could halve the number of death.6 Among children ages 14 and

under more than 80% of bicycles related fatalities are associated with the bicyclist’s

behavior. The most common crashes including riding into a street without stopping;

turning left or severing into traffic that is coming from behind, running a stop sign, an

riding against the flow of traffic. More than 40% of all head injury –related deaths and

approximately three growths of head injuries occurs among children ages 14 and under.

Younger children suffer a higher proportion of head injuries than older children.7

The sense of grief and distress of this huge group of people is all the greater

because many of the victims are young, because many of the crashes could and should

have been prevented and because response to road death and injury and to road crash

victims is often experienced as inadequate, cruelly unsympathetic, and inappropriate to a

loss of life or quality of life.8

6.1. NEED FOR THE STUDY

The school age aged child has constantly developing and improving capabilities.

School children over confidence9.The most of young people killed in traffic accidents are

vulnerable road users –pedestrians,cyclists.10

Globally, road crashes are worsening humanitarian disaster, destroying lives and

livelihoods. Teaching children about road safety and equipping them with some first aid

skills can prevent accidents and save lives11.The WHO mortality data base states that over

90% of all fatal road accidents happens in low or middle income countries where road

planning often doesn’t give enough though to pedestrians and cyclists10. Bangalore is one

of the most accident prone cities in India.Bangalore contributes nearly 18% of total

accidents in Karnataka. School children constitute approximately 8-10%of total accident

fatalities.12

Road safety signals which will help in reducing existing high accident rate

prevalent in developing countries in India13. Bicycle were being driven mostly 62%of

school children respectively. Some of children started driving under the age of 10 year

and females out number males at this age. Driving at such a young age, hence putting

3

their lives and also others life in danger is of course the result of laxity on the part of

parents.14

Chinese article published 2008 regarding “ risk factors on road traffic accidents in

school age students; a matched case control study”.116 students were served as controls

who were from the same class of the cases and matched by age and sex.information on

personal behavior, family condition,knowledge,attitude and practice on road traffic of

these children were collected and compared. The result showed more negative attitude

and risk taking behaviors especially in riding bycycles.In addition, distance from home to

school that longer than 1000m.seemed the main influence factors for road traffic

accidents among school age students.15

A study on “children and road safety increasing knowledge does not improve

behavior”. a total of 12 school children are participated in this study. In the first study the

effects of three different road safety interventions were tested and second to transfer the

knowledge to children’s behavior in a real life traffic environment was tested. From the

result the study shown all the intervention were effective in increasing children’s

knowledge.16

Death of any school in a road traffic accident while driving a vehicle is a serious issue.

But this is certainly preventable. Parents should not let their children drive at an early

age. Students should refrain themselves from traffic rule violation. School teachers

should inculcate traffic safety among students and enforce traffic rules within school

premices.Almost the two third of child accident victims are boys. As the child gets older

the risk of road accidents increased13. Therefore the study aims at improving the level of

knowledge about road safety among primary school children with the purpose of assisting

them to follow healthy practices of road safety which could result in reduction of accident

and protection of their life. As prevention is better than cure; the investigator feels that

there is a need for the study

.

6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

4

Review of literature is a key step in research process. Review of literature is the

reading and organizing of previously written materials relevant to the specific problems

to be investigated: framework and methods appropriate to perform the study.

Part 1. Studies related to incidences and prevalence of road traffic accidents.

Part 2. Studies related to knowledge of school age children regarding road safety

measures.

Part 3. Studies related to educational programmes on road traffic accidents among school

age children.

Part 1. Studies related to incidences and prevalence of road traffic accidents.

A study on Road traffic injuries among middle school students in a rural area of

china. The study conducted for road traffic injuries among school age students in a rural

area of china. The survey was conducted at two school ages with the co operation of

teachers and school officials. They surveyed 1551 students in human province using a

hard copy survey questions. The result shows there were 56 road traffic injuries reported

by the 3 month period.17

A study on “Are we there yet?”Canada’s progress towards achieving road safety

vision 2010 for children traveling in vehicle The study examines safety seat among

Canadian children and evaluates child safety seat use; using probability sample roadside

observation of car safety seat use were collected from May to October of 2006 for 13,500

children. Observation revealed that of Canadian children were restrained in the some type

89.9% restrained 60.5%.children were restrained in the correct safety seat. The results

were not significantly different in provinces with booster seat legislation and those

without legislation18.

A study on “Pedestrian traffic injuries among school children in

kawempe ,uganda. A cohort was assembled at 35 primary school and followed for 3

terms. Ten of the school had participated in previous injury programs, other were

systematically selected .injuries were recorded by teachers using a questionnaire .From

5

the result 40% of the incidents involved commercial motor cycle,41% bicycles,9% cars,8

% taxis,2 % trucks. Over 3 terms of the year the cumulative incidence was 0.5+/-0.02.

There is no gender difference19.

A study on The road to safety in Irish children over the past five years .Motor

vehicles crashes account for 1 in 5 of all childhood deaths . In the year 2000, the WHO

ranked RTA as the 9th leading cause of mortality rates for road accident in children (0-14

years) in Ireland are 3.61/100000 as compared to 2.31/100000 in Sweden & thus much

needs to be done to reduce this unacceptably high road in Ireland20.

Part 2. Studies related to knowledge of school age children regarding road safety

measures.

A study in Australia on teaching young children to cross road safety. The practical

training programmer using stimulated road environment has been developed and

evaluated amongst primary school children using a randomized controlled trial.

Significant reductions in proportion of critically incorrect road- crossing responses were

found in immediately after training (56%) and one month post training (47%). The

beneficial effects were greater for younger children, female and those with little traffic

expenses.21

A study on Road-safety education; spatial disinterring and subjective a objective

picture processing. 60 children up to 9, 10,11years were given an objective or subjective

version of a story about a risky situation involving road crossing & were asked to

reconstruct it by putting 6pictures in chronological order. From the result the youngest

children, objective representation are essential to analyzing pictures showing risk,

whereas the oldest children will profit more subjective view. Subjective representation

which give a more realistic view, provide an excellent tool for testing children abilities.22

A study in Germany on Road injuries in school age children: relation to

environmental factors amenable to interventions. The impact potentionally modifiable

6

environmental factors on the risk of pedestrian and cyclist injuries among school

children. A population of school children at the age of 6-14yrs in Düsseldorf, in

Germany. A case control a design was used, with controls matched by age and sex. A

random sample of 174 cases was selected. The result shows complete information was

available for cases 170 and 168 controls. There were more pedestrians crossings with

traffic lights on streets with a speed limit of 50kph or above around the homes of

controls23.

Part 3. Studies related to educational programmes on road traffic accidents among

children.

Chinese article published a study in 2009 on Evaluation on the effect of

education regarding road safety among school age students china. The study was

conducted in school age children and they grouped as 2 and one is intervention group and

other is control group. From the result the intervention group improved specifically

during the follow up period and the control group did not change much more .although

the traffic ruled the violation seemed to have improved. The researcher concluded that the

road safety education significantly improved the relative knowledge for school age

student and it excited positive effect in some extent.24

A study on The roles of age, gender , inhibitory control and parental supervision

in children’s pedestrian safety .A sample of 85 children & 26 adults crossed a pretend

cross walk set adjacent to a real road , safety of crossing the pretend road was determined

based on actual traffic on the real road . On the pretend road, younger children, boys &

children with less behavioral control engaged in riskier pedestrian behaviors.25

A study on Road safety education for school children. The study conducted for

children at 7-12yrs in Singapore. The traffic police conduct the sessions among 500

students daily. Lessons involve basic instruction in safety principles and a test of

knowledge followed by a traffic game. The use of role plays of pedestrians, motorists,

cyclists to test skills, to help children to identify traffic hazards and to teach practical

7

promotion safety measures. Secondary school students are trained as marshals for the

road safety park.26

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISTED

TEACHING ON ROAD SAFETY MEASURES AMONG SCHOOL AGE

CHILDREN IN SELECTED PRIMARY SCHOOLS AT HASSAN.”

6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To assess the knowledge on road safety measures among school age children

before and after video assisted teaching.

To evaluate effectiveness of video assisted teaching on road safety measures

among school age children.

To find out the association between the knowledge and the selected demographic

variables.

6. 3.1 HYPOTHESIS

H1: There will be significant difference in the pre &post test knowledge among school

age children

H2: There will be significant association between the knowledge score and selected socio

demographic variables.

6.3.2 ASSUMPTIONS

The study assumes that

The school age children have some knowledge regarding road safety measures.

8

Video assisted teaching will enhance the knowledge of school age children

regarding road safety measures.

6. 3.3 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Assess: An activity to estimate the outcome of video assisted teaching on road

safety measures among school age children.

Effectiveness: It refers to a significant increase in the level of knowledge of

school age children regarding road safety measures, after video assisted

teaching.

Video assisted teaching: It refers to the systemic, planned teaching with the

help of video on road safety measurs among school age children.

Knowledge: It refers as the correct response as measured through structured

interview schedule and quantified knowledge score about road safety

measures.

Road safety measures: Refers to avoidance of accidents by following the

traffic rules

School age children: It refers to children who are in the age group of 10years,

are studying in the class five.

Primary school: primary school is formal teaching institution where one to

five classes students attending education.

6.3.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

This study is based on “Ludwig Von Bertalanffy’s General system theory”.

6.3.5 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is delimited to the fifth standard students.

9

The study period is limited to 4-6 weeks.

Sample size is delimited to 60 fifth standard students .

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF STUDY

7.1 SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION

Data will be collected from the school age children at selected primary schools at Hassan.

7.1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Study implies the effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding road safety

measures among school age children.

7.1.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design is Quasi-experimental one group pretest posttest design. It includes

Manipulation and randomization without control group.

R

Key word

R: Randomization.

01: Assessment of school age children regarding road safety measures before the

administration of video assisted teaching.

X: Video assisted teaching on road safety measures.

02: Assessment of knowledge among school age children regarding road safety

measures, after the administration of video assisted teaching.

7.2 METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA

Data collection is planned through using a structured interview schedule

knowledge regarding road safety.

10

O1 X O2

Part a: Socio demographic variables of school age children.

Part b: Video assisted teaching on road safety measures.

7.2.1 SAMPLING PROCESS

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SAMPLE

Inclusion criteria

Students who are studying in fifth standard.

Fifth standard students who can understand and speak Kannada (local

language).

Exclusion criteria

Fifth standard students who are not willing to participate in the study.

Fifth standard students who are not present at the time of study

7.2.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURE

7.2.2.1 POPULATION

School age children in selected primary schools at Hassan.

7.2.2.2 SAMPLE

Fifth standard children those who fulfill the inclusion criteria.

7.2.2.3 SAMPLE SIZE

Sample size comprised of 60 fifth standard students.

7.2.2.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Probability Simple Random sampling technique (lottery method) will be used.

7.2.2.5 SETTING

11

The study is planned to conduct in selected primary schools at Hassan.

7.2.2.6 PILOT STUDY

The pilot study will be conducted on10% of samples, in selected primary schools, that

will be excluded from the main study.

7.2.2.7 VARIABLES

Independent variables:

Video assisted teaching on road safety measures.

Dependent variables:

Knowledge towards road safety measures.

Extraneous variable:

Such as age, sex, class, family income, influence of the mass media,

education of father, education of mother, occupation of father, occupation of

mother, habitant.

7.2.2.8 PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

Descriptive and inferential statistics will be used.

Descriptive statistics:

In descriptive statistics frequency, percentage, mean & standard deviation will

be used to describe the knowledge and demographic variable.

Inferential statistics:

Chi square test will be used to calculate and analyse the association between

knowledge scores with selected demographic variables. The paired t’test will be

used to find out the significant difference between pretest and posttest scores.

7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INTERVENTIONS TO BE

CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER HUMANS ?

12

Yes, video assisted teaching on road safety measures is used as an intervention among

school children.

7.4 HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEING OBTAINED FROM YOUR

INSTITUTION?

Yes, permission has been obtained from the research committee of Rathna college of

Nursing and authorities of selected primary schools in Hassan. Informed consent will be

obtained from the subjects who are selected for the study.

8. LIST OF REFERENCES

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www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/51234.html

2. Road traffic safety [Online].2009 Mar [ cited 2010 Sep 09]; Available from:

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Available from: URL: Docs.google.com

4. Parul Dutta. Pediatric nursing.2nd ed. New Delhi: Jaypee brothers medical

publishers;2007. p.13.

5. Road safety [Online]. [ cited 2010 Aug 11]; Available from: URL:

www.oppapers.com/essays/r

6. Report By WHO road safety [Online]. [cited 2010 Aug 11] ; Available from:

URL: en.wikipedia.org

7. How many children die each year from bicycle accidents [Online]. [cited 2010

Nov 22]; Available from: URL: wiki.answers.com

8. Road safety in India, NGO on road safety [Online]. [cited 2010 Aug 11] ;

Available from: URL: http://www.arrivesafe.org/activites.php

9. Nilamber Jha, SrinivasaDK. Epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases.

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10.Road accidents: The biggest killer of teens. [Online].[ cited 2010 Oct 22 ];

Available from: URL: Knowledge.allianz.com

11.Teacher Briefing: Road safety. [Online].[cited 2010 Oct 11]; Available from:

URL: www.redcross.org.uk

12.Sudhir, Sameera. Bangalore silicon city or black city [Online]. [cited 2010 Oct

16]; Available from: URL: google.docs Bangalore-silicon capital.

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journal of community medicine. 2006 Jul-Sep; 31 (3) :p.199-200

14.HM Swami, S Puri. Road safety awareness practice among school children at

Chandigarh.Indian journal of community medicine.2006-2009; 31(3)

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school age students: a matched case-control study.Chinese article [online] 2008

October [cited 2010 Oct 22]; 29(10):999-1002;Available from:URL:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.pubmed :19173881

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safety :increasing knowledge doe behavior. Br J Edu Psychol [serial online] 2001

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€¦ · Web viewThis study is based on “Ludwig Von Bertalanffy’s General system theory”. 6.3.5. DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY. ... Key word. R: Randomization. 01: