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Performance of onion cv. Shah Alam for seed production under different NPK combinations
Muhammad Saleem Jilani, Kashif Waseem*, Faridullah, Muhammad Sohail KhanMehwish Kiran, Tehsin Ali Jilani and Saba Fatima.
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Abstract
A field study was conducted to check the performance of onion cv. Shah Alam for seed
production under different NPK combinations, at Agricultural Research Institute, Ratta Kulachi
D.I.Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, during winter season 2012-13. The experiment was
laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven different NPK levels along
with a control treatment. The treatments included T1= Control, T2= 30-20-00, T3= 60-40-15,
T4=90-60-30, T5= 120-80-45, T6= 150-100-60, T7= 180-120-75 and T8= 210-160-90 NPK @
kg ha-1 and each treatment was replicated three times. The data on different parameters including
days to sprouting, shoots per plant, leaf length, number of flowering stalks plant-1, length of
flowering stalk, flowers per umbel, umbel diameter, 1000-seed weight, seed yield plot-1 and seed
yield (kg ha-1) were collected and analyzed statistically. Results showed that all parameters were
significantly affected by different combinations of NPK application except number of flowering
stalks per plant. It was noticed that increment of fertilizer rates delayed sprouting but increased
number of shoots per plant, leaf length, flowering stalks per plant, length of flowering stalks,
flowers per umbel and umbel diameter in onion cv. Shah Alam. Thus, the highest doze of NPK
(120-140-90 kg ha-1) excelled in almost all the parameters, as it took maximum days to sprouting
(17.50), shoot per plant (6.48), longest leaves (41.20 cm), longest flowering stalk (67.10 cm),
flowers per umbel (372.22), umbel diameter (6.45 cm), 1000 seed weight (3.03 g), seed yield per
plot (378.0 g) and seed yield (420.0 kg ha-1).
Keywords: Onion, Allium cepa, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Flowering stalk, Umbel,
seed weight, seed yield.
_____________________________________________________________________________Corresponding Author: Dr. Kashif Waseem, Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, KPK. Pakistan.Email [email protected]. Cell # 03467869009
1
Introduction
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crop used for consumption
in the raw and mature bulb stage (Mahanthesh et al., 2008). Among horticultural crops it is the
second most important vegetable crop after tomatoes (Griffiths et al., 2002) and ranks first major
exportation crop. It is appreciated by the people throughout the world due its distinctive flavor
and medicinal properties (Padmini et al., 2007).
Onion is an integral part of our daily diet and it is commonly used in almost all food
preparations (Hossain and Islam 1994). One of the advantages of onion is that the bulbs can be
harvest and sold either green in salads (Lannoy, 2001), while the mature bulbs are cooked or
eaten raw as a vegetable (Straub and Emmett, 1992). Onion contributes significant nutritional
value to the human diet and has medicinal properties and is primarily consumed for their unique
flavor or their ability to enhance the flavor to other foods (Randle, 2000). Its extensive use can
cause shortage of this crop if optimum yield will not obtained as population of our country is
increasing day by day. The two main causes of low yield are lack of improved production
technologies and poor quality seed. Onion seed is usually produced in temperate and sub-tropical
areas. It is a biennial crop for the purpose of seed production. Generally in first season bulbs are
produced from seed and in the second season the selected bulbs are replanted to produce seed.
Onion seeds have poor keeping quality and loose their viability within a year. Seed production
program depends upon quality of seeds, agronomic practices and plant protection measures taken
to produce healthy and vigorous crop. Among the agronomic practices, nutrient management
through the use of fertilizers is considered as an important factor for seed production. Mineral
fertilizers play an important role of onion plant growth and productivity (Devlin and Witham,
1986). The essential nutrients particularly, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) are
necessary for plant growth, bulb yield, quality of bulbs and good quality seeds (Brewster, 1994).
Nitrogen is an essential element for both growth and productivity of all the plants and
onion crops. The beneficial effect of nitrogen application on onion yield was noted by Mahmood
et al., (2000), Tiwori et al., (2002), Devi et al., 2003 and Abdel-Mawgoud et al., (2005).
Nitrogen is essential component of many bio-molecules, and is a part of number of enzymes and
coenzymes associated with chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis and crop yield development
(Don Eckert, 2010). Mishra (1994) reported that the application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly 2
increased the number of flowering scapes umbel size, seed yield and seed germination. Similarly,
Phosphorus is also an important nutrient element that stimulates development of root, increase in
the strength of stem, improve flower formation and seed production, earlier and uniform crop
maturity, improved crop quality, and more resistance to plant diseases (Uwah et al., 2010).
Bhardwaj (1991) found that seed production in onion was enhance by the application of 80 kg N
ha-1 and 60 kg P2 O5 ha-1, which increased the number of scapes, size of the umbel, seeds per
umbel and seed yield per plant. Potassium regulates the opening and closing of stomata during
photosynthesis. It plays a vital role in protein synthesis and ionic balance. It is involved in the
activation of enzymes and is essential for production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
(Prajapati and Modi, 2012). Hence, for economic feasibility of onion a balanced ratio of primary
macro-nutrients (NPK) is prerequisite for onion production. Deho et al., (2002) found that
application of NPK @ 80-60-40 kg ha-1 produced more leaves and largest bulb size and gave the
highest onion yield (kg ha-1). Several research workers (Patil et al., 1986 and Arian et al., 1997)
have observed that the NPK fertilizers improved vegetative growth and yield of onions.
Vegetative growth of onion plant, as well as its bulb quality and yield were increased with
increasing the level of mineral fertilizers application (Desuki et al., 2006). Islam et al., (2007)
also found that the application of 120:130:160 kg ha-1 NPK produced the maximum bulb yield in
onion. Owing to the above mentioned facts, this research work was planned to determine the
effect of variable rates of NPK on the quality and seed yield of onion (Allium cepa L) under the
agro-climatic condition of Dera Ismail Khan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A field experiment was conducted to check the performance of onion cv. Shah Alam for
seed production under different NPK combinations at Agriculture Research Institute (ARI) Ratta
Kulachi, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, during 2012-13. The experiment
was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments replicated
three times. Treatment sub plot size was kept 3x3 m2. The experimental area was thoroughly
prepared by ploughing the soil three times. The medium size (3-5 cm) bulbs of cv. Shah Alam
were planted on 25th October 2012 with row to row and plant to plant distance of 30 and 10 cm,
respectively and seed crop was harvested on 13th June, 2013. All the required cultural practices
were kept constant such as irrigation, weeding, pest and disease control etc. and given uniformly
3
in all the experimental plots. The fertilizer treatments included were T1= Control, T2= 30-20-00,
T3= 60-40-15, T4=90-60-30, T5= 120-80-45, T6= 150-100-60, T7= 180-120-75 and T8= 210-
160-90 NPK @ kg ha-1. The parameters studied during this case of study were: days to sprouting,
shoots plant-1, leaf length (cm), flowering stalks plant-1, length of flowering stalks (cm), flower
umbel plant-1, umbel diameter (cm), 1000-seed weight (g), seed yield (g)/plot and seed yield (kg
ha-1). All the data of all the above mentioned parameters were individually subjected to the
analysis of various techniques (Steel et al., 1997), subsequently, then significant means were
separated by the least significant difference test by using the MSTATC computer program.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Days to Sprouting
Highly significant data was recorded regarding days to sprouting as affected by different dozes
of NPK fertilizers in onion. The data shown in Table 1 clearly showed that increasing the rate of
NPK had significantly delayed the sprouting as maximum days (17.50) were recorded in bulbs
receiving the highest fertilizer dose (210-140-90 kg ha-1) closely followed by the plants receiving
180-120-75 kg ha-1 and 150-100-60 kg ha-1 NPK with 17.30 and 16.85 days, respectively and all
these three treatments were statistically akin in terms of period taken for sprouting. Statistically
similar results for days to sprouting were recorded in bulbs receiving NPK @ 120-80-45 and 90-
60-30 kg ha-1 with 16.20 and 15.50 days, respectively. Whereas, control plots took minimum
days (13.50) to sprouting closely followed by NPK@ 30–20–00 with 14.20 days to sprouting .
The result showed that sprouting completion was progressively delayed with the increment of
fertilizers levels. Our results resemble with the previous findings of Jilani (2004) who also
reported significant differences in days to sprouting initiation and sprouting completion by the
application of different levels of NPK fertilizers to different varieties of onion. Similarly Ali et
al., (2007) also found significant differences in days taken for bulb emergence due to various
rates of nitrogen and potassium application during seed production of onion.
Number of Shoots Plant-1
Significant variations existed in number of shoot plant-1 due to application of different rates of
NPK fertilizers. Increment in NPK fertilizer doses also increased the number of shoot plant -1 as
4
maximum shoot plant-1 were recorded in 210-140-90, 180-120-75, 150-100-60 and 120-80-45 kg
NPK ha-1 with 6.48, 5.78, 5.13 and 5.00 shoots, respectively and all these treatments were
statistically at par to each other. Statistically similar results were also obtained in 30-20-00, 60-
40-15 and 90-60-30 kg NPK ha-1 with 4.45, 4.87 with 4.97 shoots plant-1, respectively. Whereas
minimum shoots plant-1 (4.27) was recorded in control. These results are also in conformity with
those of Khalid and Shedeed (2015) who reported that plant growth characters such as number of
shoots per plant increased under various levels of NPK. Similarly, Desuki et al., (2006) also
reported an increase in Onion vegetative growth with an increase in mineral fertilizer application.
Leaf Length (cm)
A progressive increment (cm) in leaf length was noticed with an increase in fertilizer rates.
Significant variation existed in leaf length among the treatments, as shown in Table 1. The
maximum leaf length (41.20 cm) was reported in 210-140-90 followed by 180-120-75 and 150-
100-60 with 39.00 and 38.15 cm long leaves, respectively. Intermediate results were found for
120-80-45 and 90-60-30 kg NPK ha-1 with 37.00 and 35.60 cm long leaves, respectively. The
shortest leaves (29.75 cm) were found in plants growing in control which differed significantly
from all other treatments. The result showed that leaf length (cm) increased when higher doses of
NPK were applied. The reason that control failed to yield more leaf length might be due to the
non-availability of nutrients in the medium as compared to the other media, used. These results
are in agreement with the work of Jilani (2004) who also reported significantly longest leaves by
application of different doses of NPK to various cultivars of onion. Pandey et al., (2012) also
reported increased leaf length with increasing rates of NPK.
Flowering Stalks Plant-1
Although no significant variation was observed among the treatments yet numerically fertilizers
application increased the number of flowering stalks plant-1 and maximum number of flowering
stalks (19.40) was recorded in plants getting the highest NPK doses. The un-fertilized plants and
plants receiving lower doses of NPK fertilizers possessed the lowest number of flowering stalks
plant -1. It was reported by Hanna-alla et al., (1991) that fertilizers application did not affect this
trait as it is genetic character. These results are also in affirmation with Yaso et al., (2007) who
found almost similar results for number flower stalks plant-1 as affected by different NPK
combinations. 5
6
Length of Flowering Stalks (cm)
The perusal of data revealed that fertilizers application increased the length of flowering stalks.
The longest flowering stalk (67.10 cm) were noticed in highest NPK doses (210-140-90) closely
followed by 180-120-75 kg NPK ha-1 with 65.93 cm long flowering stalks and both treatments
produced statistically similar length, as shown in table 1. All other treatments produced
statistically similar results for length of flowering stalks including control. The enhancement of
length of flowering stalks with the application of different rates of NPK fertilizers indicated that
adequate supply of macro nutrients improved flower characteristics of onion cv Shah Alam
under the agro-climatic condition of D.I.Khan. Our results are supported by the findings of Jilani
(2004) who also reported longer flowering stalks by application of different doses of NPK
fertilizers to different varieties of onion.
Number of Flowers Umbel-1
Significant variations existed in number of flowers umbel-1 due to application of different rates of
NPK fertilizers. The results showed an increased number of flowers per umbel with increased
rates of NPK, as maximum flowers umbel-1 (372.22) was recorded in plants receiving the highest
rates of NPK (210-140-90) followed by 180-120-75 kg NPK ha -1 producing 366.22 flowers
umbel-1 and both treatments were statistically alike. Statistically similar response for flowers
umbel-1 was found in 120-80-45 and 90-60-30 with 315.70 and 302.50 flowers umbel -1,
respectively. The minimum number of flowers umbel-1 (266.61) was observed in un-fertilized
plants which differed significantly from all other treatments except (30-20-00) which produced
278.20 flowers umbel-1. Similar findings have been reported by Ali et al., (2007) who recorded
greater number of flowers umbel-1 by application of different doses of N and K.
Umbel Diameter (cm)
Significant variations existed in umbel diameter due to application of different rates of NPK
fertilizers. An increased rate of NPK fertilizer rate (210-140-90) produced maximum umbel
diameter (6.45 cm) which differed significantly from all other treatments. It was followed by
150-100-60, 180-120-75, 120-80-45 and 90-60-30 kg NPK ha-1 with 588, 5.87, 5.65 and 5.54 cm
umber diameter and all these treatments were significantly similar. The un-fertilized plants
produced minimum umbel diameter (4.35 cm) which also differed statistically from other
treatments. Statistically similar umbel diameter of 4.92 and 4.96 cm were recorded in 30-20-00 7
and 60-40-30 accordingly. Our results resemble with the previous findings of Bhardwaj (1991)
who also found increased onion umbel diameter with increased fertilizer applications. Likewise
Ali et al., (2007) also recorded greater umbel diameter, highest number of fruits set per umbel
and maximum percentage of fruits set per umbel by application of different doses of N and K.
1000-Seed Weight (g)
The data showed that 1000-seed weight (g) increased with an increase in nutrient (NPK)
application. The maximum seed weight (3.05 g per 1000-seeds) was achieved from 180-120-75
very closely followed by 210-140-90 which produced seed weight of 3.03 g and both treatments
were significantly similar. Likewise, 150-100-60 and 120-80-45 also produced seeds of
statistically similar weight (2.96 and 2.92 g 1000-seeds-1). The minimum seed weight (2.73 g
1000-seeds-1) was recorded in un-fertilized plants which were statistically similar to 30-20-00
producing 2.78 g 1000-seeds-1. Our results are in agreement with the findings of Ali et al., (2007)
who reported 1000-seed weight from 2.87 to 3.01g. Similarly Gasim and George (2007) reported
significant effect on seed quality due to NPK application. Increased seed weight in highest NPK
treatments may be due to the more availability of nutrients that might have produced valiant,
good quality, vigorous and heavier seeds resulting into maximum 1000 seed weight (Lamo 2009
and Mehta 2010).
Seed Yield (g Plot-1)
Different rates of NPK fertilizers application significantly affected the seed yield plot -1, as shown
in table 2. The data revealed that fertilizers application boosted the seed yield. The highest seed
yield (378.00 g plot-1) was achieved from highest NPK doses (210-140-90) followed by 180-120-
75 which produced seed yield of 369.180 g and both treatments were significantly similar. Better
seed yield (346.50, 324.45, 293.22 g plot-1) was obtained in plots with 150-100-60, 120-80-45
and 90-60-30 kg NPK ha-1 respectively. All other treatments differed significantly from each
other. The minimum seed yield (174.780 g) was obtained from control plots.
Seed Yield (kg ha-1)
The perusal of data revealed that fertilizers application enhanced seed yield per hectare. The
maximum seed yield (420.00 kg) was obtained by the application of higher NPK doze (210-140-
90) very closely followed by 180-120-75 producing seed yield of 410.200 kg and both treatments 8
were statistically identical. The minimum seed yield of 194.200 kg ha-1 was achieved from un-
fertilized plots (control) which differed significantly from all other treatments (Table 02).
Enhancement in seed yields were recorded by Ali et al., (2007) with the application of different
levels of N and K. Similarly, higher seed yield was obtained by Aminpour et al., (2007) by
application of NPK fertilizers. However, Ayala et al., (1996) reported higher seed yield with the
application of NPK @ 153-37-14 kg ha-1. This increased yield might be due to the reason that
maximum leaf length which promoted more photosynthetic activities and efficient utilization of
photosynthates from leaves to the reproductive parts of the plant and this might have enhanced
seed fillings better and more number of flowers per umbel, thus resulting in maximum seed yield
(Panwar et al., 2000 and Sharma 2000).
CONCLUSION
The results of present experiment indicated that application of NPK proved beneficial for
onion seed yield. It can be concluded from the present study that application of higher rates of
NPK fertilizers (210-140-90 and 180-120-75 kg ha-1 NPK) should be appropriate for obtaining
increased profitable seed yield of onion under the agro-climatic conditions of Dera Ismail Khan.
9
Table:1 Days to Sprouting, number of shoots plant-1, leaf length (cm), flowering
stalks per plant and length of flowering stalk (cm) as affected by different
doses of NPK fertilizers.
Treatment
N-P-K (kg ha-1)
Days to
Sprouting
Shoots per
Plant
Leaf
Length
(cm)
Flowering
Stalks per
Plant
Length of
Flowering
Stalks (cm)
00-00-00 13.50 f 4.27 c 29.75 h 15.60 N.S 55.07 c
30–20–00 14.20 ef 4.45 bc 31.00 g 16.65 55.40 c
60–40–15 14.80 de 4.84 bc 33.50 f 17.00 55.55 c
90–60–30 15.50 cd 4.97 bc 35.60 e 17.55 56.10 c
120–80– 45 16.20 bc 5.00 abc 37.00 d 18.25 57.73 c
150–100–60 16.85 ab 5.13 abc 38.15 c 18.30 59.68 bc
180–120–75 17.30 ab 5.78 ab 39.00 b 18.50 65.93 ab
210–140– 90 17.50 a 6.48 a 41.20 a 19.40 67.10 a
LSD at P < 0.05 1.163 1.50 0.79 7.41
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P<.05)
Table:2 Flowers per umbel, Umbel diameter (cm), 1000 seed weight (g), seed yield
plot-1 (g) and seed yield (kg ha-1) as affected by different doses of NPK
fertilizers.
Treatment
N-P-K (kg ha-1)
Flowers per
Umbel
Umbel
Diameter
(cm)
1000-Seed
Weight (g)
Seed Yield
Plot-1 (g)
Seed Yield
(kg ha-1)
00–00 266.61 e 4.35 d 2.73 d 174.78 g 194.20 g
30–20–00 278.20 de 4.92 c 2.78 d 209.25 f 232.50 f
60–40–15 285.00 d 4.96 c 2.84 c 243.00 e 270.00 e
90–60–30 302.50 c 5.54 b 2.86 c 293.22 d 325.80 d
120–80–45 315.70 c 5.65 b 2.92 b 324.45 c 360.50 c
150–100–60 345.60 b 5.88 b 2.96 b 346.50 b 385.00 b
180–120–75 366.22 a 5.87 b 3.05 a 369.18 a 410.20 a
210–140–90 372.22 a 6.45 a 3.03 a 378.00 a 420.00 a
LSD at P < 0.05 15.33 0.52 0.053 19.39 16.25
Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P<.05)
10
11
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