Stakeholder Perceptions towards Discourse Function Change of Sempu Island Nature Reserve, Malang

Nursya Arsa Sabila1, Wiwin Setyawati1, Fitri Salamah1, Agus Ariyanto2, Dewa Gede Raka Wiadnya3

1 Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu kelautan Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran 65145 Malang2 Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber daya Alam Jawa Timur

3Ichthyofauna FPIK Universitas Brawijaya*Corresponding author: nursa.arsa@gmail.com

Abstract

Sempu Island Nature Reserve is a conservation area with the highest level of protection. In addition to monitoring and scientific research, all forms of visits are prohibited. Currently, there is a discourse to change the function of the Nature Reserve to receive tourist visits. The study was conducted from April to May 2018 to find out the stakeholder perceptions of the discourse and conduct risk analysis from each perception. Reconnaissance survey results in early April have identified 15 stakeholder groups with an interest in the existence of Nature Reserve, which is composed of 130 individuals. The rating stakeholder test shows a strong enough value (≥ 6) from each stakeholder group. Sampling for stakeholder interviews was conducted on 31 respondents representing each group. In addition, information was also drawn from 12 experts and 101 non-stakeholder respondents. The results obtained 47% of stakeholders approved the change of function. Stakeholders who agree turn out to be from groups that use Nature Reserve as their livelihood source, directly or indirectly. Environmental groups and the Government tend to maintain the status of Nature Reserve (53%). One stakeholder group expressed rejection for reasons of tourism destination competition. Expert opinion split evenly, 36% agreed, 27% disagreed, and 37% abstained. Non-stakeholder opinion generally declined to change function (80%), only 7% agreed and 13% abstained. If natur reserve status is consistently maintained, the government should pay attention to the impact of economic losses for some communities.

Keywords: Downlisting, stakeholder, strict nature reserve

INTRODUCTIONSempu Island is one of nature reserves in Indonesia that has been established since

March 15, 1928 based on Decree of the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies. 46 Stbl. 69. Then in 2011 the area was re-designated as a nature reserve based on Decree of the Minister of Forestry Number: SK.395 / Menhut-II / 2011 on Amendment to Decree of Minister of Forestry and Estate Crops No. 417 / Kpts-II / 1999 on Appointment of Forest Area in Territory Province I Region of East Java of 1.357.206,30 (one million three hundred fifty seven thousand two hundred six and thirty percent) Hectares. The determination of this area is based on botanical, aesthetic and topographical factors. Potential flora, fauna and ecosystems have a high value that can represent Java's lowland forest ecosystems. The Sempu Island settlement as a nature reserve is very important because the small island area makes the distribution area limited and the threat of environmental degradation is highly vulnerable to habitat on the island.

Nature reserve area which due to its natural condition has peculiarities of plants, animals, and ecosystems or certain ecosystems that need to be protected and its development takes place naturally, this is in accordance with Law no. 5/1990 on the Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and its Ecosystem.

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The establishment of a nature reserve area in Indonesia is based on the division of protected areas by the International Union for Conservation Nations (IUCN), where Nature Reserves fall into the Strict Nature Reserve category (Alder et al., 1994). In Law no. 5/1990 also explained that the determination of the area as a nature reserve because of its natural nature and its potential flora and fauna so it needs to be protected for the interests of science and culture.

Basically a nature reserve is a highly protected and limited area of community visit except for a few things such as education and research that support the conservation of the nature reserve. But in fact not so that happened in Sempu Island Nature Reserve, the beauty of Sempu Island is very fascinating resulting in the number of visits with tourist destinations to the island can no longer be dammed by the government. This has been responded by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry by evaluating the suitability of Sempu Island Nature Reserve function. Then came the issue of changing the function of the Nature Reserve that many discussed by the media, NGOs, and the community.

Based on the issue of changing the function (downlisting) of Sempu Island Nature Reserve into a Nature Tourism Park, the idea arises to solve problems from the issue. So from this research will get recommendation in making policy problem of Sempu Island Nature Reserve.

METHODPlace and TimeThis research was conducted in April - June 2018 in Tambakrejo Village, Sumbermanjing Wetan Sub District, Malang Regency; National Fish Seminar of the 10th and the 5th Congress of Society Iktiologi; and https://goo.gl/forms/HH5qn0pMlX9okSOq1.

Type of ResearchThe type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. Qualitative research seeks to build reality and understand the meaning implied in a phenomenon and text by taking into account the process of events and their authenticity, so researchers are the key instrument in describing the behavior or culture that exists in society (Somantri, 2005).

Research StagesThe research was conducted with several research methods, namely:1. Reconnaissance Survey

Reconnaissance Survey is a brief field visit to Sempu Island to identify relevant stakeholders, ie by seeing if the stakeholder influences or is affected by the discourse of the Sempu Island Nature Reserve function. The results of this survey are the list of stakeholders shown in Appendix 1.

2. Stakeholder RatingStakeholder ratings are used to select groups to be questioned on the strength of

stakeholders on the issue of functional change. Mitchell et al. in Mikalsen and Jentoft (2001) have developed a way of classifying stakeholders based on "scores" with three attributes, namely: Legitimacy, Power, and Urgency. Legitimacy is a stakeholder who has legal or claim to Sempu Island Nature Reserve; Power is a stakeholder who is in a position to influence in decision making; and Urgency are stakeholders whose claims demand immediate attention or interest from Sempu Island. The method of classification

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is the reference of researchers in giving ratings or ratings on each stakeholder. Scoring uses a scale of 1-3, where 1 means low, 2 means mean, and 3 means high. (Appendix 1).

3. Preparation of questionnairesAfter knowing the stakeholders involved, then the next making questionnaire. The

questionnaire was used as a researcher's guide on what the respondents wanted to know, but was not taken during the interview. The questionnaire was made with eight main questions as follows:

Figure 1 PKM PSH Research Questionnaire

4. SamplingAccording to (Margono, 2005) the determination of the number of samples can use the formula:

n= N Z2 P[1−P]N d2+P[1−P]

Explanation:n : number of research samplesN : total sample population (130 individuals)d : acceptable maximum error (0,1)Z : standard normal variable (1.92)P : Percentage variance set (0.05)The number of samples determined is obtained from the calculation:

n=130 x1.922 x0.05 [1−0.05]130 x 0.12+0.05[1−0.05]

n=16.893 ≈ 17 sampel

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So the number of samples taken in this study that is 17 people.

Samples taken in this study represent each stakeholder group, the sample selection method used is stratified random sampling. But the reality in the field is not all respondents who have been randomly selected can be found or refused to be invited to work together, so it is used also purposive and snowball sampling method, to get respondents who can meet the required data. In addition, interviews were also conducted to several experts and conducted charging questionnaires by the general public as a comparison data.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONDescription of RespondentsResearch respondents consist of stakeholders, experts, and the general public. Each respondent comes from different circles, namely:

Table 1 Description of Respondents

Stakeholder Experts PublicNumber of respondents 31 12 101Gender 88% Male;

12% Female64% Male; 36% Female

33% Male; 67% Female

Age 22-60 y.o. 30-60 y.o. 17-25 y.o.Education Elementary

Schooler-Bachelor

Bachelor-Doctoral

High Schooler-Master

Analysis of PerceptionStakeholder Based on the questionnaire used in this study (Figure 1), the following results are obtained:

1 2 3 4 5 60

102030405060708090

100

Ya/SetujuTidak Setuju

Question

Perc

enta

ge (%

)

Agree

Dis-agree

Figure 2 Percentage of Stakeholder Perceptions

From the Figure 2 above can be explained that according to the question 1) Do you know Sempu Island? 100% of stakeholders interviewed knew Sempu Island, but as many as 88% knew about Sempu Island's protection status, 12% responded that Sempu Island is a Protected Forest. According to the question 2) As what function you know Sempu Island (function of existence), although already know that Sempu Island is a Nature Reserve, as many as 47% stakeholder stated that Sempu Island can be visited for tourist destination and 53% stated Sempu Island should not be visited. According to the question 3) Based on the provisions of

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the regulation, whether Sempu Island can / can be visited? According to the question 4) Have you ever entered into the Sempu Island area? of this question 90% of stakeholders have visited the Sempu Island area. Question 5) Do you know about Sempu Island discourse to be opened for tourism? 93% of stakeholders said they knew about the discourse. Question 6) What do you think of the discourse: agree, disagree or abstain? As many as 47% agreed with the discourse. Stakeholders who agree turn out to come from a group of stakeholders who use Nature Reserve as their source of livelihood either directly or indirectly. Stakeholder groups that agree is the Fisherman who dropping tourists acroos to Sempu Island, Guide, PERHUTANI, Stall Owner, and Travel Agent. Meanwhile, environmental groups and the government tend to maintain the nature reserve function as much as 53%. The reason for agreeing or disagreeing is stated by answering the question 7), stakeholders who agree to declare, lowered the function of Nature Reserve because it is the livelihood of the community around Sempu Island, besides, by being used as a place of public tourism and the government can maintain each other Sempu Island. On the other hand, stakeholders who disagree with the discourse stated that with the decrease of Nature Reserve function becomes tourist place will damage the ecology and accumulation of garbage in Sempu Island. One stakeholder group declared the rejection of the reasons for the competition of tourist destinations.

ExpertResearchers use expert and public opinions as secondary data or additional data used

as a comparison of stakeholder opinions. Experts in this case consists of experts from various fields of science and lecturers from various universities in Malang. This expert opinion gathering was obtained by attending the 10th National Fish Seminar (Poster Session) at LIPI Bogor. Then Lecturers' opinion was obtained by meeting directly at various universities in Malang. Perceptions Experts are also presented in pie chart form for easy reading, as follows:

36%

36%

27%

AbstainSetujuTidak Setuju

Abstained

Agree

Disagree

Figure 3 Percentage Chart of Expert Perception ComparisonExpert perception split evenly, 36% agreed, 27% disagreed, and 37% abstained.

PublicWhile the public opinion consists of the opinions of people who fill out the online

form on the Google Form site. An online form created by researchers published to social media 'LINE' to several chat groups with a total of 1365 members. The results obtained from this public opinion are 7% of the total members. The following is a general opinion on the Sempu Island Nature Reserve:

5

13%

80%

7%

Abstain

Tidak Setuju

Setuju

Abstained

DisagreeAgree

Figure 4 Percentage Comparison Chart of Public Perceptions

From the above diagram it can be seen that 80% of respondents stated that they do not agree with the change of Sempu Island Nature Reserve function, some of the reasons given are if the function is lowered will affect the condition of the surrounding ecosystem, then the number of tourist visits will increase the amount of waste in the area of Nature Reserve Island Sempu. Furthermore, 7% of respondents agreed with the change of Sempu Island Nature Reserve function because it can provide jobs to the fishermen around the area, but also with the making of tourist destinations will increase awareness of nature in order to remain sustainable and become a tourist destination that attracted many people.

Analysis of Impact Reduced income of surrounding communitiesThe people around Sempu Island area are profession as a mining fisherman, according to them if Sempu Island remains a Nature Reserve, then their income will decrease, it happened when BBKSDA issued a circular that Sempu Island is still Nature Reserve, here is the calculation:

Tabel 2 Pendapatan Masyarakat sekitar Kawasan Pulau Sempu

Num StakeholderNumber

of Members

Income / trip

Before any discourse After any discourseTrip / day

TotalTrip / day

Total

1 Nelayan Tambangan

21 Rp 100,000 1 - 2 Rp 200,000 0 - 1 Rp 100,000

2 Pemandu 30 Rp 100,000 1 - 2 Rp 200,000

0 - 1 Rp 100,000

3 Warung wisata

1 Rp1,000,000

Rp 100,000

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Impact on the ecology of Sempu IslandBased on Evaluation of Conformity Function (EKF) conducted by BBKSDA East Java, the impacts that occur due to the visitors who enter into the Sempu Island are: 1) The soil compaction due to the presence of visitors into the area; 2) Dead plants die from being trampled by the presence of visitors; 3) Damage to wildlife habitat; 4) Deviation of wildlife diet (long-tailed monkeys); 5) Changes in wildlife activity patterns; and 6) Trash left by visitors (plastic waste, cans and bottles of drinking water).

CONCLUSIONThere are still many disagreements among stakeholders and there is a conflict of interest to make the issue of change of function need to be studied more deeply. If the function of the nature reserve is consistently maintained, the government should pay attention to the economic loss impacts for some communities, but if the nature reserve function is lowered, the government should pay attention to the impact that will be generated on the ecology of Sempu Island. Based on the results of research, the impact faced more cornering local communities, especially those who work as fishing mines and guides because these people are directly in touch with the problems of changing the function of Sempu Island Nature Reserve.

BIBLIOGRAPHYAlder, J; N. Sloan; dan H. Uktolseya.1994. Advances in Marine Protected Area Management

in Indonesia: 1988-1993. Ocean and Coastal Management 25 (1994) 63-75.

Irawanto, R; A. Rahadiantoro; dan I.K. Abywijaya. 2016. Pemetaan Koleksi Tumbuhan Hasil Eksplorasi Pulau Sempu 2016. Seminar Nasional Biodiversitas VI, Surabaya 3 September 2016.

Salm, R.V. 1984. Volume 6: Marine and Coastal Protected Areas in Indonesia. Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHPA) Bogor.

Somantri, G. R., 2005. Memahami Metode Kualitatif. MAKARA : SOSIAL HUMANIORA, Volume 9, pp. 57-65.

Wahyunik, S. 2017. Status Cagar Alam Pulau Sempu Dipertimbangkan untuk Diturunkan Jadi Wisata Alam Bebas. Tribunnews.

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APPENDIXAppendix 1 List of Sempu Island Stakeholders

Num Ind / Instance Name

StakeHolder

Number of Members

Role

Stakeholder Rating

Total Sample(+) (-) 1 2 3

1 Fisherman 1 (Bu M) 1 3 15 (+) Vowel figures(-) No other job, CA remains consistent, he loses his job

1 2 3 6 3

2 Fisherman 2 (Pak EL) 3 2 6 (+) Vowel figures(-) No other job, CA remains consistent, he loses his job

1 2 3 6 2

3 Guide 1 1 20 (+) Vowel figures(-) No other job, CA remains consistent, he loses his job

2 2 3 7 4

4 Former Head of Tambakrejo Village

1 1 1 As Key Informant 1 1 1 3 0

5 Head of Tambakrejo Village

2 2 1 (+) Vowel figures(-) Income for the village will decrease if CA remains

3 2 2 7 1

7 Sempu Care Alliance 2 1 10 (+) Provides an influential vote in maintaining a SAP CAP.(-) Feeling unsuccessful in escorting conservation area including sempu island nature reserve

2 3 3 8 4

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8 Officer BKSDA Sendang Biru

2 1 4 (+) Vowel figures(-) Will lose his job as it is revealed to be a natural tourism park

2 1 2 5 2

10 Naval Officer 2 1 12 (+) Vowel figures vowels, have the right to ban visitors to the island sempu(-) Not affected, because it has the duty and authority according to the law

2 1 2 5 2

9 Air and Water Police 2 1 4 (+) Vowel figures, have the right to ban visitors to sempu island such as polair(-) Not affected, because it has the duty and authority in accordance with the law.

2 1 2 5 1

11 PERHUTANI 2 3 4 (+) Vowel figures(-) If the sempu island is closed then income from perhutani will decrease. Whether it's income from mesh, shop or from the entrance ticket that has been managed.

2 1 2 5 1

12 Clungup Mangrove Conservation (CMC)

2 3 30 (+) Vocal figure, rejection of Sempu Island becomes TWA(-) If sempu island becomes TWA CMC tourist visitors will decrease and switch to sempu. Workers who are in cmc will decrease their income.

2 1 3 6 3

13 Stall Owner 1 2 5 (-) Revenue from tourist stalls will be reduced, but there is still income from the fishermen who stop fishing hook

1 1 3 5 1

14 UPT-P2SKP 2 2 15 (+) Vowel figures(-) The port becomes crowded with passing

1 1 2 4 2

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visitors who want to sempu island15 TOUR-TRAVEL 1 1 2 (+) Vowel figures

(-) Reduced revenue of one tour package to sempu island

1 2 3 6 1

16 BBKSDA-East Java 3 3 1 (+) Vowel figures, are entitled to decide the functional changes of the sempu island

3 2 2 7 1

17 FISHING FISHERY 1 2 140 (-) Can not lean the boat anymore on the north side of the island sempu

1 1 1 3 0

18 FISH PURSE SEINE 1 2 50 (-) Can not lean the boat anymore on the north side of the island sempu

1 1 1 3 0

Appendix 2 Stakeholder Perceptions

Num Name SampleStakeholder’s Answer (%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 Fisherman 1 (Bu M) 3 100 67 100 67 100 100 Because it will become the

livelihood of citizens, for forest and tourism are equally guarded

Opened several points for tours

2 Fisherman 2 (Pak EL) 2 100 50 100 100

100 100 Because it will become the livelihood of citizens

Opened several points for tours

3 Guide 4 100 100 100 100

100 100 In order to empower the surrounding community and as a livelihood

Opened several points for tours

4 Former Head of Tambakrejo Village

1 100 100 100 100

100 100 Community empowerment, there is input to the state finances

Opened several points for tours

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5 Head of Tambakrejo Village

1 100 100 100 0 100 0 Because I do not know about the sempu island nature reserve

If forced to open some point, but it should not

6 Sempu Care Alliance 2 100 100 0 100

100 0 Destroying the ecology of Sempu Island

Stay closed as a Nature Reserve

7 Officer BKSDA Sendang Biru

1 100 100 0 100

100 0 Destroying ecology, our job Stay closed as a Nature Reserve

8 Naval Officer 3 100 100 0 100

100 0 Have no authority there, so follow the rules

Stay closed as a Nature Reserve

9 Air and Water Police 1 100 100 0 100

100 0 Perform tasks as per law Stay closed as a Nature Reserve

10 PERHUTANI 1 100 100 0 100

100 100 Because if opened to benefit the community

Opened several points for tours

11 Clungup Mangrove Conservation (CMC)

6 100 100 0 83 100 0 Destroying the ecology of Sempu Island

Stay closed as a Nature Reserve

12 Stall Owner 1 100 0 100 100

100 100 Because with the opened tourist stalls will be crowded, and can together keep the island Sempu

Opened several points for tours

13 UPT-P2SKP 3 100 100 0 100

100 0 Because there are many other tours that can be developed

Stay closed as a Nature Reserve

14 TOUR-TRAVEL 1 100 100 100 100

0 100 Because by opening tours there are advantages that we can be great

Opened several points for tours

15 BKSDA-East Java 1 100 100 0 100

100 0 Because it will damage the ecology

Stay closed as a Nature Reserve

RATA-RATA 31 100 88 47 90 93 47

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Appendix 3 Expert Perception

Name StatusPerseptio

nExplanation

Prof MYD Zoologists Abstained If you want to lowered its function needs to be done assessment of the ecosystem, because if one day the vegetation in Sempu Island was lost then also lost Sempu Island. Whatever the status, it should be noted how the control of the regional manager, do not let there is an element of interest so that it continues to be lowered its function and land conversion occurs

Mrs. CTN Research and Development of Marine and Fisheries Ministry

Abstained Because I do not know about sempu island. Better analyzed more deeply about the impact that will be generated. Plus and minus are all considered. Asked again about the stakeholders because it is most important not to get out the government's policies make a lot of losses bari stakeholders, especially local communities. Because I just know also that there is a social gap there.

Dr CS Lecturer of MSP IPB

Disagree I do not agree if the funnel is lowered because it will damage the existing ecosystem there, then for the problems of the people who work there, in fact there are already developed tours that need to be developed there alone potential community

Prof DA Lecturer of BP UB

Agree Better Sempu Island is managed as a tour because the management of Pulau Sempu also requires a fee, the only way yes from tourism if only conservation alone can not. The management must also be taken into consideration such as how the capacity of the location. the more natural a place, the more expensive the tour becomes

Mr. PD Lecturer of STP

Agree I agree that the island's nature reserve functions are downgraded because many communities depend on the island, if it is closed there will be greater conflict as many people lose their jobs

Mrs. SS Ministry of the environment and forestry

Abstained Keep in mind how things are there, first look at the ecosystem, then how social there. Changing the function of a conservation land is not something taboo, but it is not something that should be done in a hurry. There needs to be a consultation that is tiered from the village, sub-district and so on

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Mrs. PJ Ministry of the environment and forestry

Abstained If talking about functional change, which can do evaluation is hall responsible in this case mean BKSDA, to do this evaluation there are separate steps listed in PP no. 28 on function evaluation, but in the evaluation process BKSDA can form a team consisting of institutions, students etc.

Prof LMP Curator of Florida Museum of Natural History &Director of IDigBio, USA

Disagree It is unfortunate if the Nature Reserve is lowered its function to be a natural tourism park because there will be ecosystems there are damaged by tourist visits. Such problems are complex in terms of social and economic aspects of society, but how to remain as nature reserves as much as possible

Mr. TMQ UMM Forestry Lecturer

Agree I agree if Sempu Island is downgraded, he as a realistic conservatoris see that sempu island is untenable and should be a natural tourism park because the impact will give positive impact, for example, the society economy will develop, there will be no illegal visitors and suistanable nature reserve area . Provided that only opened tourist areas only. No need for anything else. That way, the community will be empowered and will also be more suistanable. If sempu island is still preserved as a nature reserve, then the negative impact will be many, namely: the number of visitors are illegal and will adversely affect the flora fauna that exist in the island sempu. Examples of long-tailed monkey behavior that is in sigara tillers who like to steal food from visitors. It shows that the negative impact of illegal visitors.

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Mr. FDL UB Tourism Lecturer

Agree I agree if the island Sempu lowered its function. From the glasses of a tourism expert he did agree if sempu island remains used as Nature Reserve because of its own nature reserves including tours, with solutions for people who depend on the island sempu empowered through pengelolahan community trained to be a guide who is correct with the functions of nature reserves and tours, opened only for special tours only, no food can carry food should not be thrown away arbitrarily, ticketing is expensive, synchronization between the role of society and government is needed. In his scientific perspective that nature reserve including tourism. The wrong view of tourism can undermine the notion of tourism. It's just economic interests by certain elements that dominate so that the image of tourism becomes ugly. The cause of misunderstanding of tourism by the BKSDA by announcing the prohibition of all sorts of tourist form is prohibited to the island sempu. It would be nice to be replaced with the word "No visit to the island sempu except for educational and research purposes". So do not misunderstand the sense of tourism.

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Mr. SKD UB Fishery Lecturer

Disagree He declared disagree if CA Sempu Island downgraded its function. The existence of the issue of changing the island sempu function into a natural tourism park he gave opinion disagree. Although it was partly opened, it still does not agree because it is not in accordance with the rules of nature reserves.

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