Romanticism – A Movement Across the Arts (1800 – 1850)

Romanticism refers to a movement in ________, ________________________, and _______________________ during the 19th century.

Romanticism is characterized by the 5 “I”so Imaginationo Intuitiono Idealismo Inspirationo Individuality

____________________________________________ o Imagination was emphasized over “reason.”o This was a backlash against the rationalism characterized by the Neoclassical period

or _______________________________________________. ____________________________________________

o Romantics placed value on “intuition,” or feeling and instincts, over reason.o _____________________________ were important in Romantic art

____________________________________________ o Idealism is the concept that we can ______________________________________________

_____________________.o Idealism refers to any theory that emphasizes the spirit, the mind, or language over

matter – ________________________ has a crucial role in making the world the way it is. ____________________________________________

o The Romantic artist, musician, or writer, is an “___________________________________” rather than a “technical master.”

o What this means is “__________________________________________________” or being spontaneous, rather than “getting it precise.”

____________________________________________ o Romantics celebrated the individual.o During this time period, ________________________________________ and

_________________________________ were taking root as major movements. Visual Arts

o Neoclassical art was rigid, severe, and unemotional; it hearkened back to ancient Greece and Rome

o Romantic art was ________________________, deeply-felt, individualistic, and exotic. It has been described as a ______________________ to Neoclassicism, or “anti-Classicism.”

Romantic Period Jigsaw ActivityDIRECTIONS: You are going to be assigned a specific section in the textbook to read and answer questions to. First read the sections assigned to you and then answer the questions/take notes on the section. Be specific and write in complete sentences.

Part I: Introduction (pages 138-140)1. Describe the two different journeys to Philadelphia discussed in this section.

2. How does Benjamin Franklin’s and other “rationalists’” view of the city differ from the Romantics?

Part II: The Romantic Sensibility: Celebrating Imagination (pages 140-141)1. Define Romanticism.

2. What did the Romantics believe about imagination?

3. What was the highest embodiment of the imagination?

Part III: Romantic Escapism: From Dull Realities to Higher Truths (pages 142-143)1. In what kinds of settings did the Romantics look to escape “dull realities?”

2. On what did the Romantics reflect in order to reveal underlying beauty and truth?

3. While the Puritans found God in the Bible, where did the Romantics find their divinity?

Part IV: The American Novel and the Wilderness Experience (pages 143-144)1. What kinds of subject matter did Romantic novelists work with, that often reinforced the

idealization of frontier life?

2. Describe the American heroic figure Natty Bumppo, and identify who created him.

Part V: A New Kind of Hero (pages 144-145)1. According to the Romantics, where can virtue be found in a hero?

2. Where can eternal truths be discovered (Hint: not in libraries, cities, or court life)?

Part VI: American Romantic Poetry: Read at Every Fireside (page 146)1. How does Romantic poetry differ from Romantic novels?

2. Who were the Fireside Poets and why were they called that?

Part VII: The Transcendentalists: True Reality is Spiritual (pages 146-147)1. Define transcendental and explain how transcendentalists felt about “human

perfectability.”

Part VIII: Emerson and Transcendentalism: The American Roots (page 147)1. What did Emerson write about every natural fact?

2. How is this similar to the beliefs of the Puritans?

Part IX: Emerson’s Optimistic Outlook (page 147)1. What is intuition?

2. Explain Emerson’s views of God.

3. Why did Emerson’s optimism and hope appeal to people during the 19th century?

Part X: The Dark Romantics (pages 148-149)1. How were the Romantics and the Dark Romantics similar?

2. How were the Romantics and the Dark Romantics different?

3. How were the views of the Dark Romantics similar to those of the Puritans?

“Legend of Sleepy Hollow” – Washington IrvingDIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Be specific with your answers.

1. Describe the setting.

2. Describe Ichabod Crane.

3. Describe Brom Bones.

4. Describe Katrina Van Tassel.

5. Why is Ichabod attracted to Katrina Van Tassel? (Don’t state the obvious answer!)

6. What are the conflicts in the story?

7. Why does Ichabod become a perfect victim of Brom Bones?

8. How do the story’s elements support the characteristics of the Romantic Period?

Washington Irving Notes Irving (1783 – 1859)

o Born into a middle-class American family o Did not sign his real name to his work until he was fifty. o The Sketch Book (1819) contains 32 stories two best stories: “Rip Van Winkle” and

“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”o Plots are based on old ______________________________________________—directed to

read these by Sir Walter Scotto Few of the stories are really original, but he provides a voice in his pieces unlike

anything America had seen. o He gave America an international ______________________________________________. o Considered feeling and language as more important elements in his art than story

or character.

“The Devil and Tom Walker” o Romantic story written in with many supernatural elements o Published in The Tales of a Traveler (1824)

_________________________________—stopped writing fiction o Set outside of Boston (1727), thirty-five years after the Salem Witch Trials and

almost fifty years before the American Revolution o Story’s plot is based on a famous archetypal German legend about a man called

_____________.o Faust was a sixteenth-century German philosopher who

__________________________________ ________________________________________ l for knowledge and power.

o Irving wanted his audience to see that ________________________ and __________________________________________ may lead us down the wrong or immoral path.

Mood o ____________________________________________________________________________________ o Able to be seen through the setting, author’s word choice, and the overall plot. o Generally there is one dominant mood for a story, play, or poem. o Some mood words…

____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________

Archetypeso An _________________________________________________________________________________

that is repeated throughout the ages. o Can be a plot, an event, a character, a setting, or an object.o The story of a person who sells his soul to the devil for worldly gain is an archetypal

plot o Other examples…

The ______________________________ Figure (this character represents evil incarnate)

The _________________________ (her physical attraction may bring the hero’s downfall)

Battle between good vs. evil

“The Devil and Tom Walker” by Washington IrvingListen to the short story on pages 153-161. Answer the questions when finished

reading together.1. How does the description of Tom’s house affect the mood of the story?

2. What might the great tree, rotten at the core, symbolize?

3. What conclusion can you draw from the fact that these men’s names have been hacked into the trees and the fact that the black man carries an ax?

4. What is the meaning of the black fingerprint branded into Tom’s forehead, and what does it imply about Tom’s future?

5. What is the mood of the passage (the first complete paragraph on page 158/1st column), and what words create this mood? How does this passage heighten the suspense about the fate of Tom’s wife?

6. How does Tom try to “cheat” the Devil and their deal?

7. What aspect of society is Irving satirizing (making fun of human silliness) in showing Tom’s change?

8. What finally happens to Tom Walker?

9. What is the story’s main point, according to the narrator’s comment at the end of the story?

Symbolism: a symbol is a word or object that stands for another word or object in a story

The difference between an allegory and a symbol is that an allegory is a complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to get a point across, while a symbol is a representation of an idea or concept that can have a different meaning throughout a literary work

Why do authors use symbolism in their stories?Authors include symbolism in their work to give it deeper meaning

Part I: Symbolism. Explain what each of the following people/things represent from “The Devil and Tom Walker.”

· The Devil: TEMPTATION

· The shortcut through the swamp:

· The rotted trees in the forest:

· Tom Walker:

· The Bible buried under mortgage papers: GREED AND MORAL DECAY

· Tom Walker's new house:

· Tom Walker as an evil broker:

Part II: Imagery, Characterization, and Mood. Read the example of imagery, examples of characterization, and example of the overall mood of the story. Explain what each of the quotes are illustrating in details (2-3 sentences).

Quote Explanation

Imagery 1“They lived in a forlorn-looking house that stood alone, and had an air of

starvation” (154)

Indirect Characterization

“He became, therefore, all of a sudden, a violent

churchgoer. He prayed loudly and strenuously, as if heaven were to be taken by force of

lungs” (160).

Direct Characterization “Tom’s wife was a tall

termagant, fierce of temper, loud of tongue, and strong of

arm.” (154)

Mood

“At length, it is said, just in the brown hour of twilight,

when the owls began to hoot, and the bats began to flit about, his attention was

attracted by the clamor of carrion crows hovering about

a cypress tree…”(158).

ARCHETYPES ACTIVITY:Archetypes are an image, plotline, or character type which recurs frequently as a pattern throughout different literary outlets. For example, the wicked witch, the enchanted prince, the sleeping beauty, and the fairy godmother are widely dispersed throughout folk literature and appear in slightly different forms in poetry, drama, and novels.

Directions: Individually, complete the following directions:

SITUATIONAL ARCHETYPES1. THE QUEST 2. THE TASK 3. THE JOURNEY4. THE INITIATION 5. THE FALL 6. THE RITUAL7. DEATH AND REBIRTH 8. MAGIC WEAPON 9. UNHEALABLE WOUND10.NATURE VS. MECHANIC WORLD 11.BATTLE BETWEEN GOOD AND EVIL

CHARACTER ARCHETYPES

SYMBOLIC ARCHETYPES 1. LIGHT VS. DARKNESS 2. HEAVEN VS. HELL3. WATER VS. DESERT 4. FIRE VS. ICE5. SUPERNATURAL INVERVENTION 6. HAVEN VS. WILDERNESS7. INNATE WISDOM VS. EDUCATED STUPIDITY 8. COLORS (BLACK, WHITE, RED, GOLD)9. NUMBERS (THREE, FOUR, SIX)

A) Situational Archetypes: Choose 2 of the archetypes (chart above) and list one example of each archetype, and

explain how they represent that archetype. o Ex: An example of “The Ritual” is the sorting hat ceremony in Harry Potter. This is a

good example as this ritual is performed every year at Hogwarts as a “right of passage” into the school.

1. Archetype from chart below:

Your Example of this archetype and why:

2. Archetype from chart below:

Your Example of this archetype and why:

B) Character Archetypes Choose 2 of the archetypes (chart above) and list one example of each archetype, and

explain how they represent that archetype. o Ex: An example of the “Evil Figure with the Good Heart” is Maleficent (in the newest

rendition). This can be seen as Maleficent did not start off as an evil being, but rather became evil due to the misdoings of other. Her pure soul and compassion is seen in the end.

3. Archetype from chart below:

Your Example of this archetype and why:

4. Archetype from chart below:

Your Example of this archetype and why:

C) Symbolic Archetypes Choose 2 of the archetypes (chart above) and list one example of each archetype, and

explain how they represent that archetype.

1. HERO 2. INITIATES 3. MENTORS4. LOYAL RETAINER 5. SCAEPEGOAT 6. TEMPTRESS7. DEVIL FIGURE 8. STAR CROSSED LOVERS 9. EARTHMOTHER10.FRIENDLY BEAST 11.OUTCAST 12.PLATONIC IDEAL13.FATHER-SON CONFLICT 14.EVIL FIGURE WITH THE

GOOD HEART15.CREATURE OF NIGHTMARE

o Ex: “Light vs. Darkness” is seen in Halloweentown as they have to light the town pumpkin in order to rid the town of the darkness. Light represents the good of the world while the darkness represents evil.

5. Archetype from chart below:

Your Example of this archetype and why:

6. Archetype from chart below:

Your Example of this archetype and why:

Nathaniel Hawthorne Notes Nathaniel Hawthorne

o Hawthorne was born on July 4th, 1804 in Salem, Mass. and died on May 18, 1864 in Plymouth, New Hampshire.

o Hawthorne’s connection to Salem haunted him; therefore, he added the ‘w’ to his name to disassociate himself with the witch trials.

His great-grandfather ________________________________________ was the chief-interrogator of the “Salem Witches.”

o He wrote several successful short stories which were collected in Twice-Told Tales (1837).

o His themes often center on the _________________________________________________________, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity.

o Some published works: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables, The

Mable Faun, Our Old Home, and children’s books A Wonder Book, and Tanglewood Tales.

o Known as a ____________________________________________________ The natural world is dark, decaying, and mysterious; when it does reveal

truth to man, its revelations are evil and hellish. “The Minister’s Black Veil”

o Set in the time of his Puritan ancestors characterized by “gloom and piety.”o _______________________________—A short, usually simple story, based on events from

ordinary life from which a moral lesson is drawn.o _______________________________—a main idea or an underlying meaning

Even the most innocent may prove to be guilty– a character’s sense of guilt caused by Puritanical values/heritage

o _______________________________—a person, a place, a thing, or an event that has meaning in itself and also stands for something beyond itself

Symbolism allows people to communicate beyond the limits of language Ex: The eagle is a symbol of bravery and courage. Ex: The tall tree that is rotted to the core from “The Devil and Tom Walker” is

a symbol for false appearances and hypocrisy.

“The Minister’s Black Veil” by Nathaniel HawthorneListen to the short story on pages 239 – 248. Answer the questions when finished

reading together. 1. Why are people shocked when they see Mr. Hooper?

2. Why is wearing the black veil out of character for Mr. Hooper?

3. Why would Mr. Hooper find his congregation a fearful sight?

4. What is the subject of Mr. Hooper’s sermon on the first day he wears the black veil?

5. What is Earth’s “Black Veil”? What effect does this reference have on the symbolism of the veil?

6. What were the negative effects that Mr. Hooper experienced as a result of wearing the veil?

7. How might the minister’s lack of trust in himself have led him to conceal his face?

8. Why will no one ask Mr. Hooper a direct question about his veil? 9. When asked by Elizabeth why he wears the veil, Mr. Hooper replies that “there is an hour to

come when all of us shall cast aside our veils.” How does this reply indicate another view of the veil’s meaning?

10.Why do you think Elizabeth decides to break off her engagement with Mr. Hooper?

11.One positive effect of Mr. Hooper’s veil was that it made him a very efficient clergyman, and its gloom “enabled him to sympathize with all dark affections.” What does the writer mean by “dark affections”? Why has Mr. Hooper come to understand or share these emotions?

12.There are several instances of the narrator describing the movement of the veil caused by Mr. Hooper’s breath. What quality does this give to the symbol?

LITERARY ELEMENTSThere are two basic types of symbols – traditional and original. Traditional symbols usually have a single meaning. For example, a heart is a traditional symbol that represents love. In contrast, writers often create original symbols that have no familiar meanings to readers. This allows writers more freedom to develop what symbols represent.

What kind of symbol – traditional or original – does Nathaniel Hawthorne us in “The Minister’s Black Veil”? Explain.

DIRECTIONS: People have different reactions and opinions of the veil throughout the short story. Fill in this chart on your own sheet of paper. Find TWO reactions for each person/group of people (WITH A QUOTE SHOWING EACH), and explain what the veil represents for that person/group of people.

Creating a MaskA disguise such as a black veil not only hides but also reveals. For example, a Halloween mask hides the face of the wearer, but it also reveals whom or what the wearer likes, respects, or considers important. After you read “The Minister’s Black Veil”, you may decide that the veil not only hides the minister’s face but also reveals to his congregation his fears, beliefs, and preoccupations.

Design a mask that you will wear constantly for many years and that you will represent a belief or cause to which you are devoted. In the space below, draw the mask and write a caption explaining its purpose. Then answer the questions below and be prepared to share your mask. Be creative!!!

Character Reaction/Opinion of Veil(quote from the Story)

Symbolism of Veil

Mr. Hooper 1. Pained but adamant about wearing it for God—”The dismal shade must separate me from the world” (244)

2.

Veil = secret sin of himself and others

Veil = separation from world; wall between him and evil world

Elizabeth 1. Rejected by Mr. Hooper—”Lift the veil but once and look me in the face” (243)

2. Confused by the veil—”Your words are a mystery too” (244)

 

Townspeople 1.

2. Shocked and not understanding—”the people trembled, though they but barely understood him” (243)

 

1. What do you hope to achieve by wearing this mask? What problems might arise if you constantly wore it? For whom, or under what circumstances, would you remove the mask? Why?

“Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment” by Nathaniel Hawthorne Listen to the short story on pages 228 – 235. Answer the questions when finished

reading together. 1. What role does Dr. Heidegger’s past play in his desire to conduct this “Revitalizing Youth”

experiment?

2. Explain why Dr. Heidegger refuses to be a part of the experiment.

3. Explain the wisdom expressed in the following statement by Dr. Heidegger: “Before you drink…it would be well that, with the experience of a lifetime to direct you, you should draw up a few general rules for your guidance…” (231).

4. Hawthorne gives a detailed description of Dr. Heidegger’s study. What can be learned about Dr. Heidegger based on this description?

5. What is the significance of the skeleton? The folio volume?

6. What gothic elements were used in Hawthorne’s short story and what was the overall effect?

7. What does the mirror do as the characters begin to dance in the excitement of their returned youth?

8. What is the theme based on the story’s resolution? Provide support from the story.

DIRECTIONS: Fill in the missing portions of the chart below.

Character Give two Characteristics/Tr

aits

Human Weakness They Represent

Cite an Example for Support (as in a quote!)

Behavior after Youth

Transformation

Mr. Prosperous lost all he has

Medbournemerchant

He would do anything for money

through frantic

speculation

“now little better than a

mendicant (beggar)”

Colonel Killigrew LUST

Immediately lusting over the

Widow.

Mr. Gascoigne

He is a ruined politician

He deceived others through speeches

of promises

a man of evil fame (228)

“obscure instead of infamous”

Widow Wycherly IMMORALITY/VANITY

Consumed with beauty and

image

THEME – What might be a good theme for this story? Why do you think so?

SYMBOLS: Explain what the following symbols represent from the short story. The skeleton in the closet –

The withered rose –

The Fountain of Youth –

The mirror –

EpilogueAn epilogue is a short section at the end of a literary work which discusses what happens to the characters after the main story.

At the end of “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment” it is mentioned that four of the characters will make a journey to Florida. Your assignment is to FILL IN THE LINES telling about this adventure. in your epilogue, use at least two sentences of dialogue with proper punctuation.

Requirements: O Dialogue

O One example of metaphor, simile, AND alliteration (repeating sound at the beginning of several words).

O Connections to the original text (as in it fits the theme)—you may be as creative as you want, but stick to the theme of the story.

Example of dialogue:“My dear old friends,” repeated Dr. Heideggger, “may I count on you?”“Of course you can,” replied Widow Wycherly.

Possible questions to ask…O How will the four of them get to Florida? What will happen on the journey? O What obstacles will they face? Will they overcome these obstacles? How?O Will the characters’ trip to Florida be successful? Explain.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Edgar Allen Poe Notes Poe

o _______________________________________ abandoned as an orphan (3 years old) by deceased mother and alcoholic father Never truly had approval of foster father (John Allen)

o Inspired the creation of _____________________________________ by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle; inspired Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky to explore the criminal mind.

o Known as a master of the _____________________________________________________.o Wrote numerous widely acclaimed works regardless of poverty and drinking problems

_________________________________ Literature o The term gothic was first used as a Medieval, architectural term to describe a style of

building that included gargoyles, scenes of Hell, and souls in torment. o Themes and Plots—

Ancestral curses, Dreaming/nightmares, _________________________________________, Mystery, Revenge, Supernatural, etc.

o Characters— Devil figure, Doppelganger (counterpart of another person), Ghost, vampires,

werewolves, etc. o Setting evokes the atmosphere of __________________________________________, and also

portrays the deterioration of its world.o Purpose: To evoke “__________” in the reader because of situations bordering

reality/unreality Often used to teach a message

“The Pit and the Pendulum” o Story of confinement in an extraordinary prison cell in Toledo, Spain, during the brutal

Spanish Inquisitiono ________________________________________________ (1478-1834)—

This was a religious court set up by the Catholic Church and monarchy in Spain (15th century)

Accused and punished those who would not comply with the church or royal authority

o Pendulum—a swinging weight, often used in clockso Story starts with a nameless narrator who has just been tried and sentenced to death

(unknown reasons; assumed to be religious). Remainder revolves around the horrors he encounters while entrapped.

o Symbols in “The Pit and the Pendulum” The Pit, the dungeon, the rats, and the pendulum

o __________________________________ – a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of a clause or another group of words

EX: My life is my purpose. My life is my goal. My life is my inspiration.” EX: In the deepest slumber—no! In delirium—no! In a swoon—no! In death—no!

even in the grave all is not lost.

“The Pit and the Pendulum” by Edgar Allen Poe Listen to the short story on pages 257 – 268. Answer the questions when finished

reading together.

1. What events might you expect in a horror story that involves a pit and a pendulum?

2. What happened to the narrator before the story opened? What does he hear now?

3. The narrator sees the candles literally and then symbolically. What two different things does he say the candles symbolize for him?

4. How would you retell what the narrator has been doing since he regained consciousness?

5. The narrator repeatedly refers to the total darkness and earlier expresses his terror of it. What do you think the darkness might symbolize for him?

6. How would you characterize Poe’s writing style in this story? What purpose do you think the style achieves?

7. What symbolic connection does the narrator make between the falling bit of masonry and his own fate?

8. What insight about the Inquisition does the narrator have after discovering the pit?

9. What idea about the Inquisition does the removal of the water jug reinforce?

10.How is Father Time usually portrayed? What other symbolic figure is often portrayed as cloaked and carrying a scythe?

11.Which details suggest that, to the narrator, the rats symbolize death and decay?

12.What does the narrator notice and do after he rolls free?

13.On a symbolic level, who is the “King of Terrors”?

14.How believable do you find the setting?

15.What symbolic meaning might Lasalle’s arrival have?

Plot Summary Chart Fill in the following chart based on the information from the text.

“The Raven” Notes One of the most ______________________________________ ever written Poe uses different literary devices to try and create a songlike rhythm to this work Poe wanted to create a ______________________________ poem that would create dread in the

reader, which is why he chose to base this poem around the death of a loved one. ________________________________________ –

o the repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words. Ex: While I nodded, nearly napping…

________________________________________ – o Rhyme that occurs within lines

Ex: I went to town to buy a gown/ I took the car and it wasn’t far ________________________________________ –

o two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound and tend to start with different consonant sounds.

Ex: Men sell the wedding bells. Ex: “…rustling of the purple curtain”

“The Raven” by Edgar Allen Poe Listen to the short story on pages 274 – 277. Answer the questions when finished

reading together. 1. List three verbs that show what the poem’s narrator is doing in the first stanza.

2. The narrator of the poem is sad because his lost love is dead. What is her name and how does he try to escape his sorrow?

3. What fills the narrator’s heart with terror in stanza 3?

4. What does the narrator see when he first opens the chamber door (stanza 4)?

5. In stanza 7, the raven flies into the narrator’s chamber. Where does the raven perch?

6. What is the first question the narrator asks the raven (stanza 8)?

7. What is the raven’s only answer to the narrator’s questions?

8. In stanza 12, the narrator sits down in front of the raven. What is the narrator thinking as he looks at the bird?

9. As the poem progresses, the narrator becomes more and more furious with the raven. Why does he become so angry?

10.Where is the raven at the end of the poem (stanza 18)? What does the raven’s presence tell the reader about the narrator’s grief?

11.Edgar Allan Poe is famous for using symbolism in his stories and poetry. How could the raven be a symbol in this poem? What clues does Poe give you to imply that the raven is a symbol rather than a literal creature?

12.How would you describe the atmosphere created by the setting? Which images in the beginning of the poem create this atmosphere?

“The Raven”Complete the following based on your reading of “The Raven”

Poetic Elements

1. Find three examples of internal rhyme and write down these examples:

2. Find three examples of alliteration and write down these examples:

3. Find three examples of assonance and write down these examples:

Plot

4. What is the setting of “The Raven”? Include month and weather. 5. Explain the conflict in “The Raven.”

6. In what ways does the author create “mood” in the opening stanza?

7. Is there any indication that the narrator may have dreamt the entire episode?

8. What is he hoping the Raven can tell him?

9. Find one symbol from “The Raven” and determine what that object/place/person represents.

Put the events in “The Raven” in order by writing the numbers 1-6 on the lines provided.

10.The raven comes in and perches above the narrator’s door.11.The narrator yells at the raven to leave.12.The narrator whispers “Lenore” into the hallway. 13.The narrator questions whether the bird is natural or supernatural. 14.The narrator reads by the fire. 15.The narrator hears something at the window and opens it.

Textual Analysis Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter,In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore.Not the least obeisance made he; not an instant stopped or stayed he; But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door - Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door -Perched, and sat, and nothing more.

16.Explain what happens in the stanza above: