Olivia Eldredge

Mr. Russell

Technology Literacy p7

August 23, 2016

Google Ngram1

1. Augmented Reality- definition: a technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user's view of the real world, thus providing a composite view.

The words ‘Augmented Reality’ were first used in 1990 by Boeing researcher Tom Caudell. He used this term to describe a digital display, used by aircraft electricians, that blended virtual technology with physical objects. But, that was when the first usage of the word had appeared. It turns out, in 1968, Ivan Sutherland created the first head-mounted display system that used computer generated graphics to show wireframe drawings. Then, in 1974, Myron Krueger built

an artificial reality laboratory called the videoplace. This emitted onscreen silhouettes that surrounded users in an interactive environment. After these few milestones, augmented and virtual reality have improved greatly and contain extremely advanced technology in the present.

2. Bandwidth- definition: the range of frequencies within a given band, in particular that used for transmitting a signal.

Bandwidth was first used to describe a range of functions based on telephone lines. It was initially acknowledged as a term for telephone lines. But afterward, the internet began to essentially ‘piggy-back’ off of these cable lines. The bandwidth term continued to increase in usage with the proliferation of household internet access. Subsequently, the term is currently used to describe a finite amount of information relating the context and signal of the internet.

3. Cloud Computing- definition: the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.

The concept of cloud computing was actually introduced in the sixties by JCR Licklider, who was responsible for enabling the development of ARPANET in 1969. He wanted everyone to become interconnected so that they could access programs and special data from any site or source located on the internet. One of the first milestones in cloud computing history was the concept of delivering enterprise applications through a simple website. This related many other ideas that had been associated with the modernized term of cloud computing. And, one of the key terms that enabled cloud computing to evolve was the maturity of virtualization technology and the development of high-speed bandwidth.

4. Digital Revolution- definition: refers to the advancement of technology from analog electronic and mechanical devices to the digital technology available today.

The term digital revolution had started to be used in the early 19th century, when technologies were becoming more advanced and apparent in the daily lives of humans. Later in the 1990s and early 2000s the computing and availability to communicate across the internet with people far away from us was possible. Many individuals were surprised with this new technology, and a multitude of useful services were actively created throughout the internet. However, with this new technology, people were quite impressed with how efficient this new technology was. This was why many had started using the term ‘digital revolution’ more and more. Therefore, this specific word shows the trend in which technology had advanced all through the decades.

5. E-mail- definition: messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network.

The E-mail system was first developed in 1978 by VA Shiva Ayadurai at just 14 years old. It was modeled after the communication used at a nearby college, and he had the motive to use his electronic mail idea in the Westinghouse Science Contest. One of his professors had given him the task of converting the action of sending letters and mail into an electronic format. After he had successfully created this system, he had based the name purely off of what it was. Electronic mail, or in short terms, e-mail. The term was only beginning to be used in the late eighties and early nineties when the concept was more developed and official.

6. Embedded Computers- definition: a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints

One of the very first embedded computers was the Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. This embedded computer was extremely pricey, and had a high volume of integrated circuits. Those of which to reduce the size and weight of the machine. This computer was most likely named an embedded computer due to the integration of computer- like properties, and as a controlled piece of space and science equipment. Since the early 1960s, embedded computers have dramatically decreased in price, and are now in everyday objects. The functionality and processing power have also improved. and the term was most used when the concept of embedded computers was released to the public in the late seventies, early eighties.

7. Emerging Technologies- definition: a new technology that is currently being developed, or will be developed within the next five to ten years.

Like many other words on this document, the word emerging technologies was first introduced in the 20th and 21st centuries. This word describes the newfound development of technology and how innovative or successful that technology will be when first released. It will also be judged by how long it lasts and also how far it will sustain us into the future.

8. Computer- definition: an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program

The word computer was first recorded to be used in 1613. It referred to a person that could carry our calculations, and this word had carried out its meaning all the way into the present. Computer generally refers to a machine than can carry out simple functions and create calculations for problems, but it can still also be used to describe a mathematically intelligent person.

9. Information Technology- definition: the study or use of systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information

In 1945, John Von Neumann published the first documented draft of a stored program concept. This stored program concept remains the blueprint to computer architecture to this day. People had probably developed the name information technology in regards to the informative blueprint that is vital to the modern computers that we have now. As a society, we have also named a profession after this concept.

10. Interactive Books- definition: books with texture to those with special devices used to help teach people certain tools; an electronic book.

Interactive books come with the concept that an individual should be able to choose their own adventure. This idea and name was conceptualized in 1959 but the word had not started to be used until the 20th century. Originally created for children, the interactive books would tell a story based on how the child turned the page or which alternative that they choose to lead the story. Up until the 20th century, the term interactive books probably meant the classic paperback. However, it now refers to electronic books that are available on modern devices.

11.Smartphone- definition: a cellular phone that performs many of the functions of a computer, typically having a touchscreen interface, Internet access, and an operating system capable of running downloaded applications.

A company called Ericsson was the first brand to officially coin the phrase ‘smartphone.’ Cell phones with several buttons and advanced touch screens did not come out until the 21st century, but the word was gaining popularity starting in the late nineties and early two thousands. This was when the stylus and touchscreen were first released, and with more advancements of cellular devices, people began to describe the phones as ‘smart; devices. Based on the graph, you can see that the word smartphone was at its peak in 2008, and I would say it probably still is. And here’s why: Apple has created extremely advanced cellular devices that have very intelligent technology. Which means that the newer phones can be referred to as smartphones even more than before.

12. Software Defined Storage- definition: an evolving concept for computer data storage software to manage policy-based provisioning and management of data storage independent of the underlying hardware.

Not very much can be found involving software defined storage. But the fact that it is not a term used until after 2008 suggests that is a newer and modern technology. It represents a newly defined storage system that changes how storage and data will be deployed and utilized in the future.

13. Saas- Software as a Service (SaaS; pronounced /sæs/) is a software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis and is centrally hosted.

The first usage of SAAS in the acronym context as Software as a Service was with the involvement as a major end-user platform. SAAS takes full advantage of virtualization and cloud based scalability, It was very popular at a peak in the late 90s but fell out of use in the early 200s after coming back slightly in 2001-2002. I would say that there could have been a crash with the usage of this service inn 1999, but they could have fixed some technical difficulties and improved it to where it was usable again later on.

14. Quick Response Codes (QR)- definition: the trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode) first designed for the automotive industry in Japan. A barcode is a machine-readable optical label that contains information about the item to which it is attached.

The first barcode was patented in 1952 by Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver. As the barcodes begin to develop over time, they hit a peak in 2000 when the first smartphone was released after the invention of the official QR code in 1994 by Denso Wave to track vehicle manufacturing processes. Since the cell phone is now released, the usage of QR codes is at a spike. But why? Well, they began to become compatible when companies used QR codes as part of company campaigns in 2011 and even before that.

15. Augmented Printing- definition: prints real-life objects that are created or imagined.

Based on the graph and lack of internet resources, it suggests that augmented printing is a fairly new technology. Augmented reality is an emerging technology that will absolutely revolutionize the world as we know it. It will make printing objects interactive with us and the world around us. Therefore, the words augmented reality are fairly newfound and used words when the idea was introduced in 2015. This was, of course, after the invention and conceptualization of augmented reality or virtualization.

Sources ☺

http://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/history.html

http://www.digitaltrends.com/features/what-is-augmented-reality-iphone-apps-games-flash-yelp-android-ar-software-and-more/

http://www.augment.com/blog/infographic-lengthy-history-augmented-reality/

https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-word-bandwidth-come-to-mean-time

http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/A-history-of-cloud-computing

http://www.explainingthefuture.com/sdr.html

http://techland.time.com/2011/11/15/the-man-who-invented-email/2/

http://www.academia.edu/8286031/history_of_embedded_system

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2578662/

http://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/5386/The-First-Use-of-the-Word-Computer/

http://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2013/04/08/a-very-short-history-of-information-technology-it/#37ae470470a5

http://www.chooseyourownadventurebooks.org/interactive.book.history.html

http://thenextweb.com/mobile/2011/12/06/the-history-of-the-smartphone/#gref

http://www.snia.org/sds

http://blog.smartbear.com/cloud-computing/the-pre-history-of-software-as-a-service/

http://www.qrcodesinmarketing.net/history-of-qr-codes.html

http://www.piworld.com/article/layar-fry-communications-augmented-reality-webinar-25062927/