Module 2 Guided Notes2.01 Axial and Appendicular Muscles

Major Skeletal Muscles- page 3 and 4

Focus Question:

Can you identify the major muscles of the body on a diagram?

Axial and Appendicular Skeletal Muscles- page 5 and 6

Use the Major Muscle Groups Worksheet below and fill it in as you view the skeletal muscles slideshows on page 5 and 6.

Focus Question:

What are the major muscle groups of the axial and appendicular skeleton and where are they located?

2.01: Major Muscle Groups Worksheet

This worksheet will guide your note-taking for the Major Skeletal Muscles slideshow. Be sure to include drawings or sketches of your muscle groups. (or refer to the diagrams above) It will help you when you are studying this material in the future. Your drawings do not need to be fancy. You can make simple stick figures with arrows pointing to the location of the muscle group if you wish.

1. Axial muscles are skeletal muscles of the _______ or ________.

2. Appendicular muscles are skeletal muscles of the upper or lower ________.

3. The ________ is a large superficial muscle that extends from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and to the spine of the scapula. (Include sketch of muscle location in the box provided.)

4. The actions of the trapezius are ________.

5. The ________ is a fan-shaped muscle on the chest, making up the bulk of the male chest and found under the breast in a female.

6. The actions of the pectoralis major are ________.                  7. The ________ is a thin, triangular muscle found deep in, or underneath, the pectoralis major.

8. The actions of the pectoralis minor are ________.  9. The ________, commonly known as "lats," are large, flat muscles posterior to the arm and partly covered by the trapezius. This is the ________ muscle in the back.

10. The actions of the latissimus dorsi are ________.                    .

11. The ______ is a broad and thin muscle found on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen.

12. The actions of the external obliques are _______.                     .  13. The muscle ________, commonly called the "abs," is a paired muscle that runs vertically on the anterior wall of the human abdomen.

14. The actions of the rectus abdominis are ________.                       15. The ________ forms the rounded shape of the shoulder.

16. The actions of the deltoid muscles are ________.                    

17. The ________ muscle, commonly called the “triceps," is the large muscle on the back of the arm.

18. The actions of the triceps are ________.          19. The ________, often called “biceps,” is a two-headed muscle (bi- means “two”). It lies on the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow.

20. The actions of the biceps are ________. 

21. The ________ is a narrow and thick muscle that makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks.

22. The actions of the gluteus maximus are ________.  23. The ________ are a large muscle group that occupies the back of the thigh.

24. The actions of the hamstrings are ________.  25. The ________ is a large muscle group that occupies the front and sides of the thigh.

26. The actions of the quadriceps femoris are ________.  27. The ________ is the muscle on the back of the leg and forms part of the calf.

28. The actions of the gastrocnemius are ________      

Complete the review activity on Page 7.

Assessment-page 8

Follow the instructions on page 8. It is a hands-on lab activity that examines muscle locations, origins, insertions, and actions. This is a two-part lab, so be sure to complete both parts of the assignment before submitting the lab report to your instructor.           

2.02 Skeletal MusclesMuscle Tissue-page 2 and 3

Focus Question:

What are the three types of muscle tissues? (Page 2)

Focus Question:

How does the structure of skeletal muscle compare to smooth and cardiac muscle? (Page 3)

Fill in the chart below.

Type of Muscle Cell Contraction FunctionSkeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

Complete the review on page 4 or the one below. (Check on page 4 review for the correct answers.)

2.02: Muscle Tissue Review

For each sentence, choose the correct muscle type:

Skeletal MuscleSmooth MuscleCardiac Muscle

1. Cells are branched and striated with one nucleus.

2. Controls voluntary movements in the body, such as moving the head or limbs.

3. Cells are short, with one nucleus and no striations.

4. Cells are thin, elongated fibers with multiple nuclei and striations.

5. Makes up organ lining, like in blood vessels and intestines.

6. Found in the heart, to help pump blood through chambers and out into blood vessels.

7. Contracts in response to stimuli from a nerve, relaxing when stimulation stops.

8. Controlled involuntarily, cannot be consciously contracted.

9. Controlled involuntarily, can continue to function without nerve stimulation.

Structure of Skeletal Muscle-page 5

Focus Question:

What are the microscopic structures of skeletal muscle?

Parts of a Muscle Fiber –page 6

Focus Question:

What are the microscopic structures of skeletal muscle?

Use the slide show to describe the microscopic structures of skeletal muscles.

Skeletal Muscle-

Connective Tissue-

Fascia-

Epimysium-

Fascilcles-

Perimysium-

Endomysium-

Blood Vessels-

Nerves-

Sarcolemma-

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum-

Assessment-page 7

Examine the slide images of the three muscle tissue types (skeletal, smooth, or cardiac). The slide titles are listed as:Human Cardiac, Intestines–Colon, Skeletal Muscle–Longitudinal and Cross Sections. Select each of the following tissue slides: Human Cardiac, Intestines-Colon, Skeletal Muscle- Longitudinal and Cross Sections. Observe the tissue slides using all objective magnifications for each specimen. Examine the size, shape, and arrangement of the muscle fibers. Study the labeled structures and reflect on the relationship between structure and function.

As you view the slides, complete the required table (below). The table will be submitted to your instructor.

Slides:

Are there striations across the width of the muscle cells?

Number of Nuclei?

What are the size, shape, and arrangement of fibers?

What function occurs as a result of the contractions in the selected muscle? (see page 3 of the lesson)

What is the relationship between structure and function in the selected muscle? (see page 3 of the lesson)

Muscle - Human Cardiac

Intestines - Outer Wall Detail(smooth muscle)

Slide 1:Muscle- Skeletal Longitudinal Section andSlide 2:Muscle-Skeletal Cross Section

2.02 Honors-Cellular EnergyCell Metabolism-page 2

Focus Question:

What is aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Write down the reactants and products of Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration-

Anaerobic respiration-

Use this Energy and Movement Worksheet and fill it in as you view this video on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

2.02 H: Energy and Movement Worksheet

Word Bank: aerobic, aerobic respiration/metabolism, anaerobic, anaerobic respiration/metabolism, ATP energy, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, fat, fermentation, glucose, glucose, glycogen, lactic, two, 36

1. When we exercise, our muscles need ________ to do their work. This energy comes from the things we eat, like ________ and fats.

2. Carbohydrates convert to ________, our primary energy source.

3. Extra glucose is stored in our bodies as ________ or fats.

4. The body converts glucose and fats to an energy molecule called ________                     .

5. ATP can be formed by two different metabolic processes, ________, which requires oxygen, and ________, which does not require oxygen.

6. Short, quick bursts of exercise commonly utilize________ metabolism.

7. Exercise lasting for longer periods of time uses ________ metabolism.

8. Aerobic metabolism creates ________ molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.

9. By-products of aerobic metabolism, also known as aerobic respiration, are ________ and water.

10. Aerobic metabolism can also use ________ as an energy source.

11.________ metabolism, as known as anaerobic respiration or fermentation, can provide additional ATP when oxygen availability is low. This usually happens during strenuous exercise.

12. Anaerobic metabolism creates only ________ molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.

13. A by-product of anaerobic metabolism is ________ acid.

14. Anaerobic respiration can only use ________, not fat.

Cellular Processes-page 3

Focus Question:

Why is aerobic and anaerobic respiration necessary for life?

Aerobic Respiration-

Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation-

Focus Question:

Describe two types of anaerobic respiration? (Look under video)

Alcoholic fermentation-

Lactic acid fermentation-

Assessment

Complete the 02.02 Honors—Cellular Energy quiz.

2.03 Muscle ContractionSliding Filament Theory-page 3

Do not skip the videos, animations, or slides shows on any page of this lesson. Doing so will create gaps in your understanding of this process.

Focus Question:

What is the Sliding Filament Theory?

Sliding filament theory-

Muscle fascicles-

Muscle fibers-

Chemistry of Muscle Contraction-page 4 and 5

Focus Question:

Can you explain what happens in each step of a sliding filament muscle contraction?

Myofibrils-

Sarcomeres-

Myofilaments-

Actin-

Myosin-

Sliding Filament Theory-page 5

Focus Question:

Can you explain what happens in each step of a sliding filament muscle contraction?

Use this sliding filament theory worksheet and fill it in as you view the slideshow. Make sure to watch the animation below the slideshow as well.

2.03: Sliding Filament Theory Worksheet1. When the muscle cell is in a ________, the two strands are not in contact with one another.

2. When your nerves send a message to your muscles, these two protein strands reach out and touch one another. The movement that occurs gives us the name ________ .

3. In addition to actin and myosin, your muscles also need ________ to provide energy to fuel the sliding movement that occurs when the muscle contracts.

4. Proteins can change shapes when they come into contact with charged particles called ________.                      .

5. When a muscle is at rest, there are two tiny proteins called ________ and ________ that are wrapped around the actin.

6. There are also ________ molecules stuck to each one of the ________ heads when the muscle is in a relaxed state.

7. It is the ________, ________, and ________ which keep the myosin heads from extending and attaching to the protected actin strand.

8. During periods of rest, the muscle builds up an abundance of                                         ions that will be used when it is time for the muscle to contract. The cell gets these ions through the calcium pumps of the                                         , which is wrapped around each sarcomere.

9. When the muscle receives a signal from the nerves around it, the signal travels down the cells membrane in folds called                                         .

10. When the signal reaches the SR, the calcium pumps                                         wide and the ions begin to flow.

11. Calcium ions bind to the troponin. This causes the troponin to                                         shape and around the actin, which moves the tropomyosis out of the way leaving binding sites exposed.

12. With the binding sites open, the myosin heads                                         and                                         to the

actin.

13. This attachment is called a                                         . The contact causes the myosin heads to bend toward the center of the sarcomere, shortening the overall length. We call this sarcomere shortening a                                       .

14. When there is no longer a nerve stimulus, the calcium ions                                         back inside the SR, an ATP molecule                                         the head of the myosin, and the troponin and tropomyosin return to their resting positions.15. It is the energy that is released by the ATP molecule on the myosin head that fuels muscle ________.      

Complete the Muscle Contraction Review-page 6 (You will see these steps again on your module exam!  

Assessment-page 7

Read the detailed instructions from the lesson page.

2.03 H- Physiology of Muscle Muscle Power-page 2

Focus Question:

Why is oxygen so important to muscle contractions?

ATP-

Cellular Respiration-

Hemoglobin-

Slow and Fast Twitch Fibers-page 3

Focus Questions:

How does the structure of a muscle fiber affect how it produces ATP?

How does the use of anaerobic respiration relate to a muscle fiber’s endurance?

Fill in the chart below.

Slow Twitch Muscles Fast Twitch Muscles

Muscle Fatigue-page 4

Focus Question:

Why do we experience muscle fatigue?

Use the video and the content on the lesson page to find specific details for this answer.

Complete the lesson review below. Check your answers with the page 5 review.

2.03 H: Muscle Power and Fatigue Review

1. There are two main types of skeletal muscle fibers, slow twitch and fast twitch. The differences in these fibers influence how the cells contract and how muscles respond to [physical activity, rest].

2. On average, we have about 50 percent slow twitch and 50 percent fast twitch fibers in most of the muscles used for movement. The slow twitch muscles are more efficient at using [carbon dioxide, oxygen] to generate ATP through [anaerobic respiration, cellular respiration].

3. They fire [quickly, slowly] and can go for a [long time, short time] before they fatigue.

4. Fast twitch fibers use [anaerobic respiration, cellular respiration] to create fuel.

5. They are able to fire rapidly but they fatigue [quicker, slower] than slow-twitch.

6. [Muscle contraction, Muscle fatigue] during physical work is an inability for the muscle to contract to its potential.

7. An insufficient supply of [ATP, oxygen] causes the muscle fibers to use [anaerobic respiration, cellular respiration] to make ATP, causing a build-up of [glycogen, lactic acid] in the cells.

8. This buildup interferes with the fiber’s response to [injury, nerve stimuli].

 Assessment-page 7

Read the detailed instructions from the lesson page.

2.04 Discussion Based Assessment

Once you have studied and completed all lessons in this module, it is time to contact your instructor for a Discussion-Based Assessment.

Your instructor will ask you questions related to the blue focus questions in these module guided notes. These focus questions are the same questions found at the top of every lesson page.