Aboriginalnative to a region; describes people inhabiting a land before the arrival of colonistsAboriginesindigenous people of AustraliaAcid rainrain polluted with chemicalsAgrariana term describing a society that is based on agricultureAllied PowersBritain, France, Russia; those nations involved in World War I that were led by Great Britain , Russia, and France; the United States later joined the Allied PowersAlliescountries / nations who are friends and support one anotherAmazon RiverA massive river in South America; more water drains out of the Amazon than out of any other river on EarthAndes MountainsThe mountain range along the western side of South America more than 5,000 miles long, and home to the highest mountains in the Western HemisphereAnnexto add territory; to take over a piece of another nation's landArableland that is able to be farmedAnti-Semitismprejudice against Jewish peopleArchipelagoa chain of islandsArcticthe region around the North PoleAristocracy, aristocratichaving to do with royalty/monarchy

Armisticea temporary halt in fighting; a truceAstronomythe study of stars and their positionsAtacama Deserta desert region on the coast of northern Chile, sparsely inhabited, but rich in mineralsAtahualpaleader of the Incas (known as "Sapa Inca"). During the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro captured him and used him to control the Inca empire before executing him.Authoritariana word that describes a political system in which people of a country must obey the ruling powerAutocratic or Autocracygovernment in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizen has little, if any, role in the government (example: Cuba). Most dictators maintain their position through inheritance of military power (fear, violence). People who try to speak out against the government are often silenced through the use of power.Ayers Rocka giant stone monolith in Australia's Northern Territory; one of the country's most famous natural featuresAxis Powersan alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan that fought against the Allies during World War IIAztecnative people of central Mexico whose civilization was at its height at the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th centuryBarterto exchange, or trade, one good for anotherBattle of StalingradWorld War II battle considered to be the bloodiest in human history; it last from 1942 to 1943

Bering Land Bridgea narrow area of land that once joined Siberia to AlaskaBerlin Walla wall in Germany that separated East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989Bicamerala legislature with two branchesBritish Commonwealtha voluntary association of independent nations and dependent territories linked by historical ties as part of the former British empire, and cooperation on matters of mutual concern like economics and trade.British North America Trade Acta law passed in 1867 under which Canadian colonies united to form a new country, governed by a new constitutionCabineta group of people appointed by a president or prime minister to give advice and help run the governmentCanadian Shielda plateau region of eastern Canada extending from the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River northward to the Arctic OceanCapital goodsequipment used by a company to produce other goodsCapitalisman economic system in which private owners control the production of goods and profitCaribbean Seaa large body of water in the western Atlantic Ocean, to the south bordered by South America, to the west bordered by Central America, and to the north by Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican RepublicCartographythe making of maps and chartsCatholic

this word actually means "universal", but when capitalized, refers to the Roman Catholic church. Roman Catholics were some of the first Christians.Central PowersGermany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, when they fought against the Allied Powers during World War I.Chancellorchief executive in GermanyChernobyla city in north central Ukraine where in 1986 a large Nuclear Power Plant exploded during stress testing causing the leakage of massive amounts of radiationChief executivethe #1 person in charge of the country; we call ours PRESIDENTChristopher Columbusbelieved that the Bahamas were part of Asia; was an Italian sailor who thought that if the world was round instead of flat, then you should be able to sail to India to buy spices by going west instead of east. Convinced the king and queen of Spain to give him 3 ships, let him try to prove that he was right. He did not get to India, he did find the islands of the Caribbean including present day HaitiClandestineto meet in secretCold warbegan in 1945, period of distrust between Soviet Union and its former allies in the West, particularly the United States; Germany was divided into two parts, East Germany and West GermanyColonizationto form a colony, to settle a colonyColonya foreign area controlled by a country and contributing to its wealth; any people or territory separated from, but subject to, a ruling powerColumbian Exchangethe widespread exchange of agricultural goods, livestock, slave labor, communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that occurred after 1492.

Command economyan economy that is planned and controlled by the central governmentCommunisman economic and political system in which the government owns all the businesses, and citizens have limited personal freedomsConcentration campsprisons where civilians, political prisoners, and sometimes prisoners of war were held under harsh conditionsConfederationvoluntary associations of independent states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation (example: European Union); voluntary association of states in which individual states hold more power than the central governmentConquistadora conqueror, especially one of the 16th century Spanish soldiers who defeated the Indian civilizations of Mexico, Central America, and Peru.Constitutiondocument written to describe the way a government of a country will be organizedCommonwealth of Nationsweak association of member countries once part of the British Empire; also called the British CommonwealthCommunistdescribes a government that owns or controls most farms and businessesConfederationvoluntary associations of independent states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation (Example: European Union)Conquistadora conqueror from Spain, an explorer who went to new countries; a conqueror, especially one of the 16th century Spanish soldiers who

defeated the Indian civilizations of Mexico, Central America and PeruConstitutiondocument written to describe the way the government of a country will be organized; a document of basic laws that govern a countryConstitutional monarchya form of government in which the power of the king or queen is limited by a constitutionConsumeto buy, to use up, to purchase something that is for sale.Contaminatedpoisoned, food not safe to eat, a place not safe to live in; could make a person sick, even kill themCook, Captain Jamesclaimed Australia for Great Britain; in 1770's had a ship named EndeavorCoral Seaa body of water off the east coast of Australia, home o the Great Barrier ReefCortez/Cortesconquistador that Montezuma welcomed because he mistakenly thought Cortez was a god from a legend in their religion. Cortez was looking for gold and riches and was successful in overtaking the Aztec people.Coupa French word that means to take over a government, to militarily overthrow the present government (pronounced KOO with no "p" sound)Coup d'etata military takeover of a government (pronounced KOO-DAY-TAH)Crusadeswars fought in the Middle East over land that was holy to Christians and Muslims; military expeditions sent by different Popes (leaders of the Catholic Church) to capture the Holy LandCultural diffusionthe spread of language and traditions from one group to another

Culturethe way of life of a group of people; includes language, customs, traditions, beliefs, and religious practicesCurrencythe type of money a country uses; a system of moneyCurrency exchangewithout a system of exchanging currencies it would be very difficult to conduct international trade; exchange rates provide a procedure for determining the value of one country's currency in the terms of another country's currency.Customsrules of behavior that people follow within a cultureCyrillic alphabetan alphabet that is used by Slavic languages (includes Russian). These Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet are in central and eastern Europe.Czarsanother spelling of TSARS: what the king/emperor was called in RussiaCzechoslovakiaa country in Europe that doesn't exist any moreD-Daythe name given to the Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Western Europe; it occurred on June 6, 1944Deciduoustrees that shed their leaves in the fallDeficitwhen a governing body spends more money than it brings inDeforestationthe act or process of removing trees from or clearing a forestDemandhow many people want the goods available and what they are willing to pay for themDemocracy / democratic

political system in which a country's people elect their leaders and rule by majority; a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections. (Examples: United Kingdom, Germany, Mexico, Brazil, Canada, Australia)Denominationa sect or group within a religionDensely populateda place where a lot of people live; for example, a city is densely populated, farmland in the country is not densely populatedDepressionbuying and selling almost stops; wages fall; banks close; business slows; inflation rises; farmers lose landDictatorsomeone who rules by fear or force, they have all the power, they don't share power with anybody, has complete ruleDictatorshipa form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of one leaderDissentmeans to disagree withDissentera person who disagrees with (for example) the government or it's leaderDiversitya variety of different races, ethnic backgrounds, religious beliefsDomesticdescribes industries or businesses that are in OUR country; foreign describes industries or businesses in countries other than our ownDominantthe most powerful, the strongest, the most type of peopleDreamingthe time of creation in the Australian Aboriginal religionEconomic depression

buying and selling almost stops; wages fall; banks close; business slows; inflation rises; farmers lose landEconomic systemthe way a country decides what goods will be produced, how they will be produced, and who will consume themEconomythe way in which people m a erpson eet their needs through the production, distribution, and the use of goods and servicesElevationhow how a place is above sea levelEmbargosprohibit trade with other nations; they bar a foreign nation's imports or ban exports to that nation or both; a ban on trade with another country for a political reasonEmissionsthe smoke that comes out smokestacks of factories, tailpipes of carsEmpirea group of nations or people ruled over by a sovereign/monarch (emperor/ empress, king/queen, etc.)Englandused to be its own country by itself; now part of Great Britain which is part of United KingdomEnglish Channela body of water separating France and the United KingdomEntrepreneursone who risks his or her own money, time, ideas, and energy to start and run a business; a person who is willing to take a risk to organize and operate a new businessEthnicmeans having to do with race or cultureEthnic grouppeople in a region who share ancestry, language, and cultureEurothe currency of the European Union. One result of the EU is the creation of the EURO. Just as the United States has dollars ($), the

European countries have their own currencies. The euro is the currency of most of the EU. Member countries can choose to give up their own currencies and exchange them for euros.European Union (EU)established in 1990s; main goal is to strengthen the economic, political, and defense ties of member nations; it's goal is to create a singles European currency; also it is a system to remove tariff barriers and open trade between countries. An organization, evolved from the European Economic Community, that created one economic market out of the member nations' economiesExclusion zonethe area around Chernobyl, Ukraine where no one was allowed to live, travel, or "be' after the nuclear accidentExecutivebranch of government that includes the head of state (president, premier, prime minister, etc)Expeditiontrip that's purpose is to exploreExporta product that one country sells to anotherFascisma totalitarian government that has complete control over its citizens' political, economic, religious, and cultural activities

Federal1. national level, government having to do with the entire country, not just the state; 2. characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities. (Examples: Australia, Germany, Russia, Canada, Brazil, and Mexico)Federal parliamentary democracya system in which a central government is controlled by a democratically elected Parliament, such as in AustraliaFederal systema system of government in which the national and state governments share powerFifteenth centurythe years from 1400 to 1499

Foreigndescribes industries or businesses in countries other than our own; describes industries or businesses that are in OUR countryFossil fuelgasoline or other fuel made from oil deposits (from dead dinosaurs!)Free enterprise systemanother name is "market economy" or laissez-faireFree tradetrade between nations without tariffs or other trade barriersFree-trade zoneAn arrangement between countries that creates a region where trade is conducted without tariffs or taxes on trade.French and Indian Warthe North American phase of a war between France and Britain to control colonial territoryFuhrerHitler's title in German, meaning "leader"Genoacity in ItalyGenocidethe planned killing of a race of people; Hitler tried to do this with Jews in WWIIGermanic languagesthe come from German languages; English is a Germanic language.GlasnostRussian term meaning "political openness"Global warmingthe gradual increase in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and pollutants; climate changeGoods and servicesthings (products) people will buy or what people will pay others to do for them (haircut, doctor visit, lawn cutting)

Gorbachev, Mikhailhead of the Soviet UnionGovernmentthe system a country uses to make laws and run the countryGovernorleader of the government of a territory or stateGreat Barrier Reefthe world's largest coral reef, located off the coast of Queensland, Australia, in the Coral SeaGreat Britainincludes England, Scotland, Wales; each of these used to be individual countriesGreat Depressiona global economic downturn that started in 1929 in the United States and soon spread into Europe. connected to US banks; wages fell; banks closed; business slowed; inflation rose, farmers lost landGreat Lakesfive lakes in central North America; the lakes are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and OntarioGreat Victoria Deserta desert in South and Western Australia named after British Queen VictoriaGreat Warwhat World War I (World War One) used to be called

Gross domestic product (GDP)the combined value of the goods and services produced in a country in each year; a total amount of goods and services produced in a countryGuerrillaSpanish for "little war"; a person who engages in irregular warfare. GUER is base word for WAR in Spanish; member of a band of soldiers that harrass the enemyGuerrilla warfare

small, mobile groups of nongovernment soldiers using tactics such as ambush, sabotage, spies, and deception to fight a larger government force such as an army or police forceGulf Streammoves warm water along the coast of North America, crosses the Atlantic and warms Ireland and western coasts of EnglandHaciendaa ranch where farming and cattle ranching take placeHajja pilgrimage by Muslims to MeccaHolocaustHitler's systematic killing of every Jew (man, woman, and child) under Nazi rule; mass murder of Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, and dissenters by the Nazi's during World War IIHouse of Commonspart of Parliament in the United Kingdom; one of two governing bodies in the British Parliament; members are elected by the peopleHouse of Lordspart of Parliament in the United Kingdom; one of two governing bodies in the British Parliament; members are appointedHudson Bayan inlet in northeast Canada that is 850 miles longHuman capitaleducation and training; workers of a business or country including their education, training, skills, and health; labor; the value that most people bring to the marketplaceHydroelectric powerelectricity that is made from a force of moving waterIberian Peninsulasouthern European peninsula; home to Spain and PortugalIlliteracythe inability to read and writeImmigrationpeople coming to one country from another country, and moving there to live

Imperialisma strategy by which a state tries to put other states under its political or economic controlImporta product that one country buys from anotherImport quotaa limit to the amount of a specific good that is importedIncaa group of people of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquestIncomemoney that comes from getting paid for doing workIndigenousthe people who lived there before any explorers came from anywhere elseIndustrial Revolutionthe change from an economy based on farming and handmade goods to an economy based on factories and machinesIndustrialized countriescountries that depend more on manufacturing than farming; generally have a higher standard of livingInflationwhen the prices of goods riseInfrastructureroads, bridges, airports, and other basic physical structures needed by a countryInteresta charge that a bank pays to use deposited money; the return to the owner of real capitalInternationalbetween two or more countriesInuita tribe of native people of Canada

Investto spend money in the hope of earning more than is spentIslama monotheistic religion practiced by Muslims; fastest growing religion in Europe, holy book is the Koran (also spelled Quran); believers are called Muslims; made up of two groups, Sunnis and Shiites, believe Muhammed was last of prophets, believe in one God called ALLAH, trip to Mecca once in a lifetime, prayer five times a day, giving to charity, fasting during month of RamadanJudaisma monotheistic religion practiced by Jewish people; oldest of three main religions in Europe, believers are called Jews/Jewish, holy book is Torah, Talmud written version of Oral Law, Abraham was founder/prophet, Jews in Europe were nearly wiped out by Hitler and Nazi GermanyJudicial, judiciaryrefers to branch of government that has JUDGES and courtsKoranholy book of the religion of Islam; also sometimes spelled Qu'ranLaissez-fairea decentralized market economyLandforma geographic or physical feature or a regionLandlockeda country that is surrounded by land on all sides, no seas, oceans, bays, gulf, or coastline around any of it's bordersLeft-wingmembers of a liberal or radical party; favoring extensive reformLegislature, legislativerefers to branch of government that makes the LAWSLenin, Vladimirtook control of Russia, became leader, renamed it Soviet UnionLiteracy , literatethe ability to read and write

Literacy ratewhat percentage of people in a country can read and writeLoyalistscolonists who remained loyal to the British during the American Revolution; many later settled in CanadaLuxuriesthings that people want but do not needMainlandthe principal landmass of a continent; part of a country that is on a continent, not an islandManufacturingthe process of making goods and items with machines, usually in factories; making things so they can be sold; for example, factories are where manufacturing takes place (they make/assemble cars or other products... it's a "manufacturing plant")Marine climatea climate dominated by the ocean. Because of the moderating effect of water, sites having this climate are considered relatively mild.Market economya person can start any legal business and charge any price; the production and distribution of goods owned by private individuals and or corporations; the people*not the government- own land, factories, and businesses; companies produce goods of their choice and consumers decide whether to buy the goods; competition is found in a market economy; an economy in which changes in price guide what and how goods and services will be produced, distributed, and consumed; a capitalistic economyMayaa member of the Mesoamerican Indian people inhabiting southeast Mexico, Guatemala, and BelizeMediterranean climateclimate having sunny, hot, dry, summers and rainy wintersMediterranean Seasea found south of Europe, but north of Africa; large body of water that separates Europe from AfricaMesoamericamiddle America, central America

Messiaha saviorMestizoa person of mixed Native American and Spanish (or Portuguese) ancestry; from the Spanish word for "mixed"Milana major city in Italy; famous for fashionMilitarismusing strong armies and threats of warMixed economiesan economic system that allows for the simultaneous operation of publicly and privately owned enterprises; mixture of pure market and pure command; a combination of privately-owned industry and government controlMonarcha king or queen, emperor or empress, czar or czarina; usually get their "job" by inheriting it because of their birthMonarchya government led by a king or queen; territory ruled by a king or queen who has total power to governMonotheisma belief in one GodMonotheistica religion that believes in one godMontezuma / Moctezumaleader of the Aztec people, their "king"; allowed Cortes to come into their city, welcomed him at first because he thought he was a god... until he figured out that Cortes was really a greedy conquistador, but by then it was too late.Mulattoa person of mixed African and European ancestryMuslim(sometimes spelled Moslem) one of the 3 main religions in Europe, Muslims believe in the religion called Islam

Nahuatlmodern version of the Aztec languageNaplesa major city in ItalyNationalismthe love of one's country; extreme loyalty and devotion to a nationNATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)an alliance of the United States, Canada, and its western European allies; formed after World War IINatural gasfound in the ground, along with oilNatural resources"gifts" of nature, including forests, fertile soil, water; a material source of wealth, such as timber, fresh water, or a mineral deposit, that occurs in a natural state and has economic valueNavalmilitary sea power, battleships on the oceans, etc.Nazia shortened name for National Socialist German Workers' Party; the political party of Adolf HitlerNazi Partyanother name for National Socialist party, Adolf Hitler's beliefsNazismbeliefs of the Nazi Party; Germans felt betrayed by Treaty of Versailles; Nazis came to power; Hitler promised to break Treaty of Versailles, rebuild the military, and reclaim lost territoryNonrenewable resourcea resource that cannot be replaced by nature; for example, oil is a nonrenewable resourceNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)an arrangement signed in 1993 that allows free trade among the United States, Canada, and MexicoNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

an organization formed in 1949 in Washington, D.C., made up of the countries of the Atlantic Pact and others, for the purpose of collective defense against aggressionNorthern hemisphereall of the earth that is north of the equatorNuclearsame type of energy that comes from the sun, only it's man madeObservatorya place or building equipped for making observations of astronomical or meteorological objects or events; especially one equipped with a powerful telescope for observing stars and planetsOligarchic governmenta form of government in which a small, unelected group controls the country and denies power to citizensOligarchygovernment by the few, sometimes a government in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has a very limited role. A small group exercises control. Communist countries are mostly oligarchies. The citizen has a very limited role in government.Opportunity costrefers to the difference in the amount of time and effort to make one thing instead of anotherOrganization of American States (OAS)an international organization formed in 1948; promotes economic, military, and cultural cooperation among its members; which include almost all the independent states of the Western HemisphereOttoman EmpireAustria-Hungary, Turkey and it's coloniesOutbacka large desert of the Australian mainlandPacific Theatera term used during World war II to refer to areas of the Pacific Ocean where the fighting occurredPanama Canal

a human-made waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean SeaParamilitary forcesnot a regular, usual, official military force

Parliamentthe legislature in which elected representatives choose a country's leader from members of the political party with the most votesParliamentary systemform of democratic government in which prime minister is head of legislature; used in the United Kingdom and many other countries; type of democratic government where citizens elect MPs who choose a prime minister as chief executive; a system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature. May have a Prime Minister elected by the legislature. (Example: United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Germany)Penaldescribes a prisonPenal colonycolony where prisoners are sentPenal systemsystem of prisons and jailsPeninsulaa piece of land nearly surrounded by water but connected to a larger land body; part of the land that sticks out into the water, being surrounded by water on three sidesPer capital incomethe total national income divided by the number of people in the nationPerestroikaa Russian word that means "social restructuring", used by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet UnionPermafrostground that never thaws; obviously wouldn't be able to be farmland

Personal freedomsthe right to vote, the right to have free speech, choice of religion, etc.Pesothe Mexican or Cuban currencyPetroleuman oily liquid used as gasoline or for other products

Phosphorusa chemical used in fertilizer, pesticides, toothpaste, detergents, and explosives that can pollute waterPhysical capitalfactories, machines, technologies, buildings and property needed by businesses to operatePhysical capital investmentpurchasing physical capitalPizarro, Franciscowas a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire, and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of the Republic of Peru. He was responsible for capturing Atahualpa, leading to the downfall of the Incan empire in Latin America.Political partyan organized group of people who hold a particular set of political beliefsPopeleader of the Roman Catholic ChurchPopulation distributionhow the people of a country are spread out across the land. For example, cities (urban areas) have a high population; country/farmland (rural areas) have a lower population, desert areas and frozen lands have a lower populationPopulation densitydescribes how many people live in a certain unit (square mile, for example); tells information about population distribution (see above definition)

porta city that is by an ocean, river, bay, or other body of water, that allows ships to come to/from the city for trade and transporationPound (British)the currency used in the United KingdomPrecipitationany form of rain, snow, or water falling from the skyPresidenthead of the executive branch of government in the United States

Presidential systema form of government in which the executive branch of the national government is headed by the president, while the legislative branch is headed by Congress; used in the United States; type of democratic government where citizens elect members of the legislature and also the chief executive, known as the president; a system of government in which the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature (Example: Mexico and Brazil)Prime ministerthe chief or leading member of a parliamentary government; the head of state in a parliamentary system of democracy, responsible for running the day to day operations of government; the head of the government in Canada and United KingdomPrince Henry the NavigatorSon of the king of Portugal, he wanted to send ships south to Africa because he wanted a route around Africa to the Asian markets. He also wanted to spread Christianity.Profitmoney left after business expenses are subtracted from business incomeProvincean individual state in Canada with a local government; similar to states in AmericaQuebecoisa person who lives in Quebec and does not consider himself Canadian

Quechuathe Inca languageQu'ranholy book of the religion of Islam; also sometimes spelled KoranQuota(1) in a centralized command economy, being told by government what and how much to produce in a certain time; (2) a limit placed on the number of imports that may enter a country. Put a legal limit on the amount that can be imported, creating shortages which cause prices to rise. A quota benefits domestic producers in the same way a tariff does, but the additional money expended on foreign goods goes to the foreign producers, not the domestic government. PLACES LIMITS ON NUMBER OF IMPORTS that may enter a country.Radiationenergy (can come from the sun or nuclear material) can be used to power things, but too much can be dangerous to human healthRadioactive materialsthings that have been exposed to radiation, like when the nuclear plant explosion at Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986Raw materialsunprocessed, natural products used in manufacturingRealBrazilian currencyReal investmentthe purchase of a new home by a person or the purchase of physical capital by a businessRenewable resourcethose that can be replaced by nature; for example, trees are a renewable resource; when used, it can be regrown, or more of it can be made. For example, lumber (wood) is a renewable resources because we can grow more trees. Oil is NOT a renewable resource because once it is used up, more cannot be made or grown.Reparationspayments for war damages; often made by a defeated power to the winning sideRepresentative democracy

a form of government in which the citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf; a democratic form of government in which the citizens elect representatives to make government decisionsReunificationto bring two parts back together that had gotten separated in the past; when East Germany and West Germany were brought back together and once again made into one countryRevolutionoverthrow a government, replace a government, usually violentRhineriver in Germany; most important commercial waterway in EuropeRivalspersons, sports teams, countries that compete against each otherRoaring Twentiesyears 1920-1929 when people felt good about the economy

Role of citizenwhether or not the citizen can vote, or has the right of free speech to express their opinions to their governmentRomecity in present day Italy; used to be the center of a huge empireRoman Catholicsome of the first Christians, their leader is the pope, their church is headquartered in The Vatican, which is located inside Rome, Italy.Romance languagesderived from Latin (the language of the Roman Empire), includes Latin , Italian, FrenchRublesthe Russian currencyRussian Revolution(1917) two part revolt that resulted in the overthrow of the czar and the Communist take-over of Russia; transformed Russia from autocracy into the Soviet Union; Czar Nicholas removed from power, his family and other members of ruling class were killed; Bolshevik party and peasants led by Lenin formed Communist

government and took control of farming and industry; farms were taken over by the governmentsabotageto on purpose ruin something or make it breakSahara Desertthe world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern AfricaSanteriaa Cuban religion based on African traditional beliefsSavingsincome not spentScandinavian Peninsulaa peninsula lying north of the mainland of Europe; includes Norway, Sweden, and FinlandScapegoatan individual or group that is unfairly blamed by others for previously existing problemsScarcitylimited supply of somethingScotlandnorthern part of the island of Great BritainScramble for Africathe division of much of Africa among European countries between 1885 and 1910Secedeto withdraw formally from membership in an organization, association, or allianceSeparatista person who wants Quebec to be an independent country from CanadaService jobsjobs that involve providing services to people rather than productsSiberia

northern area of Russia; very cold (low temps 40 below zero), snowy (3 to 4 feet), icy; much of it has ground that is frozen all yearSicilyisland off the southern coast of mainland Italy; part of the country of ItalySierra Madre Mountainsa Mexican mountain range running along either side of the Mexican PlateauSkilled laborworkers who have training, education, or experience to do a certain job. Examples: engineers, computer technicians, mechanics.Slagleftover rock from the smelting processSlavic languagesRussian is the most widely spoken Slavic language, uses a Cyrillic alphabetSmogword that came from mixture of fog and smokeSmokeless zonesareas of London where, in order to improve air quality, only smokeless fuels can be usedSolidaritya labor union in Poland in the 1980'sSouthern hemisphereall of the earth that is south of the equatorSoviet Uniona powerful communist country that supported the Castro movement in CubaSpansspreads acrossSpecializationwhen a country uses its resources and skills to produce goods efficiently; encourages trade between countries; the division of labor; work is divided into parts for workers, factories, or countries to become expert at producing certain goods

St. Lawrence Seawaya canal system that provides a passageway for ships to travel between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic OceanStandard of livingRegarding people in a country or part of the world: includes the homes they live in, what type of nutrition and medical care they receive, the availability and level of educationState Dumathe elected body of Russia's Federal Assembly; controls the budget and makes laws; approves prime minister selected by the presidentStock market crashoccurs when the value of stocks falls quickly and deeply; the values of stocks (shares of ownership) people held in companies began a steep and quick drop.Subsidiesa grant or contribution of money, especially one made by a government in support of an undertaking or the upkeep of a thingSuperpowera country that is far more powerful than other countriesSupplythe amount of goods availableSymbolsomething used to represent something else, often something immaterial, often and emblem, token, or sign

Syndromepattern of symptoms that together are characteristic of a specific medical disorderTariffsanother word for tax; the purpose of a tariff, such as a protective tariff, is to increase the prices of imported goods and protect a country's own industries from foreign competition; taxes on imports, raise the price of imported goods, which increases the demand and price for the same goods produced by domestic suppliers. Revenues from tariffs are collected by the domestic government.

Taxanother word for tariffTenochtitlana main city of the Aztec EmpireTerritoryan area similar to a Canadian province but with less local government; controlled by the Canadian governmentThamesthe river that flows through England (London)Third Reichthe name for the German Empire that Adolf Hitler was building during World War IIThird world countriesdeveloping nations that do not have much industry and that depend on farming; have lower standard of living than industrialized countriesThyroidgland located in human, having to do with the body's metabolismTorahthe first five books of the Old TestamentToxicpoisonousTradeto encourage in the exchange, purchase, or sale of goods; voluntary exchange of goods and services among people and countries benefitting both parties

Trade barrieran economic or physical limit to what can be traded with a country; ways of limiting trade by tariffs, quotas, or embargoes; limit world trade, diminish economic efficiency, reduce total production and employment, raise prices, and encourage retaliation. They benefit some domestic companies and their workers at the expense of foreign companies and workers, and domestic consumers.Traditional economy

an economy dominated by methods and techniques that have strong social support even though they may be out of date; economy in which customs and habits of the past decide what and how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumedTransportto move by using trucks, ships, planes, etc.Treatya written agreement that is written and signed to signify the end of a warTreaty of Versailles(1919) an agreement that officially ended World War I; it required that Germany accept full responsibility for the war; explained what the winners of the war would gain and what the losers would lose; punished Germany for the war, stripped Germany of power, land, and military; Germany had to pay Allies for war; the U.S. refused to sign the treatyTsarsanother spelling of the word CZARS; what the king/emperor was called in RussiaTundraa plain found in arctic and subarctic regions that has permanently frozen subsoil and is treelessTurbinesfan blades that are turned by some type of energy which in turn produces a useful power . For example water from the river, as it flows through the dam, turns the turbine and makes electricity.Turina major city in ItalyTwentieth centuryyears from 1900-1999Ukraineused to be a part of the USSR (Soviet Union), now a countryUnicameralone house; refers to type of legislative branch of governmentUnitary government

a form of government in which the central government decides which powers to grand to local governments; a form of government in which a central government operates all levels of government in a country; characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority (Examples: Cuba and United Kingdom)Unskilled laborworkers who don't have training or educationUrbanreferring to cityUrban areacity area (as compared to the country and farmland)USSRUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics; often just shortened to "Soviet Union". This country does not exist anymore. It has now been broken up into several different countries.Vasco de Gamaa Portuguese explorerVasthuge, large, tremendousVenicecity in Italy, water canals instead of streets/roadsVersaillesa royal castle (a grand palace) in France, a place in France near ParisViceroySpanish governor of conquered American landsVolga Riverriver in Asia/Eastern EuropeVoluntaryto do something because you want to, not because someone is making you

Wales

used to be country by itself, now part of Great Britain which is part of United KingdomWelfare stategovernment that guarantees certain benefits to the unemployed, poor, disabled, old, and sick, such as is done in the Basic Law of GermanyWilhelm IIGerman emperorWorld War IEuropean conflict from 1914 to 1918; also known as the Great War and "the war to end all wars"World War IIworldwide conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945Worldwide Depressionconnected to US banks; wages fell; banks closed; business slowed; inflation rose, farmers lost landWorkforcethe people in a country or society who hold jobs or are able to hold jobsZapatistasa rebel group in southern Mexico which fought in the 1900's on behalf of poor farmers; a guerilla group who supported improved living conditions for indigenous Mexicans; they have resorted to harassment, sabotage, and forcible takeovers of local governments