International Organisations

European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)

Piotr Wojciechowski

Warsaw 2015

Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: TheEuropean Neighbourhood Policy – key documents, map, stages of integration.

Chapter 3: The European Neighbourhood Policy – overview

Chapter 4:Funding and Budget of ENP

Chapter 5:Status of the ENP PartnersEastern Partnership, The Southern Neighbourhood

Chapter 6:EU Relations with Partners

Chapter 7:The European Neigbourhood Instruments ENI

Chapter 8: Conclusion

Chapter 9: Bibliography

Introduction

Planned for 2004. Enlargement of the European Union (EU) led to the start of the discussion within the organization on the need to develop a new, coherent and comprehensive policy towards countries that as a result of enlargement will become direct EU neighbors. For this reason, the European Commission (EC) has proposed European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), covering eastern and southern neighbors.

For Poland, interested in expanding the area of stability and security in Eastern Europe, it is essential to create chances for membership in the European Union our eastern neighbors, particularly Ukraine and in the long term, Belarus and Moldova. Meanwhile, the EU offers these and other post-Soviet countries the European Neighbourhood Policy, which make their membership in the EU even impossible.

ENP was created in order to give a new impetus to cooperation with EU neighbors and to prevent the emergence of new dividing aspects between the enlarged EU and its neighbors. The purposes of EPS Commission are among others: sharing the benefits of EU enlargement in 2004. Strengthening the stability, security and prosperity with all stakeholders and to provide new neighbors a chance to participate in various EU activities, through greater political, economic, cultural and security cooperation. The ENP policy objective is to initiate positive transformation processes by supporting economic and social development, modernization and reform under the new, more intense relationship based on converging or common interests and values such as good management, stability and security, democracy, human rights and the rule of law, market economy and sustainable development and reforms.

In the framework of the ENP, EU decided to offer enhanced partner relationships and a more complementary process of European integration based on respect for common values between the Parties. However, it did so with some reservation. The process of intensification of relations between the partner country and the EU will depend on progress on internal reforms and the total implementation of Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.

The European Union is trying to encourage the protection of fundamental human and social rights, including freedom of media and word expression, rights of minorities and children, gender equality, trade union rights and other core labor standards, as well as combating not torture and prevention of ill-treatment. These objectives are achieved through appropriate laws, enforcement of the international conventions to combat hatred of racial and xenophobia as well as general training in human rights. EPS also supports the development and role of civil society in the partner countries of the ENP.Respect for human rights is an essential characteristic of each of the jointly agreed ENP Action Plans. The action plans contain a number of priorities to strengthen commitment to common values, including specific agreed commitments on human rights and political reforms and reforms in the field of governance. The implementation of these commitments will be monitored through joint structures (sub-committees) set up by the EU and the partner country.

ENP Action Plans also indicate areas where the EU and its partners to intensify their political dialogue and political cooperation exchange information. On a wide range of issues including foreign policy and security, international and regional issues, prevent running conflicts and managing crises, common security threats, such as terrorism, weapons of mass destruction and illegal arms exports and other areas identified as priorities in the ENP action plan for the country.

http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/

Examples of political priorities in the ENP action plans:

In the case of Jordan: supporting the reform described in the legend prepared by the national government;

In Moldova: Electoral reform, strengthening the independence of the judiciary and fundamental freedoms, fight against corruption and efforts to find a lasting solution to the Transnistria conflict;

In the case of Morocco: the pursuit of reforms aimed at democratization, the implementation of international human rights conventions and modernizing the justice system;

In Palestinian Authority: the adoption of a new coherent strategy for judicial reform and the fight against corruption;

Tunisia: support for reforms aimed at democratization, human rights and modernization and independence of the judiciary;

This type of cooperation can lead also to acquire the partner countries of certain aspects of the CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy) of the EU or ESDP (European Security and Defense Policy) or for joint training and exercises and possible participation in crisis management operations conducted by the EU, as such as Moroccan participation in the EU's ALTHEA operation in Bosnia. The EU can also advise and help countries on issues related to the implementation of their international commitments in the range of fighting terrorism and non-proliferation.

Another very real possibility of strengthening political cooperation is possible invitation states to lend their support EU statements on various issues of foreign policy, defining the EU position on specific issues of foreign policy which define precisely EU position on specific issues of foreign policy. Moldova and Ukraine have already been offered in some specific cases, the opportunity to sign up under this kind of declarations under the CFSP.

The ENP is may be considered as a response to the interest of the EU neighbors, from the Mediterranean to the Caspian Sea, and their desire for the EU to establish closer, more privileged relationship. It is also an answer to the expectations of citizens, their hopes and fears about the challenges of today's world - globalization and differences in the level of prosperity, migration management, secure boundaries, organized crime, combating of terrorism and extremism, environmental damage, threats - ginseng health, etc. - deriving from poverty, uncertainty, migratory pressure or scarcity of resources in the common area neighborhood.

Benefiting from economic integration with the EU, neighboring countries can successfully implement reform programs and economic development policies. Building and sustainable political and economic systems, and solid state and foreign institutions which are responding to common security threats, such as terrorism, extremism, weapons of mass destruction.

EPS is committed to efficient and secure borders, promoting the exchange of economic, social and cultural, but not having to build "of European fortress" or creating new dividing lines. This policy also covers issues of strategic importance, such as energy issue because the neighboring countries and their neighbors are current or future suppliers or transit countries.

European Neighbourhood Policy map

EPS: the most important stages March 2003. - May 2004: European Commission proposes main objectives of the

Neighbourhood Policy. May 2004: European Commission presented national reports on seven ENP countries June 2004: 25 Heads of State and Government of the EU approved the Commission's

strategy. In the following months of 2004 The European Commission and seven ENP countries

negotiated ENP Action Plans setting out short and medium term reform priorities. February - June 2005 ENP Action Plans is adopted for: Israel, Jordan, Moldova, Morocco,

Palestinian Authority, Tunisia and Ukraine. The end of 2005. - Half 2006:Beginning of Negotiations for ENP Action Plans with Armenia,

Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia and Lebanon.

• http://www.transparencyinternational.eu/focus_areas/enp/

Legal basis of functioning of European Neighbourhood Policy

Article 8 of the Treaty on European Union Title V of the Treaty on European Union Articles 206-207 (trade) and 216-219 (international agreements) of the Treaty on the

Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).

Key documents:

Strategy papers - Since 2003, the European Commission has adopted successive proposals in the form of Communications which have shaped/mapped the European Neighbourhood Policy. Since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the Communications are jointly presented by the Commissioner and the High Representative.

• 2003 11 March - Neighbourhood: A new framework for relations with our Eastern and Southern neighbours

• 2004 12 May European Neighbourhood Policy Strategy Paper • 2005 22 November Communication to the Commission - Implementing and promoting the

European Neighbourhood Policy• 2006 4 December Strengthening the European Neighbourhood Policy• 2007, 2008, Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy • 2010 Taking stock of the European Neighbourhood Policy• 2011 A new response to a changing Neighbourhood, A Medium Term Programe for renewed

European Neighbourhood Policy 2011-2014, Partnership for Democracy and Shared Prosperity Report. Eastern Partnership

• 2012 Delivering on a new European Neighbourhood Policy, Eastern Partnership: A Roadmap to the autumn 2013 Summit

• 2013 20 March - European Neighbourhood Policy: Working towards a Stronger Partnership• 2014 27 March - Neighbourhood at the crossroads – taking stock of a year of challenges

2)ENP Action Plans to all neighborhood countries.3)Progress Reports 4)Financing the ENP more in the chapter 4

http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/documents/progress-reports/index_en.htm http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/documents/action-plans/index_en.htm

Chapter 1: The European Neighbourhood Policy Overview

The European Neighbourhood Policy is the official European Union foreign policy towards its neighboring countries. The European Commission first introduced the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2003, and a more detailed study appeared in May 2004. This document shows the specific conditions under which the EU cooperates with neighboring countries.

ENP was developed to promote prosperity, security, stability as well as rule-of-law and democratic structures in the countries bordering on the enlarged EU. The EU works with its southern and eastern neighbours to achieve the closest possible political association and the greatest possible degree of economic integration. This goal builds on common interests and on values — democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights, and social cohesion.

It is geared towards the EU’s immediate neighbours both to the east (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine) and the south (Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, the Palestinian territories, Syria and Tunisia).

Through the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), the EU offers its neighbors a privileged relationship, based on the common values like democracy and human rights, rule of law, good governance, market economy principles and sustainable development.

EPS action plans define short and medium term reform priorities within wide range of topics, including:

dialogue and political reform cooperation and economic and social development Trade related issues, market reform cooperation in the field of justice, freedom and security sectorial issues, such as transport, energy, information society, environment, R & D; human dimension, especially contacts, civil society, education, public health.

Despite the fact that the basic structure of the ENP Action Plans is the same, the negotiations with partners determine the the fact content of each one. Take into account the specificities of the country and reflects its political, economic and social needs of the country and its relations with the EU.

Deeper political integration means more frequent dialogue, support for the further strengthening of institutions protecting democracy and respect for the law, promoting common foreign policy priorities, such as cooperation across regional, providing more effective multilateral institutions, responding to common security threats, such as terrorism, extremism, weapons of mass destruction like.

Deeper economic integration means substantial financial and technical assistance for the implementation of the EU reform priorities and cross-border cooperation, reforms thanks to which, among other partner countries will benefit from expanded access to trade with the EU internal market, as well as support efforts these countries to obtain membership in the WTO.

The Partner country’s degree and pace of progress for its relations with the EU depends on the ability of the country and its political will to implement agreed reforms. Achieving progress is stimulated through better incentives and better benefits. This means that at a time when countries identify the sectors of the EU market, for which they wish to access, and then implement the necessary reforms so that they can use this access, they can gradually participate in networks for transport, energy, telecommunications, education etc. throughout the EU.

One of the primary objectives of the European Neighbourhood Policy was to avoid creating new dividing lines along the borders of the enlarged EU. Especially relevant are the ENP action in the field of justice, freedom and security, under which the EU and its partners involved in having more and more important challenges supranational, such as management of migration flows, the proceedings on asylum and visas, the fight against organized crime, in particular human and drug trafficking, terrorism and money laundering. Drawn up jointly with partners ENP action plans are also

intended to increase police and judicial cooperation, as well as with EU bodies such as the European Police Office (Europol) and the Unit for. Judicial cooperation (Eurojust).

Promoting justice, freedom and security in the neighborhood area involves tackling the challenges internal system. In the common interest of the EU and its partners is to improve the functioning of institutions inter-related and ensuring effective administration. Supporting countries in the process of creating legal institutions the importance of respecting the law is the basis of good governance and a healthy business environment. The European Union has already supported such activities, for example by helping Georgia to improve its justice system through an annual advisory mission (2004 - 2005 r.).

Europe today is an attractive destination, and for a European public opinion migration is a particularly delicate issue, as the public fear its impact on employment and competition in the labor market. The key perspective for ENP is migration management. EU seeks to develop migration balance and clearly placing the issue of migration among the topics of dialogue with partner countries. EU neighboring countries were at one time an important source of migration, but now form part of the transit countries for people of the more remote regions, or are themselves the destination. By the end of 2005 the bilateral working groups with Jordan, Moldova, Morocco and Tunisia were established which meet regularly. EU countries covered by the ENP provides financial assistance and advice in connection with their efforts to deal with the issues of legal and illegal migration. Union finances projects in the whole area of the neighborhood, whose goal is to create relevant institutions, improve border controls, modernization of facilities for the reception of asylum seekers and refugees and combating illegal immigration and human trafficking.

ENP does not intend to completely restrict migration because it is what Europe needs, because its own population is shrinking and aging. It is estimated that till 2050 the population of Austria would decrease without the influx of immigration, by one-quarter and one-third of Italians would be over 65 years. In effect Europe may face a sharp decline in economic growth and living standards, therefore Europe needs to attract workers and skills from outside. For this to happen, Europe needs an effective migration management. This means achieving the right balance between taking decisive steps against illegal immigration and trafficking in human beings on the one hand and, on the other hand – encouraging immigrants to come. Proper management of migration means promoting legal migration and mobility, especially in the case of certain categories of people, such as students, because skilled labor force is needed in the EU and avoid excessive outflow of educated, talented workers from partner countries. Europe must also prevent illegal immigration, which means the need to support the efforts of the EU neighboring countries for better management of borders, increase the security of their travel documents, and expand the opportunities of these countries in effectively controlling the own borders. European Neighbourhood Policy aims to achieve such balance, clearly placing the issue of migration among the topics of dialogue with partner countries. To tackle this growing challenge, the European Union has intensified its dialogue on migration with partner countries, particularly with its southern neighbors. By the end of 2005. Established a regular deliberative bilateral working groups with Jordan, Moldova, Morocco and Tunisia.

The EU provides ENP countries in financial assistance and advice in connection with their efforts to deal with the issues of legal and illegal migration. The EU finances projects in the whole area of the neighborhood, whose goal is to create relevant institutions, improve border controls, upgrade reception facilities of asylum seekers and refugees and combating illegal immigration and human trafficking.

Aeneas programEneasz

European Aeneas program was created to provide aid and cooperation with third countries in the field of protection of the rights of migrants, fighting illegal migration, strengthening the protection of refugees, to facilitate the re-admission and integration of returned migrants, promote the use of legal channels for legal migration and supporting migration management.On the implementation of the program in 2004-2006 was allocated EUR 120 million. The program focuses in particular on the countries which have signed agreements with the EU readmission, and countries which are the place of origin or transit of migration flows directed to the EU. Similar activities will be carried out since 2007. As a continuation of this program.

Dealing with refugees and asylum seekers and board management

In recent years, great importance has become a matter of how to deal with those asylum seekers and refugees. Neighboring countries of the EU often lack the institutional capacity and financial resources to address such challenges, the aim of the ENP is to help partners in the creation of non-redundant administrative capacity and the creation of effective management systems. The EU believes that solutions to refugee problems should be sought in accordance with international conventions, first and foremost in regions of origin of refugees.

The key issue is the management of borders, as the European Union and its neighbors can effectively manage common borders and streamline legitimate cross-border flows only through cooperation. The aim is to facilitate the movement of people and goods across borders, while at the same time ensure a high level of security against illegal flows, and to assist countries in building their own capacities for more effective border control.

Community support for border management can take many forms, such as technical assistance, such as that granted to Moldova and Ukraine in the framework of the EU mission for. Training and border control in the management of their common border. For instance, in 2005, EU started negotiations on the agreement of the "visa facilitation" with Ukraine. The aim of these negotiations is to simplify the process of obtaining visas for Ukrainian citizens visiting the EU, by abolishing or reducing the visa fee or reducing the number of documents which must show certain categories of travelers, such as students, researchers, business people or even officials attending meetings or training courses on reforms. Promoting travel possibilities also brings wider economic benefits and advantages in the field of cultural exchange.

In addition to simplifying the process of issuing visas, the European Union would also like to take the negotiations on the "readmission agreements", as is the case with Ukraine and Morocco. These agreements define the procedures pro-returning illegal immigrants to the territory of the partner country (or the EU). The issues of visa facilitation and readmission agreements are good examples of cases in which action at EU level is more meaningful than the conclusion by the individual EU Member States potentially not covering all issues of bilateral agreements with partner countries.

Promoting economic reforms and a free market economy is one of the ways in which the ENP can create opportunities for trade and investment. This policy also gives neighboring countries the opportunity to obtain greater access to the EU internal market, depending on the extent to which these countries are able to approach their respective laws, regulations and standards to those of the EU. The economic situation in the neighborhood countries varies depending on the country. And so there is a huge difference between Israel, which outperforms other ENP countries in terms of GDP per capita, and which is the poorest country Moldova ENP. EU neighborhood also includes diverse kinds of

economies of mainly agricultural economies to post-Soviet industrial economies. The common denominator is manifested in the fact that almost all ENP countries have undertaken to make the economic transition.

All countries neighboring the EU a greater or lesser extent, faced with the problem of poverty. Therefore, the key elements of the reform strategies of all our partners must be the fight against poverty, the weakness of economic and social exclusion. Facilitating business and trade plays an important role in bringing people together. EPS goes, however, further promoting not only the relations between public authorities and companies, but also building linkages cultural, educational and social relations between the European Union and its neighbors in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean area.

The European Neighbourhood Policy aims to create stronger economic ties and political between the EU and its partner countries. Properly implemented the ENP should contribute both directly and indirectly, to sustainable development in partner countries and bring substantial economic benefits for all parties.

Promoting economic reforms and a free market economy is one of the ways in which EPS can create opportunities for trade and investment. This policy also gives neighboring countries the opportunity to obtain greater access to the EU internal market, depending on the extent to which these countries are able to approach their respective the provisions of law, regulations and standards to those of the EU.

Economic situation

The economic situation in the neighborhood area varies depending on the country. And so there is a huge difference between Israel, which Outperforms other ENP countries in terms of GDP per capita, and which is the poorest country Moldova ENP. EU neighborhood also includes diverse types of economies, economies of mainly agricultural products to post-Soviet industrial economies. The common denominator is manifested in the fact that almost all ENP countries have undertaken to make the economic transition.

Most ENP partners have made progress in stabilizing their economies and appear to strive for economic integration with the EU, unable to resist a rather favorable macroeconomic conditions. However, in some countries there is still no macroeconomic balance, and in many of them the level of income per capita is low. There are also serious challenges in the social sector, including the issue of reduction of the still high level of poverty in some countries. Most neighboring countries are characterized by high levels of unemployment, which in addition is often the problem of integration into their labor markets, a large number of young people. Raising the standard of living will be the measure of success of the ENP, while the fight against poverty is the main priority of the economic policy.

Education is a key area in which the EU and its partners are working together to promote reforms. The issue of deficiencies in the "knowledge society" in the EU's neighborhood requires immediate action, especially in the Mediterranean. Reform and modernization of education systems are important pre-conditions for economic competitiveness and the sustainability of social and political. As part of the ENP, the EU will increase its assistance for building stronger education systems in partner countries. Its aim is to both increase of access to education as well as ensuring that the educational sector contribute to a democratic society. Education and training must also better meet the needs of the market and employers. This is a problem in many countries Mediter- sea, where unemployment for graduates of higher education is even higher than that of people who stop learning. ENP also seeks to improve vocational training, promote exchanges and mobility of students and learning programs of lifelong.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/82918635@N08/sets/72157635199921434/Promoting freer trade and larger investments between the European Union and its partners is

part of a policy to stimulate and support economic development in the member countries and thus partner - the main objective of the European Neighbourhood Policy. Creating closer economic ties within the neighborhood and neighbors will help support reforms in the partner countries, improving life for their citizens and making these countries more attractive to investors. However, trade is not only the opening of EU markets to these countries - it is related to the support reforms implemented by the partner countries themselves, that will help them benefit from these trade opportunities.

European Union Agreement with partner countries already contain many trade provisions, including the prospect of the progressive establishment of free trade with Mediterranean partners and the gradual granting of the status of "most favored nation" and the elimination of quantitative restrictions on trade with eastern countries. In this context, also the prospect of them existing agreement on free trade with Ukraine and introducing autonomous trade preferences for Moldova. EU's southern neighbors can no longer benefit from duty-free and tax-free access to EU markets for industrial products. In almost all cases, the EU is already to neighboring dimensions trading partner number one. ENP countries are for their part important energy suppliers for the European Union: 2004. A total of 17% of EU energy imports came from eight of these countries.

The key to stimulating growth, creating jobs and reducing poverty is to stimulate private investment. In addition to broad economic reforms, ENP encourages countries to harmonization their respective laws with the EU on the basis of jointly agreed priorities, focusing their efforts solely on the most important elements of Community law, also known as the “acquis communautaire” in order to stimulate trade and economic integration. Using the relevant EU standards in areas such as company law, accounting and auditing, corporate governance, the European Union can encourage partner countries to structural reforms and the application of best practice required in order to stimulate investment and improve economic growth.

Promoting contacts between the peoples of the Union and its neighboring countries is one of the best ways to achieve the objectives of the European Neighbourhood Policy. Reinforcing mutual understanding of cultures, history, attitudes and values is an important basis for productive political and economic ties. As at the beginning of 2006. Showed commotion caused by the caricatures of the prophet Maho- meta increase understanding between our cultures property is important today more than ever.

The post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

The post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy was created by the Treaty of Amsterdam, which entered into force in 1999. It is wide-ranging.  It involves coordinating the EU’s foreign policy tools – development assistance, trade, humanitarian aid and crisis response - as the Vice-President of the European Commission. The High Representative is building consensus between the 28 EU countries and their respective priorities – including through monthly meetings between EU foreign ministers. One of most obligations of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy is steering foreign policy on behalf of the EU and representing the EU at international fora, such as the United Nations and heading the European Defense Agency and the EU Institute for Security Studies.

NowadaysFederica Mogherini occupy this position. Her key responsibilities are leading the Project Team "Europe in the World, representing the EU at international fora such as the United Nations. She also charge the Commission's Group on External Action to deliver a common approach for EU action on the world stage. She reports back to the Commission's President and to the whole College about geopolitical developments and coordinates the work of all Commissioners in charge of external relations portfolios.

Relation to other EU institutions

The EU foreign policy is steered by the European Council and defined by the Foreign Affairs Council, which brings together the Foreign Ministers of the EU Member States every month. The High Representative chairs these meetings. Once policy is determined by the Council, it is up to the EEAS to carry it out.

The EEAS cooperates with the European Commission on many issues – like adopting a single and well defined approach for the EU's foreign policy. We can observe it through when EU's assists developing countries . We should remember that Service is structurally and financially independent from the Commission.

Finally, the EEAS works with the European Parliament. Minimum twice a year the High Representative reports on foreign policy and activities to the Parliament and answers questions from Members of the European Parliament.

The ENP is a jointly owned initiative and its implementation requires action on both sides, by the neighbours and also by the EU. The ENP benefits from greater cohesiveness can be obtained thanks to the creation of the European External Action Service which supports the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission Federica Mogherini and the involvement of the Commissioner specifically dealing with European Neighborhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations European Neighbourhood Policy, Johannes Hahn.

Chapter 4 Funding and Budget of ENP

Agreed to a seven-year perspective of 2007-13 it’s the period of Neighbourhood Policy funding mainly by the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The ENPI budget in those years is € 11.18 billion. In 2007-10 about 70% of funds were directed to the South, while 30% is used for operation in the eastern part of the ENP. Taking into account the additional financial resources to the Eastern Partnership, the financial imbalance between the eastern and southern

dimension decreased. In 2011-13, about 63% of the funding in the framework of national and regional programs of the ENPI is allocated to the southern dimension, and 37% for eastern neighbors.

To help realize the original ENP, in 2007 the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) was created with a budget of some 11 billion euros for the period 2007-2013. ENPI was replaced in 2013 by the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI), for the period 2014-2020 more than 15 billion euros will be available for ENI. The two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014 are giving incentives and rewarding best performing countries, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner. It has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes.

In July 2010, European Commission launched a review of the European Neighbourhood Policy, which had to adapt it to developments in the European Union and in the countries lying it’ neighborhood. The new strategy in the ENP adopted in 2011 was the EU's response to changes in the area of its neighborhood, especially in the Southern Mediterranean, but also in Eastern Europe and rising expectations on the part of the partner countries which support them in the process of democratic transition and reform. This strategy specifically refers to promote the process of democratic transition and is based on the principles of differentiation and conditionality of aid for instance The principle of "more-for-more".

In response to the events of the Arab Spring, the Council requested the High Representative of the EU Foreign and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton to appointed EU Special Representative (EUSR). Responsible for the Southern Mediterranean region. It was the Spanish diplomat Bernardino León. Its role is to strengthen the political actions of the EU in relation to the region by maintain close contact with the parties involved in the process of democratic transition Mr. Leon is also responsible for promoting and cooperation with international organizations and ensuring coordination between the EU and Member States in the region.

In December 2011. The European Commission presented a proposal for the Multiannual Financial Framework 2014-2020, which proposed to increase by 50% of the European Neighbourhood Policy.

Poland seeks to strengthen the European Neighbourhood Policy in the political, economic and financial. Shall endeavor to maintain a balance between the development of the EU's relations with its eastern and southern neighbors, recognizing their different aspirations and needs. Of particular importance we attach to the development of political contacts, economic approach, including reducing trade barriers and the gradual implementation of EU norms and standards and the implementation by both sides facilitating mobility, including gradual reduction or abolition of visa requirements.

Under the ENI, four types of program are supported:

1) Bilateral programs for the Neighbourhood countries;2) Regional programs for the East and the South;3) An ENP-wide programs mainly funding Erasmus for All, the Neighbourhood Investment

Facility and the Umbrella programs;4) Cross-Border Co-operation programs between Member States and Neighbourhood countries.

• Financial support –worth €12 billion were given to ENP-projects in the period from 2007 to 2013

• in 2011 Economic integration and access to EU markets –trade between the EU and its ENP partners amounted to €230bn

• Schengen– 3.2 million visas were issued to citizens, and in particular to students from ENP countries in 2012

Programming is done only for the first years of the Multi-AnnularityFinancial Framework period to allow adaptation of EU support to evolving situation in each state. Because of differentiation, the timeframes of the programming documents differ and take into account the

specificity of the country situation.

Allocations are based on the criteria set out in Article 4.1 of the ENI Regulation. In line with the Regulation, indicative allocations are presented in a range of not more than 20%.The programming priorities have been developed in close cooperation with the national authorities of partner countries concerned, civil society and other relevant stakeholders, and in coordination with EU Member States, with Action plans and other jointly agreed documents as a key point of reference. They were also subject of a Strategic Dialogue on programming with the European Parliament.

In accordance with the aid effectiveness principles, programming documents for bilateral cooperation present in general three priority sectors. Each sector of concentration will encompass sector-related capacity development and institution building activities, including technical cooperation, to support in particular approximation to EU legislation and technical standards. In addition, a horizontal envelope in bilateral programming documents will allow notably for complementary support for capacity development and Civil Society.

Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs

Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairscontributes to the European Neighbourhood Policy by:

5) monitoring and analysing economic and financial developments in ENP countries;6) conducting regular economic dialogues with partner countries;7) managing Macro-Financial Assistance and coordination with international financial

institutions.

In addition to the ENI, Neighbourhood countries will continue to benefit from a range of other EU instruments and programmes. The most important of these are global or thematic programmes under the Development Co-operation Instrument, the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights, the Instrument for Stability and interventions under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).

Marco Buti Director-General for Economic and Financial Affairs at the European Commission since December 2008.

Chapter 5 Status of the ENP PartnersPartner countries agree with the EU an ENP action plan or an Association Agenda

demonstrating their commitment to democracy, human rights, rule of law, good governance, market economy principles and sustainable development. The EU supports the achievement of these objectives.

The European External Action Service helps the EU's foreign affairs chief – the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy – carry out the Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy. Formally launched on 1 January 2011, the Service was created by the Treaty of Lisbon, which itself entered into force in 2009. The principles guiding the EU's activity abroad are defined in the Treaty. The External Action Service, also brings together expertise from EU and national diplomatic services.

ENP countries

Of the 16 ENP countries 12 are currently are already fully participating as partners in the ENP. Armenia ,Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Moldova, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia, Ukraine. And four having agreed on ENP action.: Algeria is currently negotiating an ENP action planBelarus, Libya and Syria remain outside most of the structures of ENP.

The southern Neighbourhood

In 2011, in the wake of the Arab Spring, the European Union realigned its Neighbourhood Policy towards its Southern Neighbours as "Partnership with the Southern Mediterranean for Democracy and Shared Prosperity" focused on supporting the political transition as well as promotion of the economic development of the southern partner countries.

It combines the EU programs to implement democratic reform, institution-building in areas such as judicial reform, the fight against corruption and the promotion of civil society reinforced by measures to strengthen economic cooperation, especially in the form of Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements (DCFTA) and Mobility Partnerships.

Considering the outstanding history of the Arab Spring, Austria advocates increased EU engagement in the southern Mediterranean. However, the EU support measures must be effective, and these funds need to be used efficiently and to yield justifiable results. The aim of this Euro-Mediterranean partnership is to promote integration and democratic reforms through concrete projects that strengthen regional and sub-regional cooperation. The concrete project work is coordinated by the General Secretariat in Barcelona. The activities of the UfM are financed by voluntary contributions from Member States and from the EU's ENI budget.

Eastern Partnership

The Eastern Partnership is a joint policy initiative launched at the Prague Summit in May 2009. It aims to deepen and strengthen relations between the European Union and its six Eastern neighbours: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova    and Ukraine.The Eastern Partnership represents the Eastern dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). It is based on shared values of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and the rule of law.The commitment to the Eastern Partnership initiative and its objectives were reaffirmed at the Warsaw Summit in 2011 and the Vilnius Summit in 2013.

On 20-22 May 2015, EU leaders met representatives of the Eastern Partnership partner countries at the fourth Eastern Partnership summit in Riga to reconfirm the importance the EU attaches to its Eastern Partnership.

The Eastern Partnership has two tracks: bilateral and multilateral.

Thebilateral dimensionsupports political and socio-economic reforms in partner countries to foster political association and further economic integration with the EU, Enhance sector cooperation and Support mobility of citizens and visa-free travel as a long-term goal. Bilateral cooperationprograms contribute to these objectives with focused assistance in the priority areas identified in each country's multi-annual programming document, and complementary support for the implementation of agreements with the EU that builds on the experience of the Comprehensive Institution Building program.

The multilateral dimension complements bilateral relations with Thematic platforms to exchange best practices on issues of mutual interest: good governance, economic integration and growth, energy security and transport, contacts between people and also Flagship initiatives, which are regional cooperation programs in the fields of: energy, environment, response to disasters, border management, support to small businesses.

Engagement with civil society is a key element of the Eastern Partnership. It is underpinned with initiatives like the Civil Society Forum, the Neighbourhood Civil Society Facility, and dedicated funding at regional and country level. Eastern neighbors participate also in initiatives open to all Neighbors countries (Erasmus+, TAIEX, SIGMA and the Neighbourhood Investment Facility), and in cross-border cooperation programs.

Regional conflicts

In the neighborhood there are a number of bitter conflict, the settlement of which will require an effective dialogue and cooperation between the countries concerned. Stabilization and security of both the European Union and its neighborhood area threatens the constant presence of this type of proceedings near the borders of the EU, especially in the Middle East, Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia and Western Sahara.

Finding solutions to regional conflicts is an important aspect of the European Neighbourhood Policy. The European Union, including through the ENP Action Plans, supports efforts to resolve regional conflicts and encourages the parties involved not to continue the dialogue in this regard. Solving these problems is essential if around the European Union is expected to create zone of stability and security. Most attention is focused on the Middle East conflict, throughout the region there are however other bitter conflicts that also need attention.

Middle East

The achievement of lasting peace in the Middle East is a key objective of the European Union, whose main aim is the two-state solution leading to a final and comprehensive settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, based on the implementation of the Road Map, with Israel and a democratic, which may exist, peaceful and sovereign state Palestine existing side by side within secure and recognized borders, enjoying normal relations with their neighbors. This concept includes a fair resolution of the complex issue of Jerusalem and reasonable, feasible, realistic and agreed solution to the problem of Palestinian refugees.

Transnistria

After the fall of the Soviet Union and the regaining of independence by Moldova, the Transnistria region declared its independence in 1991. Whereby there was a brief civil war. Since 1992. The status of the unrecognized by the international community of the region remains unresolved. The withdrawal of Russian troops and weapons provided primarily at the end of 2002. In accordance with the agreement between the OSCE summit in Istanbul, has been suspended after the removal of only about 35% of ammunition magazines in 2003. Talks on a political settlement in 5 dimension roll format , the OSCE, Russia and Ukraine as mediators, along with representatives of Chisinau and Tiraspol. The European Union and the United States joined the talks as observers in 2005.

The European Union is particularly concerned about the high levels of organized crime and trafficking in Transnistria, which even closer to the borders of the EU at the time of Romania's accession to the EU.

EU Relations with Partners:Algeria

The basis for relations between the European Union and Algeria is a system of EU-Algeria Association Agreement, which entered into force in September 2005. Providing closer political and economic dialogue, the gradual liberalization of services and trade, and cooperation in the areas of economic, social, cultural, as well as in the field of justice.

EU support for the reform process in Algeria include many projects for Instance project worth 57 million Euro aimed at increasing the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Algeria. Training, expert advice and better access to specialized information will help about 3,000 small and medium-sized enterprises better adapt to the conditions of market economy, and to improve the business environment by strengthening institutions and public organizations involved in the development of the SME sector.

Second big project aims to support better management of the economy, for example by ensuring aid to government to improve the collection and processing of national statistical data, so that they can be better used for national forecasting. Project is worth around 20 million Euro.

Project directed to human capital, worth 10 million euro helps to support the development of potential employee’s Algerian civil service and other institutions through technical advice, training and twinning arrangements with national administrations of the EU.

Nuclear safety Medzamor

Closing of the Medzamor nuclear power plant is an important issue in the EU's relations with Armenia. Armenia, which lacks natural resources, relies heavily on the running again in 1995. Power. However, due to the construction of this plant uwa- Zana is too dangerous, moreover, it is in a seismic zone. The European Union has offered € 100 million to facilitate early closure of this plant.

Armenia

Armenia's relations with the European Union goes back to 1999 when Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) between the EU and Armenia entered into force. This Accord aims to promote respect for the principles of democracy, rule of law and human rights and the consolidation of a market economy, liberalization trade and cooperation in several fields.

Armenia along with Azerbaijan and Georgia was incorporated to EPS in 2004. the EU gave signal that is willing to give Armenia further assistance in coping with the challenges that country may encounter. In the national report EPS of March 2005 The European Commission stated that the Action Plan should, provide support for democratic and market reforms. And later on ENP Action Plan was adopted on 14 November 2006. EU support for the reform process in Armenia include,

among others, support for institutional reform, legal and administration, while taking into account the social impact of these changes:

supporting the development of economic, political and social development with the framework of ENP and the WTO via Armenian-European Centre of Political and Legal Advisory which is founded by the TACIS. The AECPLA provides government consulting political and legal high in relation to the implementation of the provisions of the PCA.

support the rapid closure of outdated Medzamor nuclear power plant and the development of alternatives to nuclear energy. Renovation of gas storage rooms, hydroelectric plants, assess the potential for development of renewable energy, development of feasibility studies and strategies for decommissioning the power plant.

support the general and vocational education, which also contributes to the reduction of poverty also food security program, which aims is to reduce poverty. It provides budgetary support and technical assistance for important reforms in agriculture and for public finance management, including support for social care (family allowances and child care).

Closing the Medzamor nuclear power plant is an important issue in the EU's relations with Armenia. Armenia, which lacks natural resources, relies heavily on the running again in 1995. Plant. However, due to the construction of this plant uwa- bound to be unsafe, moreover, it is in a seismic zone. The European Union has offered € 100 million to facilitate early closure of this plant.

Azerbaijan

The basis for relations between the EU and Azerbaijan is the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA), which entered into force in July 1999. The aim of the PCA is, for instance, trade liberalization, investment promotion and carry out activities for the protection of intellectual, industrial and commercial, while conducting regular political dialogue. In 2004 The European Union has signaled that will help Azerbaijan to address these challenges.

In prepared in March 2005 European Neighbourhood Policy national report, the European Commission stated that the action plan should be carried out with support for the market economy, institutional and political reforms, poverty alleviation and several other measures required to bring the state into the European Union. In the political sphere, the EU is ready to assist Azerbaijan to promote democratic change, improve and conduct the elections and enhance the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. On 14 November, 2006. ENP Action Plan was adopted.EU support for the reform process in Azerbaijan include assisting in improving conditions of Life. For example, in 22 villages in the Fizuli region, electricity distribution networks will improved, drinking water supply systems and irrigation canals will be refinement and the region's rail link with the capital will be restored. These activities not only improved basic living conditions in this area, but also enabled about 35 000 people to return to their villages.

Supporting the economic and social development, for example by assisting in the modernization of the social protection sector, restructuring the Ministry of Economic Development, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises and the promotion of exports - all of these activities help raise living standards and eradicate poverty; similar task fully support the program over a food safety provided by the Community for agricultural development, including the improvement of irrigation systems and land reform.

EU assists to supporting reform amounting to around 30 million euro for Azerbaijan in the years 2004-2006 - supports institutional reforms, legal and administrative provisions in the country, for example, reform of social benefits, the modernization of border guards and measures aimed at combating human trafficking. EC funds also support the private sector and economic development, including for instance work on a national strategy for vocational training.

Egypt

The bilateral relations between the EU and Egypt are concluded in Association Agreement signed in June 2001, which entered into force in June 2004., Replacing an earlier agreement on cooperation of 1977. The first meeting of the EU-Egypt Association was held in June 2004. The Association Agreement provides a comprehensive framework for the political and social dimension of the partnership between the EU and Egypt. Its main aims are to establish a framework for political partnership and the enlarged cooperation to create a free trade area between the EU and Egypt, as well as promoting economic growth and social development.

In March of 2005. The European Commission has published a national report EPS on the political and economic situation in Egypt. ENP is an appropriate tool for supporting Egypt's reform program democratic and economic. EU support for the reform process in Egypt include:

cooperation and capacity building in the field of human rights and democratic reform, and governance, as well as strengthening the national institutions such as the Office of the Ombudsman, the National Council.

support the customs reforms, which carries out Egypt in order to facilitate trade through simplification and modernization of customs clearance procedures. The program to strengthen the Commission's trade with the EU provides well-directed political support as well as technical assistance.

100 million euro for the government program to promote education, which is also supported by the World Bank. The aim of this program is to improve the education system in Egypt, with special emphasis on those areas of the country that are less privileged in terms of education. This program has helped to improve access and equality, which refers in particular to girls, through the construction of almost 400 schools, providing equipment and substantial support for children with learning difficulties.

Supporting the Egyptian export growth as a key priority of economic reform in Egypt. In order to obtain benefits in terms of employment and growth. Since the entry into force of the Association Agreement in 2004. Bilateral trade between the EU and Egypt gradually increasing; this applies to both Egyptian exports to the EU (an increase of 20.7% in 2005.) and EU exports to Egypt (an increase of 12.3% in 2005.). The enlarged European Union is the largest trading partner of Egypt and accounting for over 40% of Egypt's trade with the world;

Georgia

The EU and Georgia Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation Agreement was signed in in July 1999. Along with Armenia and Azerbaijan, Georgia was included in the ENP in 2004. The European Commission stated that the ENP Action Plan should provide the consolidation of Georgian democratic institutions, strengthening the rule of law and supporting market economy and regulatory reforms. On 14 November, 2006. ENP Action Plan was adopted.

EU support for the reform process in Georgia for example try to complete the establishment of the rule of law which is crucial for consolidating democracy and promotes favorable conditions for investment and economic situation.

The annual EU advisory mission carried out in 2004 - 2005 r. carried out by the EU in the framework of European Security and Defense Policy, EU experts helped Georgia to improve its justice system, particularly in the strategic Georgian institutions of governance, such as the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Prosecutor General's Office and the Supreme Court.

Also they helped the Georgian authorities to draw up a comprehensive strategy to reform the state's criminal justice system. Project aims to assist the Government in implementing this strategy, provide further support for the reorganization of the prison system and the reform of the prosecution service, the Ministry of Justice help in creating a civil register for lists of persons entitled to vote and

to fight against corruption and on the legal aid system. The European Community is the largest donor in the inter- national conflict zones in South

Ossetia and Abkhazia. In Abkhazia, EUR 10 million is designated for the modernization of Enguri hydroelectric complex, and 4 million - to the objectives of the program of modernization of infrastructure and minor activities aimed at building trust, lead them with NGOs. In South Ossetia program is implemented infrastructure and shelters of 2.5 million people with the possibility of further aid for modernization and economic development, depending on the results of the OSCE needs assessment.

Israel

The legal basis for relations between the EU and Israel is an Association Agreement which was signed in November 1995 and entered into force in June 2000. Replacing an earlier agreement on cooperation of 1975. The Association Agreement includes arrangements for free trade in industrial goods and concessions for trade in agricultural products - in respect of which It entered into force a new agreement in 2004.

In December of 2004 Israel was one of the first countries that agreed with the EU action plan of the ENP, opening up new opportunities for the development of relations between the EU and Israel. The main goal was to promote peace in the Middle East. Other priorities relate to solve the Anti-Semitism problem, racism and xenophobia, to increase cooperation in the fight against terrorism and fight with spread of weapons of mass destruction and the fight against human trafficking, organized crime addressed the issue of migration.

ENP Action Plan is aimed at raising the level of political cooperation, encourage the approximation of Israeli legislation to the EU as a way to open up the EU internal market to Israel, and striving for greater liberalization of trade, services and agriculture.

Jordan

The EU and Jordan signed in November 1997 Association Agreement., Which entered into force in May 2002. The main aim of the agreement is to develop, within twelve years, a free trade area between the EU and Jordan, as well as help in boosting economic growth.

When we launched the European Neighbourhood Policy, Jordan expressed a strong interest in further developing relations with the EU and quickly became involved in negotiations with the EU on ENP Action Plan. This plan was adopted in 2005. And includes a new and ambitious program of cooperation polity, society and economy, for example in the range of governance and the rule of law, including reform of political parties and electoral law, strengthening the independence and impartiality - of the judiciary, equal treatment of women, fiscal consolidation and economic reforms, development of trade and investment, public- sector reform becomes visible, politics, education and employment.

EPS includes a time frame for supporting Jordanian reforms, in particular their ambitious ten year National Agenda which treats as a priority the development of policy and the current initiative called "We are all Jordan" - a process that could also serve as a positive example for reforms in the region.

EU support for the reform process in Jordan include:

modernization program of industrial, worth 45 million euro, which helped in the development of the private sector in the country through support and services for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

programs based on demand, as support for the implementation of the Association Agreement, which can contribute to facilitate regulatory reform and convergence with the EU and provide capacity building for the Jordanian administration.

facilitate convergence with relevant EU standards for industrial goods (thus improving their access to the EU market) and consumer protection

improve governance through technical support Jordanian anti-corruption strategy, and "twinning" on external audit capacity to improvements which legal framework in line with international and EU standards.

help the Ministry of Environment to create conditions for good governance in the area of the natural environment, by improving the institutional and legislative framework.

Marocco

The EU and Morocco Association Agreement entered into force in 2000 and replaced an earlier agreement on cooperation of 1976. ENP Action Plan was finalized with Morocco in July 2005. It includes mutually agreed priorities for cooperation in political, economic, trade, in the area of justice, security and culture. The European Neighbourhood Policy is the first concrete response to the call of the King of Morocco from 2001.

To intensify the relations between that country and the EU, Morocco also identified the ambition in the harmonization of its legislation with the EU acquits by 2008. With the support of, among others, in the form of a Community program worth EUR 100 million for public administration reform.

Implementation of the ENP Action Plan began through a series of technical subcommittees dealing with issues relating to the internal market, industry, trade and services, transport, environment and energy, research and innovation, agriculture and fisheries, customs, justice and security. The first meeting of the new subcommittee. Human rights, democratization and good governance will be held in 2006.

Morocco is also the only country with which political issues are discussed only in the context of bilateral political dialogue, under which already held two meetings respectively in 2004 and 2005.

EU support negotiations on an agreement on the liberalization of trade in services, which would help to promote foreign investment in Morocco, economic growth and sustainable development - negotiations on the liberalization of trade in services and agricultural products have already been taken.

Reforms on education and training, research and information society will contribute to economic development - the EU has a project with a budget of 40 million to support basic education and aimed at the eradication of illiteracy, which is expected to further aid in the form

Liban

The Association Agreement between the EU and Lebanon was signed in June 2002 and entered into force in April 2006. This agreement sets the framework for political dialogue, cooperation in the field of economic policy, the gradual establishment of a free trade area and cooperation on social issues.

EPS is an appropriate tool to support the Lebanese program of democratic and economic reforms. With the ENP the EU's relations with Lebanon will enter into a new, more intense phase covering a broader spectrum of cooperation. EU supports Lebanon in equipped with a budget of EUR 25 million Fund for Economic and Social Development, through which the EU helps to improve economic and social conditions of low-income groups, supporting local development and creating jobs for people and regions at a disadvantage.

EU also support Lebanese civil society, within which there is cooperation with the government and NGOs on issues such as governance, promotion of good citizenship, dialogue and providing legal assistance in a difficult situation, such as those workers-migrants and refugees.

In Lebanon there are over 400,000 Palestinian refugees, mainly in refugee camps run by the UN. The European Community makes significant contributions each year to projects that benefit refugees. Projects financed by EU funds are implemented by European NGOs and the UN Agency.

Palestine Refugees in the Near East programs focused on providing shelters, socio-economic development, vocational training and Provisional employment, health and food aid.

Moldovia

Agreement on partnership and cooperation between the EU and Moldova entered into force in July 1998. Providing trade liberalization, legislative harmonization, cooperation in a range of sectors and political dialogue. ENP based on the previous agreement and Action Plan between the EU and Moldova was adopted in February 2005 providing a new tool to deepen relations. A key priority of the ENP Action Plan is to support efforts in this to achieve a lasting solution to the Transnistria problem.

Other Moldova priorities include strengthening of institutions, improving the business climate, ensuring respect for freedom of expression and media, and cooperation on issues such as border management, migration and the fight against trafficking, organized crime and money laundering.

EU support for the reform process in Moldova include: opening the representative office of Commission in Kiszynów which is a manifestation of

substantial and visible support for Moldova's efforts in implementing its action plan. increasing Community aid: direct of Community assistance to Moldova increased to 42

million in 2005-2006. improving trade and customs: Moldova benefits from The amendment it much more generous

trade preference program, known as the GSP + (Generalised System of Preferences Plus), which offers the country better access to the EU market.

The Commission is also helping to improve relevant Moldovan institutions and procedures for control and certification of origin of products.

budget support. Morocco already takes part in EU military peacekeeping operations (Althea) in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the EU's Galileo satellite navigation project and tries to deeper political dialogue on foreign policy issues.

Palestinian Authority

Palestinian Authority was established in 1994 as a result of the Oslo accords, providing the Palestinians a temporary local conditions in the Gaza Strip and the West Coast. The Palestinian Authority is a partner in the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and one of the first partner countries who have signed with the European Union Action Plan. The inclusion of the Palestinian Authority in the ENP from the outset part of EU policies, which support more the creation of a future democratic Palestinian state.

After Yasser Arafat died in in November 2004 and Mahmoud Abbas was elected in January 2005 as a new Palestinian. Also decision to leave Gaza Strip seemed to create an opportunity to renew efforts of peace. However, the political landscape has changed dramatically after the triumph State of Hamas in parliamentary elections in January 2006 which affected the European Union's policy in relation to the Palestinian Authority and it is still under review.

ENP Action Plan for the European Union and the Palestinian Authority was adopted in May 2005. It reflects the long-standing priorities in the EU's relations with the Palestinians. At its core the pursuit of reforms, building democracy and institutions, governance, transparency and respect for human rights of, and improve the humanitarian and economic situation of the Palestinians.

The European Union supports development and reform in the Palestinian territories, providing significant financial assistance. Considering the total contribution of the European

Communities and its Member States, the Union shall offer the Palestinians some 500 million euros per year for the promotion of the stability, modernization and economic reform, including assistance in the field carried legal elections. In 2005. The European Community has provided funds amounting to about 280 million euros which contributed to improving public finance management in the Palestinian Authority.

Ukraine

The "Orange Revolution" that took place in Ukraine in late 2004. Led to the election of a new pro-Western President Viktor Yushchenko, who was focused on the pursuit of integration with the EU. The parliamentary elections in March 2006. Mostly free election, confirmed the pro-Western direction taken by the Ukraine after the "Orange Revolution".

The basis for the EU's relations with Ukraine is the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) in 1998. Despite having already developed cooperation, enlarged EU became the largest trade partner of Ukraine and the "Orange Revolution" gave new dynamics to relations between the EU and Ukraine. ENP Action Plan was jointly adopted in February 2005 with an additional, drawn up by the Union ten-point list aimed at maximize its potential, establish a comprehensive and ambitious framework for work with Ukraine and reflects the wide range of agreed policy priorities.

Since the launch of the Plan in 2005 program achieved considerable progress,, such as granting "market economy status". Trade defense procedures, agreements on cooperation between energy markets of the EU and Ukraine were signed.

Progress also can be visible via trainings and control in the management of border between Moldova and Ukraine, negotiations on visa facilitation, the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and the recognition of industrial products and a willingness to negotiate on the conclusion of the extended agreement with Ukraine, which would be a key element in the issue of establishing free trade at the moment of Ukraine's accession to the WTO.

"Market economy status" for Ukraine

One of the first concrete actions in the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy was granting Ukraine by the EU in December 2005. "Market economy status"for EU trade defense procedures. This means that EU procedures "anti-dumping", protecting against the influx into the EU market of products from third countries being offered at unfairly low prices (so called. "Dumped") to calculate margins of dumping, and other additional fees that must be assessed used their own actual costs and prices of Ukrainian companies (and not a third country costs and replacement costs). Although this procedure is technical in nature, it is an important step towards the development of trade.

Belarus

The European Community and Belarus negotiated PCA in 1995 - providing cooperation in a number of areas. Because of the complications on the road to democracy, which occurred in Belarus, EU Member States decided in September 1997 to Freeze conclusion of the PCA and the related trade agreement and to limit a future Community aid for humanitarian projects and regional projects or projects directly supporting the democratization process.

In September of 2004 The European Union also imposed a visa ban you on a number of senior Belarusian officials in connection with the inaction of their actions in cases of disappearances of opposition politicians and journalists or played role in fraudulent elections, which later was extended to a visa ban and asset freeze against persons responsible for the fundamentally wrong actions in March 2006.

The European Union has repeatedly stressed its readiness to develop relations with Belarus, including offering her access to the full scale range of instruments related EPS, as a country that commits itself to the principles of democracy, respect for human rights and the application of the rule of law.

The European Union continues to provide assistance in order to strengthen democracy and civil society in Belarus. In response to concerns about freedom of expression and the deterioration of the human rights situation European Commission in August 2005 started the program to strengthen Belarusian knowledge of democracy and freedoms. Furthermore, in October of 2006 EC has provided support in the amount of EUR 4.5 million to finance scholarships for Belarusian students expelled from university for political reasons. Thanks to these scholarships and the earlier aid granted to the European Humanities University (EHU) approximately 500 Belarusian students gained the opportunity to study.

Partnerstwo Wschodnie – szanse i zagrozenia, Monitor Unii Europejskiej, 2011, nr 10, s. 51‐55.

Libya

Following the abolition of UN sanctions against Libya in September 2003. There has been a renewal of political relations with the European Union in October 2004. The EU lifted its sanctions and identified new fields of possible cooperation with Libya. Started consultations on migration issues, and cooperation to solve important international issues. The European Union also helps Libya to deal with the consequences of a major AIDS infection which occurred in 1999. Children's Hospital in Benghazi. Although Libya has the observer status in the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. The EU and Libya wish to enhance their relations, pointing out common objectives for cooperation and, after the establishment of contractual relations, Libya would be eligible for additional benefits of the European Neighbourhood Policy.

The European Union and Libya began talks on migration in 2005 in order to agree on cooperation activities. These activities will likely include capacity building, exchange of information, desert rescue missions and dialogue with countries from which migrants originate.

Syria

Syria is a signatory of the Euro-Mediterranean Barcelona Declaration. It’s geographical and political location is included in the ENP, but the necessary relations are not developed to to negotiate contractual ENP Action Plan, whether to give a practical dimension to politics.

Relations between the European Union and Syria regulates the cooperation agreement of 1977, focused mainly on trade. The EU and Syria have negotiated a draft Association Agreement, similar in scope to other Mediterranean countries- EU agreements, which contains however more far-reaching provisions in areas such as combating terrorism and weapons proliferation, agricultural tariffs, technical barriers to trade, trade in services, government procurement, intellectual property rights. Initialed in October 2004, the project is still awaiting final approval and signing.

The current EU support for reforms in Syria includes support for institution-building in order to create a basis for political, social and economic support for initiatives that can help create a more open society and promotion of infrastructure projects, in cooperation with the European Investment Bank.

EU also Stimulate business by Syrian-European Business Centre. SEBC is an EU-funded program created in 1996 to promote the development of the Syrian economy, and to help small and medium-sized enterprises. Centre has provided support to more than 3,500 companies and training for some 2,500 managers.

Chapter 7The European Neigbourhood Instruments (ENI)

The main element of the ENP are the bilateral Action Plans developed by the EU and 12 partner countries of the ENP. They provide programs of political and economic reform targets indicating the short and medium term between three to five years. ENP Action Plans reflect the needs, interests and potential of the EU and each partner. Their goal is to develop a democratic, socially just and inclusive relations, to promote economic integration.

The EPS basis constitute of legal agreements concluded between the EU and its partners it is the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA), and the Association Agreements.The EU supports the goals of the European Neighbourhood Policy through financial assistance, as well as political and technical cooperation.

The funds come mainly from the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) and 2014-2020 allocated to this policy 15.4 billion. Other instruments and programs, such as the Instrument for Civil Society Neighbourhood Countries are also used to finance the ENP.

Furthermore, the Commission provides financial assistance in the form of grants to partners. The European Investment Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development complement this assistance by providing loans.In addition, the EPS developed a new tool to facilitate access to the market, in particular through the negotiation of a deep and comprehensive free trade agreement, as well as enhanced mobility and migration management. Some partners were offered, and then concluded the mobility partnerships agreements and were granted visa facilitation and visa liberalization envisaged.

Every year, the EEAS and the Commission publish a progress report on the European Neighbourhood Policy. EPS is therefore conceived as a common set of policy tools, but it also allows the EU to adapt and diversity policies depending on the specifics of each partner.

There are few regional policy dimensions Union for the Mediterranean and The Eastern Partnership (EaP).

a) Union for the Mediterranean – Consist of 28 EU Member States, the European Union and 15 Mediterranean countries (Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Montenegro, Monaco, Morocco, Palestine, Syria. Union for the Mediterranean is a multilateral framework of political, economic and social relations between the European Union and the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries. At the summit in Paris in 2008 the Union for the Mediterranean was launched as a continuation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EUROMED), also known as the Barcelona Process. The Union for the Mediterranean is based on the objectives set in the Barcelona Declaration (1995), namely to create an area of peace, stability and security and

common prosperity, in full respect of democratic principles, human rights and civil liberties, while promoting understanding between cultures and civilizations in the Mediterranean.

b) The Eastern Partnership (EaP) was created to strengthen the EU's relations with most of its eastern neighbors, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. The Eastern Partnership was approved in 2008., Inaugurated in 2009. And is based on the European Neighbourhood Policy. The main objective of the Eastern Partnership is to "accelerate political association and deepen economic integration" between the EU and its eastern neighbors. The level of integration and cooperation is proportional to the extent to which the individual partner countries adhere to European values, standards and structures and the progress made by them. This partnership serves to promote democracy and good governance, improving energy security, stimulate sector reforms (including environmental), promoting contacts, promoting economic and social development, as well as provide additional funding for projects aimed at reducing socio-economic inequalities and improve stability.

Effects of European Neighbourhood policy

The European Neighbourhood Policy is based on the assumption, that helping your neighbors help each other. It provides us with a new framework and new tools to support good governance and economic development. According to Benita Ferroro- Waldner the Commissioner for. External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, in countries neighboring the EU. It utilizes the valuable experience we have already gained, helping countries with transition. This is a pragmatic response to the challenges facing Europe today.

In the autumn 2006, after three years from the submission of the first proposals for the policy and only eighteen months after the adoption of the first ENP Action Plans, one effect can already noticed Usually, at this early stage of implementation of an ambitious new policy is difficult to demonstrate concrete progress but, since the creation of institutions is inherently a phenomenon difficult to assess, however, we see a certain political impetus and certain real results like following the implementation of the first seven plans of ENP with with Israel, Jordan, Moldova, Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Tunisia and Ukraine. Experts from both sides monitoring the progress, holding regular meetings. As a result of the political events that took place in 2006. Suspended some activities under the ENP Action Plan with the Palestinian Authority because on the situation in this country.

Also very important agreement was reached on the development of ENP Action Plans for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia and Lebanon. The benefit of the partners has been progress in a number of areas, such as in trade facilitation for Ukraine energy relations with Algeria, Azerbaijan and Ukraine; Moroccan participation in the EU military operation ALTHEA in Bosnia and Herzegovina; cooperation with Ukraine.

Financial Instruments of EPS

As already mentioned at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the EU changed its policy towards neighboring Countries. Both the experience of the current cooperation and as an extension to the east, which took place in 2004 and 2007 contributed to a change in the way of laying relations with its neighbors. According to the European Commission's new approach required changes in the organization of the funding policy. It was recognized that the effective implementation of the objectives for which it was established EPS, you will need to use more effective financial instruments. The changes consisted in the gradual unification of the financial instruments used in the framework of the ENP.

The path of evolutionary change was chosen but existing element had for some time to work and eventually were replaced by a single, more flexible instrument. Until introduction ENP in 2004, the EU kept its own policy towards individual areas using diverse regional mechanisms. After the

entry into force of the ENP European Union not decided on the immediate application of a single financial instrument (the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument ENPI), this happened in 2007 when the EU started to implement a new financial perspective provided for the years 2007 and 2013.

We can divide the stages of financing instruments of EU policy in time:

a) the period of 2000-2003 financial perspective (2000-2006), when it still functioned ENP in old way.b) 2004-06, the financial perspective (2000-2006), when the EPS has entered into the phase of implementationc) the period of the financial perspective 2007-2013 when the operation of the ENP process was already developed and at the same time the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument start to function properly.

2000-2003-time period.

In the financial perspective 2000-2006 functioned two main financing program of European Union policy towards neighboring states: TACIS*1 -for Russia and other Countries of Commonwealth of Independent States, and MEDA- for the States of the Mediterranean Sea. Apart from them in the context of promoting effective cross-border cooperation EU used the instruments, such as INTERREG, PHARE and CARDS. In the years 2000-03 the amount of aid granted to partner countries (TACIS and MEDA) amounted to 3.7 billion Euro. More detailed data about TACIS (1332.2 million Euro) and MEDA (2383.9, million Euro) in annotations*2 In 2000-2003, the TACIS program there was a clear geographical concentration of resources which were used mainly in Russia and Ukraine. However, the MEDA program was marked by greater uniformity, in allocating funds between states.

TACIS and MEDA were the very important sources of financing of the objectives of the EU's neighboring countries in 2000-2003. Apart from them, there were also other as among others: European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR). Within its framework the funds were granted for projects which promotes the principles of democracy freedom and protection of human rights and proper legislation. But the amount granted under this initiative to the funds TACIS MEDA or loans granted by the European Investment Bank Member of the Mediterranean shows that it was a small amount, (60,7mln Euro) while the same loan granted by the EIB amounted during the period 3.45 billion. However, this initiative is assessed as valid and maintained in the next few years.

Transition period in 2004-2006, is an important period from the point of view of the organization of financing of EU policy towards neighboring states. Its importance was due to two factors. First it was formally inaugurated European Neighborhood Policy and the second ended programming period provided for in 2000-2006. Yet at the stage of formulating the ENP it was the idea for the greater effectiveness of the policy objectives will be necessary changes in the financing. Consisting in the introduction of the single financial element The European Commission predicted 2 stages of change.

1) In the 2004-2006 implementation of the Neighborhood Programs which were based on enhanced coordination among already existing instruments  2) since 2007, the planned establishment of the New Neighborhood Instrument had to contribute to the reduction and elimination of law restrictions which prevent effective coordination of actions within the framework of previously existed instruments.

In 2003 there was a lot of arguments for accepting a step-by-step approach. First New Neighborhood Instrument demanded relevant legal and budgetary the solution, related primarily to the existing internal and external funds separation. According to the Commission, these changes could not be done to quickly. Secondly the financial perspective for time period 2000-2006 was ending only after three years while the financial liabilities were programmed until 2006 it meant big complications in their effective realization.

The main action on the transition period 2004-06 was formulation of aforementioned Neighborhood Programs. There were jointly prepared by the interested parties in both sides of the border, in full compliance with the already existed programs and in accordance with the relevant national and regional development strategies. The Financing of the neighborhood programs came from funds already functioning. It was expected that in 2004-06 as part of external instruments help the total level of funds will be 255 million EURO. (75 TACIS 90 PHARE 45 cards 45mln MEDA). For corresponding borders, EU give an amount of 700 million under the INTERREG program.

European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument

Since the beginning of 2007, new financing instrument of European Neighbourhood Policy called the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument started its operation. - In his assumptions, it combines the current foreign policy goals of social and economic cohesion. This type of connection a follow current actions within framework of INTERREG and PHARE. ENPI covers countries targeted by the European Neighborhood Policy. Russia has a special status among the 17 states because they do not accept shaping its relations with the European Union in the framework of the ENP, but is developing a strategic partnership with the union through the implementation of "four common dimensions", i.e. Economical, the area of freedom, security and justice.

*1Technical Assistants to the Commonwealth of independence states

In the new financial perspective 2007-13, the size of funds grew to 12 billion EUR, which means 30% growth in comparison to the last term perspective 2000-06. After the adoption of the strategy and indicative programs including national, regional and cross-border program, European Commission made a division of ENPI*3 for years 2007-2010. The size of the allocation of individual partner countries is addicted to the needs of those countries and of their possibilities of effective use.

ENPI Supports democratic transition and promoting human rights also the The transition towards the market economy. European Neighbourhood Policy Instrument also promotes sustainable development, and policies of common interests (antiterrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and conflict resolution.

Key priorities of the instrument:

Good governance, reform and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms;

Approximation of legislation to EU legislation and institution building; Equitable social and economic development and poverty reduction; Sectorial cooperation with particular emphasis on the areas included in the ENP

action plans Cross-border cooperation at the external borders of the European Union.

Component of Cross-border Cooperation

Allows to fund under ENPI "joint programs" connecting the partnership region countries that share common border. This means simplification of procedures and increase the effectiveness of these programs. This approach is largely based on the model of the structural funds, which in fact adopt the principles such as multi-annual programming and co-financing. Component of cross-border cooperation is financed by European Regional Development Fund.

CBC Strategy identifies four basic goals such as promoting the development of socio-economic environment in the border areas; identifying common challenges; ensuring secure borders; and promote interpersonal cooperation. In the 2007-13 programming period for cross-border cooperation, program has earmarked EUR 1.12 billion for which a little more than 50% came from the European Regional Development Fund.

Governance Facility This tool was created by the European Commission which provides additional funding to States which is cope best with the introduction of the agreed reforms. These funds are available for every EPS of States which have agreed with the EU Action Plans*4 . For the period 2007-2010 the amount of funds allocated for this purpose amounted to 50 million Euro per year. Granted measures due to efficiency were increased. Measures under the facilitation of the Government should give a clear political signal for beneficiary countries to declare their effort in introducing reforms.

Twinning Initiative is a program created by the European Commission in 1998. Its main aim is to support public institutions and to contribute to the development of a modern administration in the countries covered by the programs financed by the European Commission, such as ENPI, IPA.Under the program, the beneficiaries of IPA twinning projects are among other candidate countries to the European Union, while the ENPI program is intended for countries covered by the Neighbourhood and Partnership. Twinning is primarily a partnership between the public institutions of the countries of the donor and recipient of assistance. This cooperation consists in providing assistance recipient country, the donor country experience, related to the implementation of EU law, and also allows it to establish lasting relationships between partners of cooperation.

*2TACIS (1332.2 million Euro) Belarus 10, 46 Moldova, Russia Ukraine 599.6 435.6 Multinational programs 241, MEDA (2383.9, million Euro) 181.8 Algeria Egypt Jordan 194.5 169.4 55.7 Lebanon Morocco Syria 525.3 82.7 306.6 Tunisia Palestinian Autonomy 277.8 Regional Programs 590.1 All countries Partner EPS 3,716.1

The mechanisms and methods of financing of the European Neighbourhood Policy of the European Union are a key condition for the effectiveness of the policy. Achieving the goals requires firstly the appropriate amount of funds and their efficient allocation. The European Union policy towards its neighbors, take into consideration the aspect of financing and introduced a European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument ENPI for this purpose. The increase in funds allocated to the prospects for the coming years continues to grow although it is still a very small amount compared to the needs, assessing effectiveness program we can mention the fact that the ENPI helped combine several previously distributed instruments and programs in Geographic’s one shared tool.

Technical Assistance and Information Exchange Office is an organization consulting and information granting short-term technical assistance in making changes to adapting legislation to Community law. Apart from the candidate countries to the European Union assists countries such as Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian Authority, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Russia. Office was created in 1996, and includes a 24-person group of representatives of the European Commission and Member States governmental experts. TAIEX is the catalyst that properly directs requests for assistance and mediator between the institutions concerned and the EU Member States in order to share experience streamlining troubleshooting. Representatives of the TAIEX may seek advice and sometimes even help government officials of the member states who may be seconded by their governments to the candidate countries in an advisory capacity. Any requests for assistance are considered by the TAIEX using the priorities agreed by the European Commission.

Different perspective the Morgherini point of view of ENP.

In the official statement about the perspectives and future of ENP from 04 March 2015 Morgherini is said to timidly claim that neighborhood policy of the Barroso Commission may have been naïve.

Miss Morgherini answered the question about the Ukrainian crisis and stated that EU has underestimated the Russian response to Ukraine’s association with the EU. The Commission recognizes that today’s EU neighborhood is less stable than ten years ago, with a conflict in Ukraine, an increasingly assertive Russian foreign policy, a civil war in Syria and conflict in Libya.

Even The Europe Commission President jean-Claude Juncker had promised to reassess the ENP in the first year of his mandate. The ENP has not always been able to offer adequate responses to

these recent developments, nor to the changing aspirations of our partners. Therefore, the EU’s own interests have not been fully served either – said miss Morgherini and added The EU executive also notes that a “one-size-fits-all”

The consultation also raises questions which governments and other stakeholders are expected to answer. “What could be done better to ensure greater coherence between the ENP and the EU’s relations with Russia?”

3* division of ENPI dates in millions (multinational Programs 827.6; inter-regional program 260.8; regional program South of 343.3, East Regional Programme 223.5; National programs 4116.5, Algeria 220; 98.4 Armenia, Azerbaijan 92.0 20.0 Belarus Egypt 556.0 120.4 Georgia, Israel 8.0, 256 Jordan, Lebanon 187; Libya 8; 209.7 Moldova, Morocco 654; 632 Palestinian Autonomy; Tunisia Syria 130 300 Ukraine 494 Russia 120; Cross-border cooperation programs (cross border programs) 277, 1 Facilitateof governmental and Neighborhood Investment 400)

*4 with the exception of Israel.

Conclusion

It is certain that we came from different cultures, but we’re stronger together exploring opportunities. Expanding commerce in Egypt, industry in Ukraine quality of life grater security, border controls fight illegal immigrants managing migration, building energy networks Protecting EnvironmentIn Belarus. ENP Is unlocking potential economic and social development of EU neighborhood countries.

Past experience shows us that there are no reasonable alternatives to European integration and the European Union. However, the EU, in order to meet current and future, difficult tasks, determined by the global financial crisis and the crisis in the euro zone, must unite. EU must become a major global player, as well as an important center of power in the new international order EU must be able adopt and control broaden and deepen reform and create specific system of political, economic and social development.

In the international arena EU must speak with one voice, which is an emanation of her strength, consensus and solidarity. United States, China, India, Russia will listen to Europe only if we are able to speak with one voice.

It is clear that the European Union faces today an identity crisis. It is a serious problem for all of Europe, and the EU in particular. Citizens do not have the feeling that politicians know where they are going and why. It’s why Europe must be united and cooperate in the best way with the neighborhood countries.

In the European interest is that countries lying close to EU borders are well-governed. Neighbors involved in conflicts, weak states where there is large-scale organized crime, is is not only harmful for individual states but also for Europe as a whole. The integration of acceding states increases our security but also brings the EU closer to troubled areas. my job is to support well governed countries to the east of the European Union and on the borders of the Mediterranean with whom we remain in close and cooperative relations

Effects of the EPS can be already observed. Like the implementation of the first seven ENP Action Plans (with Israel, Jordan, Moldova, Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Tunisia and Ukraine), and experts from both sides monitoring progress, holding regular meetings. Also an agreement was reached on the development of ENP Action Plans for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Georgia and

Lebanon. Progress has been made in several areas, such as in trade facilitation for Ukraine, energy relations with Algeria, Azerbaijan and Ukraine; Morocco to participate in the EU military operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina and cooperation with Ukraine in the European policy Neighbourhood.

As for the essence of the ENP, the implementation of the policy will bring extensive changes in the relations between the European Union and its neighboring countries, with significant mutual benefits. Reach the further intensification of the political dialogue. The European Union will also continue its assistance in building confidence and security in the area, carrying out missions of training and border control and police missions in the Palestinian territories and the mission for. Training and border control in Moldova and Ukraine.

The European Neighbourhood Policy will remain a key priority for the coming years in the field of foreign relations of the European Union, aiming to increased prosperity, security and stability around the EU borders. Many common challenges that has to face the EPS will not disappear overnight, and the intensification of cooperation can bring many benefits to both the Union and our partner countries. EPS came and took note of the first concrete results in 2005. However, given the nature of transformation processes, still much remains to be done.

BibliographyBooks:

Barburska Olga Polityka Wschodnia Unii Europejskiej – porazka czy sukces 978-83-7545-573

Lûbašenko, Igor,Europejska Polityka Sąsiedztwa Unii Europejskiej wobec państw Europy Wschodniej ,978-83-62558-37-7

Marcinkowska Paula, Europejska Polityka Sąsiedztwa: Unia Europejska I jej sąsiędzi – wzajemne relacje I wyzwania, 978-83-235-0750-5

Borkowski, Paweł Janusz, Polityka sąsiedztwa Unii Europejskiej, strony, 191-209 978-83-7641-045-6

Europejska Polityka Sąsiedztwa Unii Europejskiej Marek Pietraś; geneza, doświadczenia, perspektywy, Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk : Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, strony 37-50 2012, 978-83-60580-93-6

Zdanowicz Mieczysława, Dubowski Tomasz, Piekutowska Agnieszka ,Partnerstwo Wschodnie: wymiary realnej integracji,

Journals:

Esther Barbé and Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués: "The EU as a Modest 'Force for Good': The European Neighbourhood Policy", International Affairs, Vol. 84, no. 1 (Jan, 2008); pp. 81-96.

Elena Korosteleva: Belarusian Foreign Policy in a Time of Crisis’, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Special Issue, 27(3–4) 2011, pp. 566–86

Partnerstwo Wschodnie przez pryzmat szans / Cieszkowski Andrzej,Wołowski Paweł, Nowa Europa Wschodnia, 2011, nr 2, s. 190‐196.

Partnerstwo Wschodnie – szanse i zagrozenia, Monitor Unii Europejskiej, 2011, nr 10, s. 51‐55.

Websites:

• http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/ - main page of EU

• http://www.enpi-info.eu/main.php?id=344&id_type=2• http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/international/neighbourhood_policy/index_en.htm -

finance aspects• http://www.enpi-info.eu • https://www.flickr.com/photos/82918635@N08/sets/72157635199921434/• http://www.euractiv.com/sections/europes-east/mogherini-makes-timid-mea-culpa-eu-

neighbourhood-policy-312631• http://www.transparencyinternational.eu/focus_areas/enp/• http://eeas.europa.eu/index_en.htm• http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/international/neighbourhood_policy/index_en.htm• http://www.kent.ac.uk/politics/gec/research/documents/gec-belarus-survey-brief-2013.pdf• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1Ed0KYKGfs• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovT2GlYyp0Q