Upload
leanh
View
215
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Enlightenment ideaso Social and political criticism
Reason natural rights Historical progress
Ancient privileges Noble prerogatives
o Provided a language Dissatisfaction with obstacles
o Public opinion Challenging traditional authority
o Critical spirit from idea to political theoryo Stripped away sacred vision of monarchy
Scandals Reading public
More informedo Aristocracy against the third estateo Freedom of the presso Taille
Social/economic injustice Equality Questioning authority
Aristocratic resurgence against absolutismo Constitutional government
Personal liberty Freedom of speech and press Freedom from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment
o Habeas corpus Third estate Not governed by lords
o Spiritual or temporal hope of a new era National assembly
o Self-given sovereign power Night of August 4
o Liberal noblemen surrendered their hunting rights Rights in manorial courts Feudal and seigneurial privileges Tithes abolishes
Taxes to the church Special privileges over territory
o Abolished Dues from eminent property
Peasants had to pay compensation feeo Abolished in 1793
Kept all their land and moneyo No loss unlike other countries
Feudalism abolished o Declaration of the rights of man and citizen
Men are born and remain free Equal in rights
o Libertyo Propertyo Security
Freedom of thought and religion Prosecuted for laws
Can’t just make up some All people allowed to run for office if they qualify Law is the expression of general will Al public officials and armed forces to serve the nation First priority
o Taxes raise only by public opiniono Nation for the sake of all may confiscate personal property
Has to be compensatedo Constitution
Destroying the institutions of the old regime Rid of current
o Old monarchical ministerso Government bureau organizationo Sovereign power in the hands of the legislative assemblyo King only has veto power
Weak executive branch Distrust of power like of Louis XV
Active v passive citizens Same civil rights Active citizen have the right to vote
Landowning males Economic policies
Confiscate all the property of the churcho All was sold for profito Resolve debt
The Church doesn’t have any source of incomeo dissolved Church schools
Offered free educationo Church a form of public authority
Pay for its maintenance Poor needs religion
To respect the property of the more wealthyo Civil constitution of the clergy
Set up French national church Parish priests and bishops
Elected by the body of government that elects other important officials
Election based on property/ citizenship No restriction base on religion
Archbishoprics abolished No papal letter could be published
Without government approval Dissolved religion vows
o The reign of terror Repress anarchy Civil strife Counterrevolution
o Committee of General security Supreme political police
o Against hostiles or people suspected of counteractivity Inhuman to atrocious
De Christianization Committee Toleration of all peaceable Catholics
Robespierre Tried to unite everybody Cult of Supreme
Political crisis of 1797o First really free election
Candidates Constitutional monarchists At least royalists
o Impending royalist sentiment in the republic Regicides and republicans feared
Violated constitution to prevento Napoleon Bonaparte
1769 to minor nobility in Corsica French military schools 1793 young Jacobin soldier
Helped drive the British from Toulono Promoted to brigadier general
1795 broke up a royal demonstration 1796 commanded an army
o crossed the Alpso drove the Austrians from north Italy
soon became independent from the government weak or preoccupied government lived off of local requisitions n Italy
o self-supportingo civilian government in Paris dependent on him
Foreign policy Italians dissatisfied with their old government
o Turmoil and chaos
Many revolts of the people of their governments and the pope Combined with some of the revolutions established Cisalpine Republic
in the Po valleyo Modeled after the French systemo Milan capitalo Directory wanted to return Milan to the Austrians
Compensation for recognizing French ownership of Belgium
Napoleon wanted to keep both Belgium and Italy
o Needed expansionist republicans in legislative rather than royalists
Negotiationso Austrians negotiated with Napoleon
Defeatedo British negotiated with French in Lille
War going badly Whigs disapproved of the war
o Charles James Fox Government suspended habeas corpus
o Rowdy pro-French and republican radicals Poor crops
o Bread scarcityo Famine threatened
Suffered from Inflationo Needed money to support allied troops in the continent and the
war effort Bank of England suspended gold payment to private citizens People restless
o Ireland in revolto Mutinies in the fleet
Turned to Austriao Only remaining allyo Austria taken over by napoleon
Made peaceo Peace of 1797
Royalist in France in favor of peace A restored king would return conquests of the republic
o Abandon Holland and Po valley Republicans more wary
Losing control of their own generals Constitutionally bound to keep Belgium Return of the old regime for peace
o Worth it? Coup d’état of Fructidor
o September 4 1797
o Directory asked for help from Napoleon Sent Augereau to Paris
Under pressure council annulled the elections from the previous springo “defending the revolution”o “keeping nation from falling into the old regime”
Violated own constitutiono Quashed most democratic electiono more dependent the army
Fructidorian government Broke negotiations with England Campo Formio
o October 17, 1797o Treaty with Austria
Austria recognized French annexation of Belgium Left bank of the Rhine river Cisalpine Republic
France recognized Austrian annexation of Venice and most of
mainland Venetia Spread of revolutionary republicanism
o Genoa to Liguria Republico Pope deposed of in Rome to Roman republico Southern Italy established Neapolitan Republic
Parthenopeano Switzerland established Helvetic Republico Left bank of the Rhine river
German princes driven out Compensated by church territories in Germany
o France regulate distribution Set their eyes on German bishops and abbots
o Previously the land of Holy Roman Empire Land rush and estate speculation
Coup d’état of 1799o After Fructidor
Gave up maintaining a free or constitutional government Uprisings Quashed elections Purging both lefts and rights sides
Ineffective dictatorship Financial instability
o Lack of confidence in the governmento Napoleon assigned to command the army against England
Invasion too premature Strike at England indirectly
o Invaded Egypt to threaten India
1798 outwitted the British fleet and set his troops don at the mouth of the Nile
Threatened the Russians Nile part of the Ottoman Empire
o Had their own plans for the Middle East Austria objected French organization Second Coalition
Austria, Russia, and Great Britain General war again 1798 the British fleet cut off the French fleet in Egypt
o Won the battle of the Nile 1799 Russian troops operated as far as Switzerland and north Italy
o Cisalpine Republic in ruins Abandoned his army in Egypt and appeared in France
o People in the directory wanted a change Sieyes
Voted for the execution Louis XVI “confidence from below, authority from above”
Bonaparte became their general Distaste from the Five Hundred and the ancients
o Coup d’état Brumaire November 9, 1799 Solder drove legislators from the chambers New form of government
Consulateo Headed by 3 consuls
Napoleon the First consul The Consulate
o Napoleon Child of the enlightenment and revolution Belief in his destiny
Became more blown up as time went ono Follow his “star”
Very smart Amazing leadership skills
Crisp speech Rapid decisions Quick grasp of complex problems
o Enlightenment despotism Image that people were sovereign
People only create the world not interfere with it Governments authority when used to represent the entire nation
o Issued the new constitution as a general referendum Majority approval Universal male suffrage
Voted for people who were just there to be voted for, “notables”
o Image of republicanismo Notables
Could not initiate or discuss legislation Only reject or enact it
Tribunate Could discuss public policy
o Could not enact ito Council of the state
imitated the old regime Prepared important legislation
Under the presidency of the First consul First consul head of the government
Did not openly represent anybodyo Less resentment- strong feelings
Political machinery quickly abandonedo Internal order
Secret political police Powerful and centralized government
Prefecto Ruled over each regional departmento Under direct orders from the minister of the interior
Second consul – Cambacereso Regicide
Third consul - Lebruno Maupeou’s colleague
Foucheo Minister of policeo Hebertist
Talleylando Minister of foreign affairs
Spend the terror in the US Favored constitutional monarchy
Guerilla in the west Laws and taxes imposed in Brittany and Vendee New peace between factions
Napoleon pardoned exileso Aristocratic emigreo Deportees of the republican coup d’état
Required to only serve him Peasants no longer in danger from partisans Rebels
Napoleon the pillar of order 1800 Napoleon nearly killed by a bomb
o Actually set by royalistso Claimed it was set by Jacobin conspiracy-
Used as excuse to rid France of old republic sympathizers
100 former Jacobins deported 1804
o Exaggerated Royal plots against him Invaded independent state of Baden
Arrested and shot the Duke of Engheino Actually innocento Related to the Bourbons
Please the old Jacobins Peace with the Church
o Napoleon - rationalisto Religion a convenience
Muslim in Egypt Catholic in France Freethinker in universities in Paris Religion a toll for manipulation
o Catholic revival Refractory clergy important part in the counterrevolution
Destroy the emigre’s power in the French clergyo Needed authority of the pope
o Concordat with the Vatican Outcries from the Jacobins Vatican gained
Pope had the right again to depose French bishopso Constitutional and refractory bishops ha to resign
Public displays of Catholic rights allowed Clergy paid by the nation
o Lost their source of income Napoleon gained
Pope recognized the republic Vatican agreed lay to rest matter of former tithes and church lands
o Clear titles for land originally taken from the Churcho No more questions about Avignon
Originally papal state seized by the French in 1791 Papacy has to recognize French religious tolerance
o Catholicism was the religion of the majority of the French people Harmless cuz true
o Ensure image of religious diversity Salaried Protestant ministers as well
Disarmed the counterrevolutiono Could not still claim Napoleon was godless
Basis of many of their arguments against him Peace and order restored
Stabilityo Nation could focus to law and administration
New administration - First consul and his advisorso Picked and chose the aspects from the old regime and the revolution
Opposite of anything feudal Public authority in the hands of employed agents of the government
Legal authority only to the nationo No more special privileges
Public office and military commissions could be exchanged People rose to the top based on ability rather than connections or money
“Careers open to talento Individual capacity to seek employment
Qualification for government positions based on educationo Increasingly status was based on level of education
2 systems Some spent 12+ years studying Others left to join the work-force at 12-14
o Scholarships given Usually only benefitted the upper middle class
o Intellectual life Strictly monitored and censored Napoleon suppressed those who questioned the government Exiled Germaine de Stael
o Published books that displeased Napoleon Critical debate impossible
Economic and financial stabilityo Discontinued tax exemptions
Everyone supposed to pay Not seen as reducing status to do so
First introduced in 1789 Actually enforced in 1799
o Able to plan out and organize use of moneyo Concentration of financial management in the government
A budget introduced Established a sound currency instilled people’s trust in credit again
o Bank of France introduced to manage money Napoleonic Codes
o Civil code Civil and criminal procedure
Commercial and penal codes Legally and judicially uniform
All French citizens have the same rights New law of property
Economy of private enterprise Banned organized labor unions
Harsh on employees
o Their word in court would only be accepted with approval from their employer
Criminal law codes more concerned with giving the state power to seek out and deal with
criminals than giving the alleged criminals legal rights to defend themselves
Patriarchal view of familial rights Gave people the right to divorce
o Left women with limited propertyo Gave men almost full custody of minor children
Character of France Socially bourgeois Legally egalitarian Administratively bureaucratic
The Consulateo General peace and good will
What the Third estate most wanted were turned into law Except a parliamentary government
o Peace with the papacy, Great Britain and continental powerso Dependent republics
Holland Italy
o 1802 Napoleon was elected consul for lifeo 1804 a plebiscite declared France an empire and Napoleon the emperor
Repercussions of the French revolutiono Napoleon surpassed all other rulers in imposing political unity in Europeo Revolutionaries at the doorstep
Terror to the patricians The “Jacobin”
French imperial systemo Conflicting powers
Declaration of Pillnitz 1791 Believed a European coalitions against France would be impossible
o First coalition Partition of Poland and the dissolution of the polish state France broke the coalition in 1795
British withdrew their troops from the continent Prussia and Spain made peace
o Bourbon Spain formed an alliance with regicide republic kept Louis XVIII from his monarchical rights
o Spain made an alliance with France Against Britain
Ancient hostilities Possessions of Gibraltar Naval influence in the Mediterranean Attitude towards Spanish government
o Second coalition Russian ambitions hampered by the English
Withdrew Suvorov’s army from western Europe Peace of Luneville 1801
Signed by Austria Dissolved the Second Coalition
Peace of Amiens Signed by British
o No wars between European powers 1792 – 1814 Peace interim
o Advantageous to France Used peace to further his interests
o Dispatched an army to Haiti to quash the revolutions Toussaints L’Ouverture and the effort to establish their own republic Wanted to revive French colonial power in America
o Reorganized Cisalpine Republic
“Italian republic” Names himself the president
Helvetic Republic “mediator” of the Confederation of Switzerland
Germany Rearrangement of territory
o Treaty of Campo Formio “shame of the princes” Expelled the German princes from the left bank of the river
to the right bank of the river bribing and fawning over the French
gain favor for territory French support against other Germans
Ecclesiastical principalities and 45/51 free cities annexed HRE reduced
Prussia Bavaria, Württemberg and Badeno Consolidated – enlarged there lands
Ratified in the diet of the empire 1803 Depended on Napoleon for maintenance
Third Coalition 1805o Britain and France went to war in 1803
American contacts menaced by British navy Army in Haiti decimated by disease Suspended ideas of creating an empire
Sold the Louisiana purchaseo 1804 Napoleon named himself Emperor of the French
Maintain hereditary rights to the throne HRE in ruins
Francis II declared Austria an empire
Began integrating the Danubian monarchyo 1805 France and Britain signed an alliance
Tsar Alexander Io Grandson of Catherine the Great
Educated to be an enlightened despoto Tutor later became a pro-revolutionary in the Helvetic republico Suspect in the murder of his fathero Surrounded himself with a group of young liberal men of all nationalitieso Regarded the partitions of Poland a crimeo Seen as the protector of Germany
Hope for the futureo Rival of Napoleon
Future arbiter of central Europe Seen as leader of all the Jacobins
Russian aggrandizemento Conception of international collective security
indivisibility of peaceo Europe between law and force
Society with rights secured by international agreement and organization Society that trembled before the rule of cynicism
o Entered into the third coalition with Great Britain 1805 signed a treaty with Great Britain
Negotiated with Ottomans and the Mediterranean behind their backso England paid Russia to raise troops
Peace of Tilsito Preparations to invade England o Large forces on the Channel coast
Use his own fleet to divert British fleet then storm the defenseless island British lined their coasts with lookouts, signal beacons and raised a home
guardo Austro-Russian armieso British fleet under Lord Nelson
o 1805 Austrian and Russian troops moved westwardo August 1805 Napoleon moved 7 army corps from the Channel to the upper Danubeo October 21 1805 British troops killed the main body of the French and Spanish navy off
Cape Trafalgar Supremacy of the British navy
o Eventually Napoleon one of the most formidable navy in Europe Wanted to control Europe
o Great victory of Austerlitz Russia army withdrew from Poland Austria made peace with France
o Treaty of Pressburg Napoleon took Venetia from the Austrians
Annexed it to his kingdom in Italy Venetia and Trieste used to for shipbuilding the Napoleonic fleet
o Made Bavaria and Wurttemberg into a kingdom Baden into a grand duchy
o HRE dissolved Third Coalition collapses
o Prussia didn’t want to join the Third Coalition Went to war with France
Saw Napoleon’s intentions for European domination Battles of Jena and Auerstadt in October 1806
Crushed famous Prussian army Prussian king and government refuge in the eats
Protection from the tsar and the Russianso Napoleon pursued the Russians
Battle of Eylau indecisive
Battle of Friedland June 14 1807 Finally defeated the Russian army
o Alexander I unwilling to retreat into Russia Invasion could lead to revolts of the peasants/serfs and the nobles Feared playing the game of the British 1804 willing to negotiate with Napoleon
Treaty of Tilsito Russia
Alexander’s destiny was n the East Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan and India
French and Russian Empires allies Against Britain
Lasted 5 yearso Prussia
Occupied Berlin Took away all Prussian lands west of the Elbe
Confederation of the Rhine Economic warfare
o “peace of the continent” Franco-Russian alliance
o Hell-bent on taking over Britain- issues Naval approach failed Economic warfare
o Political control to stop British shipping and trading Keep them from their ports Prevent British exports especially from Americas and Asia
Ruin British commercial firms Violent business depression
o High unemploymento Fall in value of currencyo Rising prices
o Revolutionary agitation Could not maintain their national debt
o Borrow money from its citizenso Finance the maintenance of their army and navy
o 1806 Berlin Decree No part of Europe allied with or dependent on France can’t import British goods
Extend to all of continental Europeo Treaty of Tilsit
Russia and Austriao Russia, Prussia and Austria declared war on great Britaino Napoleon ordered Denmark and Portugal to adopt the continental system
Denmark important place in Europe British feared Danish alliance with Napoleon
Attacked Copenhagen and seized the Danish troopso Outragedo Sided with Napoleon anyways
o Portugal Refused to comply Satellite colony of Britain Napoleon invaded
Wanted to control the entire European coastlineo St Petersburg- Trieste
o Manipulated Bourbon Charles IV and his son into giving up the throne 1808 Instilled Napoleon’s brother joseph onto the throne
Backed by the French army War with Spain
o Spanish saw Napoleon's soldiers as godless villains Guerrilla warfare
o Britain send a expeditionary force under the Duke of wellington Sustain the Spanish guerrillas
Peninsular War o 5 years
o July 1808 French general surrendered an army corps without fighting in Bayleno Same year another French force was surrendered to the British in Portugal
Fueled an anti-French movement in Germanyo Austria prepared to go to war with France for the 4th time
National German resistance Austrian War of Liberation
o Summoned a general congress in Erfurt September 1808 Talk with Alexander
Assembled other monarchs to impress Alexandero Disfavor with Alexander
Napoleon had tried to re-establish a Polish state Grand duchy of Warsaw
Didn’t support Russian expansion into the Balkans
o April 1809o German princes declines to join the war – thanks but no thankso Napoleon wins the Battle of Wagram
War quickly overo Alexander was passive through the conflicto October Austria made peace
Danuban monarchy survived a fourth defeat Took large parts of its territory
Dalmatia Slovenia Croatia
Consolidated into the Illyrian Provinces Talleyrand
o Napoleon’s foreign ministero Napoleon overreaching himself
Assured the tsar to just wait Made a safe place for himself when Napoleon falls
o Acted like an aristocrat of the Old regime France as a part of a whole of Europe
Balance between countries Peace only achieved if France decreased its power
o 2 major European powers in alliance Against the principles of the old regime
Metternich – post 1809o Austrian conduct of foreign affairs
Austrian foreign minister for 40 yearso German from west of the Rhine
assimilatedo Napoleon laughing at Austria’s faceo Russia the real problem for a state in the Danube valley
Make nice with France again Go along with Napoleon
o Used to be the Austrian ambassador to France pre 1809 Napoleon
o Currently preoccupied with no children Little affection or loyalty in his marriage with his wife Josephine
Divorced her in 1809o Marry a younger women to produce heirso Spectacular marriage
o 1810 Married Marie louse Daughter of the Austrian emperor Niece of Marie Antoinette
o 1811 A son was born Entitled King of Rome
o More consideration for French noblemen They “knew really how to serve”
Hereditary Napoleonic nobility Bind their fortunes to the house of Bonaparte
o Talleyrand Prince of Benevento
o Most coalitions allied with France Organization of the Napoleonic Empire
o Peak of the empire 1810-1811 Entire European mainland except the Balkans
French Empireo Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine
Additional lands officially unnamed Allied states
o Prussia, Austria and Russiao Denmark and Swedeno All at war with Britain
Continental systemo Appointed his brother Louis King of Holland
Had liking to the Dutch Let them trade with British Napoleon dethroned him and consolidated Holland into the empire as well
o Exert direct force over certain ports Annexed the German(up to the western Baltic) and Italian coasts
Included Romeo Imperial value- impressiveo His son the King of Rome
Pope Pius VII protested Napoleon had him held captive in France
o French empire Governed by departmental prefects
Report straight to Paris by 1810, 130 departments existed
o Confederation the Rhine All of Germany
Prussian and Austrian in the east French in the west
League or all German princes Sovereign 4 made into the kings of Saxony, Wurttemberg, Bavaria and Westphalia
Westphalia Synthetic state
o From Hanoverian and Prussian territories and parts of old Germany
o Named Jerome his brother the King of Westphaliao Often appointed family members to positions of authority
Brother Joseph 1804 – 1808 King of Naples
1808 – King of Spain Louis Bonaparte
King of Hollando 6 years
Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples
o Married to Joachim Murat Ran out of brothers to give the throne to
o Kingdom of Italy Lombardy, Venetia and most of the papal states
Napoleon the king Appointed his stepson Eugene Beauharnais as viceroy
Letitia Mother of the Bonapartes Madame Mere
French occupationo Military conquesto Occupation of French troopso Native satellite government
Support of naive people Draft a new constitution
Power of new government Relationship with France
o Internal reform and reorganization Modeled after the French program and revolution ideas
Napoleon the reformero Called his system liberal
One of the first to use in a political senseo Constitutions
Government rationally “constituted” Logically divided up and mapped out
o Enforced his Civil Code on all dependent states Nature of justice and human relationship
Applicable to all A nations laws didn’t have to reflect national character and history
o Rights are right regardless of countryo Enlightenment ideaso Against anything feudal
Decimated the manorial system Lords lost any control over peasants
Move, marry, sue peopleo Basic American rights
No special privileges Didn’t really work everywhere
Only Belgium and Rhineland fully abolished feudalism and the compensation that had been previously mandated
Poland Peasants only gained freedom under French
occupationo Lords still economically dominant and
unharmed No other dominant class Napoleon had to give in
Not as successful as France Lord gone landlord remaining
o Equality of individual personso Government complete authority over its citizenso Wiped out legal cases
“estates of the realm” People all equal
o Careers “open to talent” Church’s power disappeared everywhere in the French empire
Church courts abolished Inquisition forbidden Religious toleration enforced
o Same rights State based on territorial residence not alliance to a belief Rigid stance against Catholic clergy Same polices in Spain
o Provoked Spanish rebellion Napoleon compromised with the nobility about economy Economically
Broke up guilds Peasants could enter whatever trade they wanted All towns under same laws
o So special antique libertieso Broke up oligarchies and patriciates running towns
Internal free trade encouraged Metric system Law and administration different branches of government Land tax Common tax Appraisal and assessment of land Direct collection in place of tax farming New accounting and statistics methods introduced
o Pretty enlightened Except legislative bodies
Napoleon’s fanso People in commercial and profession classes
Enlightened Anticlerical Equality with nobles Free trade and knowledge
o Confederation of Rhine and the German princeso Policies enforced by local leaders
Certainly repression Pretty mild in the scheme of repression
o Secret police More spying than hurting
o People pretty positive to Napoleon’ Most accepted in northern Italy and southern German Spanish hated him
Strong catholic strongholdo Royalist sentimentso Counterrevolutionary movement for independence
Disdain from eastern Europe Land of serfs and lords
Prussia reformed with strong French influence Russia
Alexander backed pro-French minister Speranskio Napoleons reforms
Ideas of the enlightened despotism and the French revolution melded together Imposed without too much violence or civil strife
Dependent states required to give him war material German Dutch Belgians, Italian ,poles and Spaniards n his armies
o Most of the army outside of France Low taxes People happy
Napoleon’s ambitionso CRUSH THE BRITS
Turned to TAKE OVER EUROPE Maybe even TAKE OVER WORLD
o Needed an ideology supported by the states in the French Empire and all of its allies Enlightenment Against medievalism/ ignorance and obscurantism Cosmopolitan
o In awe of the Romans Influenced arts and architecture
Imperial glory/splendoro Suppressed critics workso Encouraged scientific discovery
Essential and rational foundation of modern knowledge Rewarded scientists
Great Britaino Successful against the French Empire
Resentment from Europeans Especially form bourgeois and commercial classes
o In competition Upper classes didn’t really care Modern Carthage Mercantile and profit seeking Enslave Europe in its financial and commercial system Threatened to monopolize European market for manufacture goods
o Better machinery Money power
o Wars of commerce and trade Europe needs to be freed from the British monopoly
o Using sea power to ensure dominance n seaborne commerce/ tradeo British blockade
Intention not to cut of food or weaponry Self sufficient
Keep imports form enemy hands Kill enemy commerce and shipping
o Weaken navy and overall standing in the global market Willing to import British goods
British blockade v continental systemo Each seeking to harm each other’s trade and commerce
Destroy exports Build up markets
o French continental system Create a new economy centered around France Overarching economy instead of national economies Destroy British navy
Continental navy take control of the seas Berlin Decree
o Prohibited imports from England and British colonieso Great Britain often had neutral ships stop in England before going to the rest of Europe
Stock up on British goods Napoleon needed to prevent this
Milan Decree of December 1807o Neutral ships if they had contact with the British would be subject to confiscation in a
Continental harbor United States
o Couldn’t trade with either of the 2 major European powers Would violate one of the power’s policies
Threat of waro Jefferson imposed a commercial isolation
Real bad for US Renew trade relations with whichever power would allow them first
o Napoleon offered US defend against enforcement of British controls
o Expansionist party Wanted to annex Canada
Right opportunity British occupied with the Spanish
o Complete the War of Independence Free NA completely from British power
o War of 1812 No real outcome Inefficiency of military institutions in the new republic
Failure of the continental systemo Dream of a united Europe not enough to warrants the sacrifices that had to be made
British monopoly of sugar, tobacco- colonial exports People more willing to secretly smuggle it into the empire than oppose
Britain or abide by the continental system British manufacturing able to be replaced
Continent self sufficient Sugar beets instead of sugar cane
o Transportation Much transportation between parts of the continent was by shops
British controlled the seas Land routs used more often Improved roads
Land based transportation was unable to support economic needso Tariffs
Idea of Continental tariff union Napoleon ignored
Dependent states wanted to establish their individual sovereignty Lower internal tariffs Kept tariffs against other dependent states
o Widen ts trading scope Forbade satellite states from raising high tariffs against France
Protect French industryo Restricted from Middle Eastern and American markets
Economic stagnationo People in the oversea trading business devastatedo French ports idle
French population annoyed o Same problem with the British blockadeo Eastern Europe devastated
Need raw materials from the west Restricted from British goods Unable to access gods from Eastern continental states
Limitations of land transportation Manufacturers and laborers unable to sell their products Aristocracy grew a new reason to dislike the French and support the British
Major importing and exporting class
Continental system impact on Britaino Failed to reduce British trading and hurt British commerce and overall economy
Trade with Europe significantly reduced Made up by trading with Latin America
Control of the seas Export of British cotton rose
Industrial revolution Annual income of British citizens doubled
Resistance to Napoleono Resentment from invasions
Continental system Claimed to be only benefitting the French manufacturers Europeans being use as tools to Napoleon
o People tired of the lack of peace Wars and conscription Loss of life and liberties
to what end? Insatiable appetite for power and spender
o Dependent states protected themselves with tariffso Local rulers sided with public opinion to keep their thrones
Louis of the Netherlands Murat of Naples
o Nationalism Resistance against international of the Napoleonic empire
Nationalism – antiFrench Antiautocratic Mix of conservative and liberal
o Value of history, customs and particular institutionso Self-determination, participation in government
Representation and freedom of the individual Movement and ideas outlasted Napoleon
England All classes rallied together against Boney
o Napoleonic wars save England from a lot of social anguish Put aside ideas of reforming the parliament and violating
historical English liberties Industrial revolution
Unemployment, dislocation revolutionary agitation
Spain Resistance to eh French
o Desolate their land Spanish constitution of 1812
o Modeled after the French constitution of 1791 Counterrevolutionary
o Reinstate the clergy and he Bourbons
Italy Napoleon better liked Less anti-French
o Praised the enlightenment ideals and efficacy of the French system
o Anticlerical Broke habit f loyalty to t previous rulers
o Consolidated Italy Hopes of uniting Italy completely
Poland Liked him a lot Encouraged them that one day Poland oud be reunited
o Fight for him faithfully Koscusko
o Didn’t trust Napoleon Czartoryski
o Russian tsar for the reunification of the Polish kingdom Germany
o Rebelled against the French armies and the idea of the enlightenmento Time of the French revolution and the Napoleonic Era
New cultural movement, romanticism Challenging the dry abstraction of the enlightenment
o New themes of literature, music art and historical research Intellectual leaders
o Nationalism Century after the Peace of Westphalia
Least nationally minded World citizenship HRE too weak to be a symbol of the German national culture No clear boundaries A hot mess Upper classes adopted French fashion, customs, language and
mannerisms 1780 changes started to occur
o J.G. Herder Protestant pastor and theologian Idea in the philosophy of the history of mankind French was frivolous
Imitation of other cultures was shallow and artificialo German ways different but no less o True culture comes from native roots
Life of the Volk, common people Sound civilization must have a national character, Volksgeist All nations are different but none better than each other
Slavs Voltaire and other philosophes
All peoples progress on the same path to a similar civilization Herder
Develop their own geniuso Endless diversityo Infant richness of humanity and God
Romantic thought Genius and intuition
Broke down fundamental enlightenment ideas Good is good for everybody Good poetry now was anything that expressed an inner genius
o No more rigid classical rules Good laws reflect local conditions and national idiosyncrasies
Could not be a national unifying set of laws nor international Each nation should follow its own path
Not meant for political contexto French revolution
People could make the state serve them once they took over Earned them the dignity of citizenship
Free individuals Contributing to the affairs of the country
Unified state Freedom Rise above other nation of Europe
Germans felt humiliated German princes squabbling over land and person gain
o National awakening against Napoleon and the German princes and upper classes
Superior value of the common peopleo Political and national greatness
Great national German state Distinctively German Solve their problems
o Moral dignity to the citizeno National pride
o National philosophy vague Little they could physically do Father jahn
Young men of calisthenics for the Fatherland Parade around Germany to make fun of aristocrats in French costume Suspicious of foreigners Jews and internationals Anything could corrupt the Volk
o Germany in Its Deep Humiliation Palm the publisher executed
o Tugenbundo League of virtue or manlinesso Develop own moral character
Fichteo Moral and metaphysical philosopher
University of Jenao Inner spirit of an individual creates its own moral universe
Emersono Approved of the French revolutiono French republic
Freeing of the human spirt Furthering human spirit and moral stature “forcing men to be free”
Accepted the Terror General will
o Closed Commercial State Totalitarian system
Planned an organized the economy Isolating itself from the rest of the world
Develop its own identity and the characters of its citizenso France conquered Germany
Intensely self-conscious Volksgeis
o Spirit of the people can be expressed in language history arts etco Addresses to the German Nation
Ineradicable German sprit National character
More noble that of other people Needed to be kept pure
o Isolationism Profoundly different
o French army ignored his lectures Too nerdy
o Regarded as a national hero Reforms in Prussia
o 1786 Death of Frederick the Great Prussia fell into a lull
Too much power and successo 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstadt
kingdom collapsed western and polish territories taken away
territory only stretched east of the Elbe rivero stationed ninth corps in Berlin
o Least influenced by the French German patriots attracted to it
Center of the German movement for freedom Prussianizing of Germany
Rebuilders of Prussia were not Prussian Problem was the military
Napoleon could only be overthrown with military forceo Problem morale and personnelo Lacked sense of membershipo No hope of promotiono No patriotism and spirit
Scharnborst and Gneisenau Served in British Hessian regiment
o War of American independence Power of patriotism
Close observer of the French Revolution Feeling of equal participation
o Capable people to fill important positions in army and government
Regardless of social status Reconstruction of the state
o Prerequisite to reconstruction of the armyo Baron Stein
Succeeded by Hardenberg From western Germany Hostile to Prussia
Barely civilized Best hope of leading Germany
Committed to the philosophies of Kant and Fichte Duty, service, moral character, responsibility Common people enlightened to moral life
o Self-actualizationo Membership in a community
Equality more than legally Less rigid Prussian caste system
Property exchanged between social classes Soldiers form al classes in the army Burghers given extensive freedom
Municipal systems became the model for the following century Europe
Abolition of serfdom Impossible to threaten the Junkers who
controlled the military 1807 abolished hereditary serfdom
o Peasants could move marry start new trades
o Peasants remaining on land Subject to forced labor and
lord’s bidding Liable to manorial fees
1810
o Peasant tenures into permanent private property
1/3 of the land became private property o the lord
Junker estates grewo Reduced patriarchal power of lordso Legal status and freedom of movement
Foundation of modern state and economy
Hired agricultural workers Junkers raised position
o Avoided revolutiono Stein exiled in 1808
1811 Europeo Russia and Turkey fightingo Napoleon controlled all of mainland Europeo Continental system failed
British economy could have done better Industrial revolution made the nation very wealthy
o Use this wealth against Napoleono Hopeless battle in Spaino Europeans growing restlesso Napoleon could not be destroyed by
British army or navy Austrian or Prussian forces Patriots and nationalists
o Last hope Russia Alexander dissatisfied with French alliance
Nothing but annexation of Finland (who wants Finland?) No assistance in war against Turkey Napoleon married an Austrian
o Had to tolerate French-Poland Russian upper class unhappy
o Reopen trade with England Anti-Bonapartists
o Alexander the face of European salvation Russian Campaign
o December 1810 Russia withdrew from Continental system Trade with England Napoleon wanted to crush the tsar
Grand Army dispatched to eastern German and Polando Largest military operationo Conglomeration of all countries under the French empire
Hopes to meet Russia in Poland or Prussia Russian fought on their own grounds
o Needed to delay to get their troops from the Danube up to Russia
1812 Napoleon led the Grand army into Russia Short war 3 weeks supplies (too many self-esteem classes)
o Everything went to hell Wanted a decisive battle
Russian troops evaded Live off the land
Hard to find enough sustenance in Russia even in the summer
Wanted to outnumber the Russians at Borodino Lost too many people along the march Russians outnumbered them Send in Old Guard at a critical moment
o Too far from home Napoleon won but with huge costs
o Russian lost more men but emerged somewhat orderly
o September 1812 Napoleon entered Moscow
In tatters Disorganized army and enemy at his door
Tried to negotiate with Alexander Refused After 5 weeks ne ordered a retreat
o Blocked off to the southo Take the route they had use to try to invade Russia
Early and harsh winter 1/3 of the army died of the weather, internal
conflict, 1/6 taken captive’
Anti-Napoleon states all banded together Prussian and Austrian government switched to support the Russians
Anti-French riots in Italy British government supported the cause financially
Duke of Wellington finally crossed the pyreneso All extremes came together
British capitalism and eastern Europe feudalism Spanish clerics and German nationalism Divine right monarchies and democrats and liberals
Napoleon abandoned his troops in Russiao Rushed to Paris and raised a new army
Untrained unsteady Napoleon lost a bit of his genius
o Battle of the Nations Largest gathering of soldiers for a battle Napoleon’s troops creamed
Instabilityo Coalition was splitting
Disputes over how much power France should have Who got to negotiate with Napoleon Type of government
o Alexander Dethrone Napoleon Dictate peace in Paris Give French throne to Berdatte
King of Sweden Formerly French marshal Would depend on Russian support
o Metternich Keep a Bonaparte on the throne
Clear the French out of the rest of Europe Reduced France dependent on Austria
o Prussians Divided
o British French out of Belgium Napoleon dethroned Put a Bourbon on the throne
o Viscount Castlereagh British foreign minister Negotiations in January 1814
Napoleon still fightingo Used British subsidies to buy British war goals
Britain and Austria feared Russian powero Quadruple alliance
Britain needed the continental powers to defeat Napoleon 20 year agreement against the French
150,000 soldiers each to enforce peace terms Russia Austria Prussia and Britain
o April 4 Napoleon abdicated at Fontainebleau
Lack of French supporto Wanted peaceo Some wanted republico Some wanted an empire under Napoleon’s sono Some wanted a constitutional monarchy