€¦ · Web viewChapter 7 . Section 2. Define Terms, People, and Places on page 219. Feudalism – loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own

Chapter 7

Section 2 Define Terms, People, and Places on page 219

Feudalism – loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord

Vassal – in medieval Europe, a lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord

Feudal contract – exchange of pledges between lords and vassals Fief – in medieval Europe, an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and

loyalty Knight – a European noble who served as a mounted warrior Tournament Chivalry – code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages Troubadour Manor – during the Middle Ages in Europe, a lord’s estate which included one or more villages

and the surrounding lands Serf – in medieval Europe, a peasant bound to the lord’s land

Thinking Critically page 221 What were some of the drawbacks of using a castle for defense? The castle could run out of

food, could be trapped inside, difficult to replenish defenders killed inside castle, etc What technologies developed in response to castle defenses? Weapons such as the catapults,

battering ram, siege tower, hooks and ladders and flaming arrows Section 2 Assessment page 224

2. How did feudalism and the manor economy emerge and shape medieval life? Feudalism emerged to provide protection against invaders and local power struggles. Lords exchanged land for loyalty and military service. Land was often organized into manors. The hierarchy of lord, lesser lord, knight and peasant or serf stifled trade and the upward mobility of the majority of people.

3. How did a lord benefit from giving his lands away as fiefs? He gained military support and loyalty

4. Compare the rights and obligations of noblemen and noblewomen during the Middle Ages. Noblemen owed military service and loyalty to t heir lord. They guided and protected their vassals. Noblewomen owed loyalty and obedience to their husbands but performed some of the lord’s duties if he was absent. They provided day-to-day management of the household and were expected to bear children.

5. How did the manor serve the needs of the early Middle Ages? It provided safety and security for peasants and wealth and prestige for their lords. Since manors were self-sufficient, it did not matter that trade was limited.


Sacrament – sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church Benedictine Rule – rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a monk, regulating monastic life. The Rule

emphasizes obedience, poverty, and chastity and divides the day into periods of worship, work, and study.

Secular – having to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters; nonreligious

Papal supremacy – the claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers Canon law – body of laws of a church Excommunication – exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey

Church law Interdict – in the Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town, or

kingdom Friar – a medieval European monk who traveled from place to place preaching to the poor

Map Skills page 226 Make sure you can read the map and understand the legend.

Thinking Critically page 227 Which of these activities do you think was most useful to medieval society as a whole? Explain.

– as long as you can make a reasonable argument for your answer it will be correct. How were monasteries like manors? They were self-sufficient

Section 3 Assessment page 2302. How did the Church play a vital role in medieval life? Through sacraments and rituals, moral guidance, and service to the sick and needy, the Church dominated daily life. Churchmen gave moral guidance to rulers, served in governments, and forced rulers to do their bidding.

3. How did monks and nun contribute to medieval life? They provided health and educational services, made advances in agriculture, copied ancient manuscripts, and provided opportunities for women.

4. (a) How did the Church increase its secular power? (b) How did riches and power lead to Church abuses and then to reforms? (a) It used the threat of excommunication and interdict. It amassed land, wealth, and military forces. (b) As wealth increased, discipline and piety weakened. Abuses led popes to outlaw abuses and to limit the power of secular rulers in Church affairs. Friars started new orders based on poverty and service.

5. Why did attitudes toward Jews change in medieval Europe? Europeans had come to define themselves as a Christian society. Jews were outside the Church and therefore outside the social and economic structure of the parish community.

Section 4 Define Terms, People and Places page 231

Charter – in the Middle Ages, a written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town Capital – money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise Partnership -a group of merchants who joined together to finance a large-scale venture that

would have been too costly for any individual trader Tenant farmer – someone who would pay rent to a lord to farm part of the lord’s land Middle class – a group of people, including merchants, traders, and artisans, whose rank was

between nobles and peasants Guild – in the Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold

standards of their trade and to protect their economic interests Apprentice – a young person learning a trade from a master Journeyman – a salaried worker employed by a guild master

Map Skills page 232 Make sure you can read the map and understand the legend.

Section 4 Assessment page 2362. How did changes in agriculture and trade lead to the growth of towns and commerce? Increased agricultural production led to a larger, more reliable food supply and better nutrition, which led to population growth. Fewer people struggled to survive. Larger populations and more income led to more trade. Trading centers became towns.

3. What were two effects of the agricultural revolution of the Middle Ages? Increased food supply, population growth, etc

4. Why was the revival of trade so important? Trade spurred the growth of towns, increased the use of money, and undermined the manor system. It led to an exchange of ideas and a wider world view.

5. How did the emergence of a middle class affect European life? Explain. Your answers should demonstrate an understanding of the change from the feudal/manor system to a more commercial economy and a shift of power from nobles to merchants and townspeople.

6. What were the advantages and disadvantages of living in a medieval city? There were more jobs but also towns were more crowded, dirty, noisy, more of a fire hazard due to the closeness of the buildings and disease spread more quickly.

Chapter Assessment 1 – 24 page 240

1. The king of the Franks who conquered Gaul and converted to Christianity was CLOVIS.

2. Scandinavian raiders from the north were VIKINGS.

3. When a lord inherited a manor, he also gained control of the SERFS who worked it.

4. The sacred rites of the church are called SACRAMENTS.

5. Popes claimed PAPAL SUPREMACY, giving them authority over kings and emperors.

6. Monks who traveled around Europe preaching to the poor were called FRIARS.

7. A CHARTER set out the rights and privileges of a town.

8. Medieval merchants joined together in PARTNERSHIPS to reduce financial risk.

9. How were the Germanic tribes governed? Unwritten customs; nobles swearing loyalty to the king in exchange for weapons and plunder.

10. Why did Charlemagne’s empire break up after his death? His grandsons divided it; it was invaded by outside tribes.

11. Describe the mutual obligations that emerged under feudalism. Lords gave fiefs to vassals in exchange for loyalty, military service, and fees.

12. How did medieval manors function? A lord provided land and protection to peasants who worked his fields, created the goods that made the manor self-sufficient, and paid taxes.

13. What role did the church play in daily life? It had a large role; it dispensed moral guidance and help for the sick and needy, and its sacraments marked important life events.

14. How did the church gain secular power? Through landholdings, its own armies, and officials who served in monarchs’ courts; the threat of excommunication and interdict against rebellious rulers

15. What were the effects of improvements in agriculture? Larger and more reliable food supply, better diet, leading to population growth

16. What led to the growth of towns? Increased trade, the growth of trade fairs, the decline of serfdom, and the increased use of money

17. What was the commercial revolution? The transition from the manor system to an economy based on trade and money; including new business practices.

18. How did feudalism, the manor economy, and the Church shape life in Western Europe as the region slowly developed a new medieval culture? Feudalism provided a political and military structure that protected people. The majority of people were peasants who were tied to a lord’s manor. Lords exchanged land for loyalty and military service from lesser lords, who gained labor from peasants whom they protected. The Church regulated daily life, belief, and behavior.

19. Why did the collapse of the western Roman empire lead to a new age in Western Europe? The lack of unifying forces led to turmoil and decline. These problems led to feudalism and the manor system.

20. Why was Charlemagne important even though his empire collapsed after his death? He united the Christianized much of Western Europe, providing a model for future European leaders.

21. Compare and contrast the manor economy with the kind of economy that developed in towns during the commercial revolution. The manor economy was based on self-sufficiency of individual units and on a workforce tied to the land. The economy of towns was based on trade, the use of money, and a more mobile workforce.

22. Why was the pope a powerful figure in medieval Europe? He controlled land and wealth and had the powers of excommunication and interdict.

23. What social changes were caused by the commercial revolution? Explain why. It led to the rise of the middle class, the decline of serfdom, and the manor system. As trade expanded, merchants, bankers, towns, and guilds gained economic and political power; peasants began to pay their rent in money and became tenant farmers; some peasants moved to towns.

24. How do you think the existence of a powerful Muslim empire on the fringes of Europe will affect the later Middle Ages? Explain why. Your answer should reflect an understanding that the Muslim empire tried to expand into Europe and Christian Europeans developed hostility toward non-Christians.

Document- Based Assessment page 2411. The description of Charlemagne in Document A reveals that he (B) tried hard to educate himself.

2. Which of the following statements best reflects what the author of Document C wants to convey about Charlemagne? (B) He was a knowledgeable and powerful military leader

3. Documents B and C best support the statement that (A) later Europeans admired Charlemagne

Chapter 8


Crusades – a series of wars from the 1000s through 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims

Holy Land – Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached

Pope Urban II – Roman Catholic pope who fought with the Byzantine emperor Alexius I against Muslim Turks.

Reconquista – during the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain

Ferdinand and Isabella – rulers of Spain who wanted to impose unity on their diverse peoples.

Inquisition – a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Map Skills page 257

Make sure you can read the map and understand the legend.

Thinking Critically page 259 What do the people in the three photos have in common? They all consider Jerusalem

sacred. How is Jerusalem’s situation today similar to its situation at the time of the Crusades?

Answer should include some reference to the fact that the city is still considered sacred by many different religions that cannot agree to control the area peacefully. Violence still occurs regularly but people still continue to travel to the area so that they can see these sacred places in person.

Section 3 Assessment page 260 2. How did the Crusades change life in Europe and beyond? In Europe, the Crusades led to

economic expansion; increased trade and use of money, which undermined serfdom and led to prosperity of northern Italian cities. They led to increased power of monarchs and, briefly, to increased power of the papacy. In the Middle East, Muslim regimes united to fight the invaders and, under Saladin, began to reunify the region.

3. Why was the invasion of the Byzantine empire by the Turks significant? It led to the call for help from the Byzantine emperor and thus to the Crusades.

4. Explain three reasons why Europeans joined the Crusades. Reasons include religious zeal, hope of winning wealth and land, escaping troubles at home, adventure, power, fame, etc.

5. How did the Crusades accelerate change in Europe? Crusaders brought goods and ideas back with them, trade increased a money economy, began to undermine serfdom, and ships that had carried crusaders were available for trade and exploration.

6. Do you think unity in Spain was worth the cost of the Reconquista? Explain. Answers should reflect an understanding of the issues surrounding the Reconquista.

Section 5 Define Terms, People, and Places page 269

Black Death – an epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s Epidemic – outbreak of a rapidly spreading disease Inflation – economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the

amount of money available Schism – permanent division in a church Longbow – six-foot-long bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most

armor

Map Skills page 271

Make sure you can read the map and understand the legend.

Thinking Critically page 272 Which side seems to be winning? Explain. The English, because more soldiers with the

crossbow appear to be wounded than those with the longbow How might cannons be used in this battle? Cannons could be used to attack the castle in the

background for instance.

Section 5 Assessment page 2732. How did the combination of plague, upheaval in the Church, and war affect Europe in the 1300s and 1400s? They caused widespread fear and disruption and began to change society. Medieval culture was beginning to break down, paving the way for the Renaissance and the modern world. 3. What were three effects of the Black Death on late medieval Europe? Answers may include three of the following: the death of one third of Europe’s population, the breakdown of normal life, hysteria, persecution, social unrest, decline of production, unemployment, rioting, economic decline. 4. How did the pope’s move to Avignon and the establishment of a rival pope in Rome affect Church authority and power? They weakened the Church’s authority. The move the papacy put the Church under French influence and having rival popes showed further disarray in the hierarchy of the Church. 5. Compare the effects of the Hundred Years’ War on France and on England. France: created pride and national feeling, allowed French kings to expand their power; England: power began to shift to Parliament, away from the monarchy

Thinking Critically page 275 1. (a) Where did the plague first strike in Europe? (b) How long did it take to reach England?

(a) Caffa, in Eastern Europe (b) a year 2. Why did the Black Death inspire such fear? It was highly contagious and there was no

effective cure. 3. How did the Black Death lead to social disorder? Crops rotted, peasants revolted, and

survivors lived in fear of another outbreak.

Chapter Assessment # 11, 13, and 20 page 278 11. How did the Crusades affect the economy and outlook of Europeans? It quickened economic modernization and expansion by increasing trade and the use of money; brought new ideas and new goods to Europe; Europeans became aware of other cultures around the world and began to travel and explore these regions.13. How did war and plague cause major changes in medieval Europe? They caused disruption and death. The plague also caused social unrest and religious persecution. New military technology

undermined the use of knights and castles in favor of standing armies and strengthened monarchs. War and plague hastened the beginning of the modern world. 20. How might trade routes and the spread of the epidemic be linked? The spread of the plague closely paralleled the trade routes of the time. At first, it was traders who brought the rats/fleas with them from the East via ship and then transported them across the continent. Later, the disease spread via all people who used the same routes.

Document- Based Assessment page 279 1. According to Document A, Richard I (D) was an impressive warrior and compassionate

conqueror. 2. Which of the following statements Best summarizes Reston’s view of Richard the Lion-

heart? (A) Although he was a brave warrior, he does not measure up to his own legend. 3. What do the creators of Documents A and D want to convey about Richard I? (C) his

bravery and skill as a warrior

Chapter 13Section 1 Define Terms, People, and Places on page 410

Humanism – an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

Humanities – study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history, that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome

Petrarch – a Florentine humanist, poet, and scholar. Often called the father of Humanism Florence – a city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian

Renaissance Patron – a person who provides financial support for the arts Perspective – artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional

effect Leonardo da Vinci – Renaissance artist known for his realistic paintings, engineering, and

anatomy. Best known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Michelangelo Buonarroti – Renaissance sculptor, architect and poet. Best known for the

ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Raphael – painter who blended Christian and classical styles. Best known for The School of

Athens Baldassare Castiglione – author of a handbook called The Book of the Courtier that

describes the manners, skills, learning and virtues that a member of the court should have Niccolo Machiavelli – wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power called The

Prince. It looked at real rulers in an age of ruthless power politics. ‘The end justifies the means’

Map Skills page 4132. Which republic controlled Crete? Which kingdom controlled Sicily? Venice and Spain3. Why were so many banking centers located in Italy? Its central location made it ideal for supplying loans to traders

Thinking Critically page 4151. Why was the invention of perspective necessary for artists to achieve realism in painting? Without it, artists could not show objects as the eye sees them. 2. What other techniques bring the eye to the central figure of Jesus in The Last Supper? Jesus appears in the center and in front of the windows, and most apostles are looking in his direction.

Section 1 Assessment page 4162. What were the ideals of the Renaissance, and how did Italian artists and writers reflect these ideals? Artists, architects, and writers used realistic techniques. Their work reflected the Renaissance ideals of humanism, an appreciation of the classics, and curiosity. 3. How was the Renaissance worldview different from that of the Middle Ages? The medieval worldview was shaped by religion; it accepted tradition and the idea that only God was perfect. In contrast, the Renaissance worldview was shaped by inquiry, exploration, and the idea that humans could perfect themselves. 4. In what ways did Italian city-states encourage the Renaissance? Their connections to trade brought wealth that spurred the Renaissance and spread new ideas. The competition among city-states encouraged new ways of thinking. 5. How did humanism influence Renaissance painting and sculpture? Artists focused on human beings, their achievements, and their relationship to God6. Why were nature and human nature important to Renaissance artists and writers? They thought that art should reflect the reality of human experience

Thinking Critically page 417 Why does Machiavelli believe that it is better for a prince to be feared than to be loved? He

says that people’s love is fickle and untrustworthy, while people’s fear can be counted on at all times

Is Machiavelli’s description of an ideal prince consistent with that of Castiglione’s courtier? Why or why not? Answers should suggest that they are not consistent, because Castiglione’s courtier is well mannered, not arrogant, and always attuned to those around him, while Machiavelli’s prince is concerned with his own power.

Section 2 Define, Terms, People, and Place on page 418

Johann Gutenberg – printed the first complete edition of the Bible using a printing press with movable type

Flanders – a region that included parts of present day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands; was an important industrial and financial center of northern Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance

Albrecht Durer – one of the first northern artists to be profoundly affected by Renaissance Italy.

Engraving – art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints

Vernacular – everyday language of ordinary people Erasmus – Dutch priest and humanist who wrote texts on a number of subjects and used his

knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the Bible. Thomas More – English humanist who pressed for social reform. Wrote Utopia where he

describes an ideal society in which men and women live in peace and harmony.

Utopian – a word that has come to describe any ideal society often with the implication that such a society is ultimately impractical

Shakespeare – English poet and playwright who expressed universal themes in everyday realistic settings.

Thinking Critically on page 421 What realistic details appear in van Eyck’s painting? A natural setting; everyday objects;

realistic colors and lighting; accurate human forms How do the artists’ intentions differ? Cranach’s woodcut instructively illustrates a particular

point. Van Eyck’s painting is meant to observe a realistic setting.

Section 2 Assessment page 4212. How did the Renaissance develop in northern Europe? Trade encouraged the spread of ideas, as did the printing press. Artists and writers developed and spread new ideas and techniques to increasingly larger audiences. 3. What impact would the printing press have on religious reform movements of the 1500s? Religious reformers could use the printing press to spread their ideas to large numbers of people quickly4. How did northern Renaissance artists blend Italian Renaissance ideas with their own? Durer used Italian painting techniques to refine the German art of engraving; Flemish artists used oil painting to express humanist themes. 5. How did Erasmus’s training as a priest sharpen his critique of the Church? He had firsthand knowledge of church abuses, and his religious training gave him specific ideas for reform6. What factors encouraged the use of the vernacular in literature in Renaissance society? Answers should include the growth of the middle class, the humanist emphasis on education, and the printing press.

Thinking Critically on page 422 What are the advantages and disadvantages of staging productions in an open-air theater

like the Globe? Open-air theaters allow the production to use natural light, which can make scenes seem more realistic. But the absence of a roof allows outside noise, as well as weather, to filter in.

What about Shakespeare’s plays drew people from all social classes to the theater? Shakespeare wrote about themes and situations that were relevant to people of all classes. Also, the theater was constructed in such a way that all people could find seats appropriate to what they could pay.


Indulgences – in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime

Martin Luther – German monk who triggered a revolt against the Catholic church. Wrote the 95 These or arguments against the practice of indulgences.

Wittenberg – a city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 theses Charles V – Holy Roman emperor who summoned Luther to the diet at the city of Worms

and ordered Luther to give up his 95 thesis. Diet – assembly or legislature John Calvin – priest and lawyer who shared Luther’s beliefs. He preached predestination

and felt the world was divided into two kinds of people – saints and sinners.

Predestination – Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation Geneva – Swiss city-state which became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major

city in Switzerland Theocracy – government run by religious leaders

Analyzing Art page 4241. According to Cranach, which of the religions shown is the “true religion”? Protestantism2. Find another detail in the painting that expresses the artist’s opinion. Possible details: The Protestant scene is orderly, with peaceful baptisms and communion taking place; the Catholic scene is disorderly, showing an angry God and greedy churchmen.

Study the chart on page 426

Section 3 Assessment page 4272. How did revolts against the Roman Catholic Church affect northern European society? People began to question specific practices of the Church and the role and practice of religion in general, leading to the spread of Protestantism. 3. Why did the sale of indulgences become a critical issue during the Renaissance but not during the Middle Ages? In medieval times, people accepted the authority of the Church without question. Influenced by Renaissance thought, people began to look critically at questionable church practices. 4. How did Luther’s ideas differ from those expressed by the Catholic Church? Luther placed great emphasis on direct examination of the Bible and people’s personal relationship to God. The Church placed greater emphasis on the authority of the pope and Church officials5. How might Luther have felt about the Calvinist theocracy in Geneva? Luther probably would have opposed it, because a theocracy added another layer between people and God.


Sect – a subgroup of a major religious group Henry VIII – King who broke with the Catholic church and formed the Church of England so

he could divorce his wife to marry another woman Mary Tudor – first child of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Thomas Cranmer – man that Henry VIII appointed archbishop of the new church of England Elizabeth – daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Henry’s second wife. Canonize – recognize a person as a saint Compromise – an agreement in which each side makes concessions; an acceptable middle

ground Council of Trent – a group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond

to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church Ignatius of Loyola – a Spanish knight raised in the crusading tradition who founded the

religious order known as the Jesuits Teresa of Avila – born into a wealthy Spanish family she entered a convent in her youth.

Finding that a convent was not strict enough, she established her own order of nuns that lived in isolation, eating and sleeping very little and dedicating themselves to prayer and meditation.

Ghetto – separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live

Study the timeline on pages 430 and 431

Map Skills page 432

Identify the religion practiced in (a) London – Anglican ; (b) Wittenberg – Lutheran; (c) Rome – Roman Catholic

Section 4 Assessment page 4332. How did the Reformation bring about two different religious paths in Europe? It led to the establishment of Protestantism as an alternative to Catholicism3. Why were the Anabaptists considered to be radical? They advocated great social change and very different interpretations of the Bible4. How did reforms cause England to become a Protestant country? They gave Henry VIII the idea to break with the Church; his influence caused the majority of the English to convert to Protestantism5. Why might the Catholic Church have found the ideas of Ignatius to be particularly relevant to the Catholic Reformation? Ignatius was seen as the kind of strong and disciplined leader the Church needed to combat the Reformation6. Why did witch hunting decline with the end of the religious wars, while persecution of Jews did not? Catholics and Protestants no longer saw each other as social outcasts but continued to view Jewish people as outcasts.

Section 5 Define Terms People and Places on page 434

Nicolaus Copernicus – published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. He proposed a sun-centered model of the universe.

Heliocentric – based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe Tycho Brahe – provided evidence that supported Copernicus’s theory Johannes Kepler – Used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets proving that they

were ellipse not circles Galileo Galilei – assembled an astronomical telescope to observe that the four moons of

Jupiter move slowly around the planet. When brought before the Inquisition he changed his position and said the earth was the center of the universe.

Francis Bacon – an Englishman devoted to understanding how truth is determined. He stressed experimentation and observation. He wanted science to make life better for people by leading to practical technologies.

Rene Descartes – Frenchman devoted to understanding how truth is determined. He emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding.

Scientific method – careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis

Hypothesis – an unproved theory accepted for the purposes of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation

Robert Boyle – refined the alchemists’ view of chemicals as basic building blocks. Explained all matter as being composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways

Isaac Newton – formed a brilliant theory to explain why the planets moved as they do and developed the branch of mathematics called calculus

Gravity – force that pulls objects in Earth’s sphere to the center of Earth Calculus – a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic

notations; developed by Isaac Newton

Section 5 Assessment on page 438

2. How did discoveries in science lead to a new way of thinking for Europeans? As new astronomical discoveries challenged accepted views of the universe, scientists in all fields began to rely on observation rather than accepted wisdom3. Why did the theories of Copernicus and Galileo threaten the views of the Church? They contradicted the teachings of the Church, which had been accepted for more than a thousand years4. In what ways did the scientific method differ from earlier approaches to learning? Before, people learned accepted truths, dictated by tradition or religion. The scientific method was based on the idea that truth could come only through investigation. 5. What impact did Renaissance ideas have on medicine? The Renaissance worldview led people to explore the human body in new ways to see how it really worked, sparking new discoveries in anatomy and medicine. 6. How did Newton use the ideas of Plato? He used Plato’s emphasis on mathematics and reality to discover nature’s laws

Chapter Assessment 1 – 19 page 4421. Lorenzo de’ Medici was a PATRON of the Florentine arts. 2. Rabelais and Shakespeare wrote in the VERNACULAR to appeal to the common people. 3. Calvin’s belief in PREDESTINATION set him apart from Catholics4. Elizabeth’s sensible COMPROMISE helped keep England unified in the face of religious conflict5. Copernicus’s HELIOCENTRIC theory of the universe challenged the accepted teachings of the Church. 6. How did the new Renaissance worldview shape the work of Italian Renaissance artists and writers? Artists and writers adopted both a new realism and an emphasis on humanity7. What was the role of the printing press in spreading Renaissance ideas? It quickly spread the works of humanists and other Renaissance writers to a large audience8. How did northern European artists and writers apply Renaissance ideas in their work? Artists developed new techniques to paint more realistically; writers addressed the themes of humanism and wrote in the vernacular9. How did the Renaissance open the door to the Protestant Reformation? Renaissance thinkers began to question the Church as the sole source of truth, opening the way for people to question the Church on more specific issues as well. 10. Why did the Church respond with its Catholic Reformation? It needed to prevent large numbers of people from embracing Protestantism and thereby weakening the authority of the Church11. How were the scientists of the Scientific Revolution influenced by Renaissance ideas? Scientists began to question accepted teaching, relying instead on their own observations and reasoning to get to the truth12. How did the Renaissance shape European art, thought, and religion? Renaissance thought was profoundly affected by a new worldview that embraced curiosity, exploration, and the importance of humanity. Renaissance people remained religious, but they no longer accepted religious authority unquestioningly. Instead, they used their expanding knowledge in other fields to shape their own religious thinking. 13. How did Italy’s geography encourage the spread of the Renaissance? Italy’s Mediterranean location, between Europe and the East, encouraged trade. Trade, and with it a flow of new ideas and wealth, encouraged the development and spread of the Renaissance.14. In what ways was the Renaissance a break with medieval times? In what ways was it a continuation of medieval times? It broke with medieval times by questioning religious authority and by emphasizing the importance of the human world. It continued medieval ways by highly valuing religion and a sharply defined social structure.

15. Under what circumstances are religious beliefs likely to inspire anger or violence? Sample: When there is great uncertainty – whether financial, social, or religious – people are more likely to feel threatened by those with different religious beliefs or ways of life. 16. What Renaissance theme does the bas-relief below express? The importance of education17. The Renaissance and Scientific Revolution are often described as eras of human progress. Evaluate whether this is an accurate description. Answers may agree with this description because great discoveries were made, advancing science and enriching art. Other answers may suggest that most people did not benefit greatly from the period’s advances and still lived in poverty18. Why did England escape the kinds of religious wars that tore apart other European nations? Queen Elizabeth’s efforts to make compromises satisfied both Protestants and Catholics and averted religious warfare19. How does this statement suggest a relationship between two of the key events discussed in this chapter? The Protestant Reformation could not have spread so quickly nor had such a great impact without the invention of the printing press.

Document-Based Assessment page 4431. According to Document B, the increased supply and lower cost of books had what effect? (C) More people bought books2. What information about printing can be found only on Document D? ( B) areas where the concentration of printing presses was densest3. What does German historian Sleidan, in Document C, imply is the MOT IMPORTANT role of the printing press? (A) spreading the Protestant religion

Chapter 14 Section 1

Define Terms, People, and Places on page 446 Moluccas – a group of islands in eastern Indonesia; was the center of the spice trade

in the 1500s and 1600s Prince Henry – led the way in sponsoring exploration for Portugal Cartographer - mapmaker Vasco da Gama – followed in Dias’s footsteps, leading four ships around the Cape of

Good Hope Christopher Columbus – first European to reach the Americas and he motivated

other explorers to begin their journeys Line of Demarcation – line set by the Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the non-European

world into two zones, one controlled by Spain and the other by Portugal Treaty of Tordesillas – treaty signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494 which

divided the non-European world between them Ferdinand Magellan – First explorer to circumnavigate the world Circumnavigate – to travel completely around the world

Map Skills page 447 Describe the route of Columbus – Columbus sailed west to the West Indies across the

Atlantic, then sailed east back to Spain Why do you think explorers from different countries followed similar routes? Sample

answer: Because of geography and the technology of the time, there were few viable routes.

Thinking Critically page 449 Why would a portolan map be inappropriate as a resource for a geography class? It

doesn’t show geographical locations or features accurately; its only use is as a navigation tool

What limitations did the astrolabe have that the magnetic compass did not? Unlike the magnetic compass, the astrolabe could not be used when bad weather limited the sky’s visibility

Section 1 Assessment page 4512. How did the search for spices lead to global exploration? As explorers sought sea routes to the Spice Islands, they made new discoveries that prompted further exploration3. How did the Renaissance motivate European explorers? Renaissance ideals such as curiosity, religious faith, and the expanding Renaissance worldview, encouraged exploration. 4. How did Prince Henry’s Christian faith shape his role as a sponsor of exploration? His faith prompted him to support exploration because the people encountered as a result could be converted to Christianity. 5. If Columbus had understood the real geography of the world, would he still have made his voyage? Why or why not? Sample: Columbus’ great curiosity would most likely have prompted him to undertake the voyage no matter what the risks. 6. What effect might Magellan’s circumnavigation of the world have on English, Dutch, and French explorers? Sample: Magellan’s accomplishment on Portugal’s behalf would have further stimulated competition among the other European nations

Chapter Assessment #s 1,2,7 and 16 on page 4681. How did Prince Henry encourage the work of cartographers? Henry the Navigator sponsored cartographers at Sagres2. Write a sentence or two that shows why scurvy was a problem for sailors who circumnavigated the globe. Sentences should include something about the lack of fresh fruits and vegetables while at sea for many months which caused scurvy7. How did European interest in the spice trade lead to the discovery of new routes and lands? Europeans’ desire to eliminate middlemen encouraged them to sail to the Spice Islands themselves; in doing so, they made discoveries16. What might have happened if Asian explorers, rather than Europeans, had first reached the Americas? Suggestions could include that Asians could not have had the same impact because they lacked firepower and unity. Europeans at least had similar languages, a common religion (Christianity), and a well-established history of diplomacy

Document-Based Assessment page 4691. Document A and B both make the point that the discovery of new lands was motivated by (c) wanting to make money2. What motivation for exploration is implied in Document C? (D) both the desire to please king or country and the desire to spread Christianity3. What does Document D suggest about how European monarchs viewed exploration? (A) They saw it as vitally important to their nations

Chapter 15

Section 1

Define Terms, People, and Places on page 472 Conquistador – Spanish explorers who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain in the

1500s and 1600s Immunity – natural protection, resistance Hernan Cortes – landed in Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses, and a few cannons to

conquer the Aztecs Tenochtitlan – capital city of the Aztec empire, on which modern-day Mexico City was

built Malinche – Indian woman who served as translator and advisor for Cortes Alliance – formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and

come to one another’s defense Moctezuma – Aztec emperor who thought Cortes was Quetzalcoatl Francisco Pizarro – explorer who conquered Peru’s Inca empire Civil war – war fought between two groups of people in the same nation

Thinking Critically on page 475 Why do you think Diaz included the opinions of “some of our soldiers”? Diaz’s account

gained credibility by stating that a number of his soldiers who had traveled to the great capitals of the world felt that Tenochtitlan was truly remarkable

Do you agree with Diaz that the best historical accounts are written by people who participated in or witnessed the events? Sample: Firsthand accounts of events provide authenticity, but histories by people who read and synthesize a variety of firsthand accounts can provide a broader view.

Section 1 assessment page 4762. How did a small number of Spanish conquistadors conquer huge Native American empires? They had tremendous advantages that Native Americans lacked, including superior weapons, immunity to European diseases, and horses3. Which factor was the most important in aiding Spanish success in the Americas? Answers could argue reasonably for a factor such as weapons, immunity, horses, belief in Spanish superiority, willingness to lie to strangers, etc. 4. How did Cortes gain control of Tenochtitlan? He played upon Aztec religious beliefs to enter the capital and then overpowered a population weakened by disease5. How did the Incan civil war affect the Spanish outcocme in Peru? The Incan civil war weakened the empire, exhausting its resources and killing its fighters, thus leaving the door open to conquest by the Spanish6. How might the history of Europeans in the Americas have been different if the Indians had not been killed by European diseases? Sample: With their far greater numbers, they might have repelled the European forces, meaning that they could have retained control of the continent

Section 2

Define Terms, People and Places on page 477

Viceroy – representative who ruled one of Spain’s provinces in the Americas in the king’s name

Encomienda – right the Spanish government granted to its American colonists to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans

Bartolome de Las Casas – priests who condemned the evils of the encomienda system. He detailed the horrors that Spanish rule had brought to Native Americans and pleaded with the king to end the abuse

Peon – worker forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off a debt Peninsulare – member of the highest class in Spain’s colonies in the Americas Creole – person in Spain’s colonies in the Americas who was an American-born

descendent of Spanish settlers Mestizo – person in Spain’s colonies in the Americas who was of Native American and

European descent Mulatto – in Spain’s colonies in the Americas, person who was of African and European

descent Privateer – privately owned ship commissioned by a government to attack and capture

enemy ships, especially merchant’s ships Section 2 assessment page 481

2. How did Spain and Portugal build colonies in the Americas? They conquered native peoples and used their land, resources, and forced labor to build colonies. 3. How might the Spanish have solved the problem of finding a dependable labor supply without the use of slavery? Sample answer: they could have paid for labor4. How did the mix of peoples in Spanish America result in a new social structure? A hierarchy based on power and origins emerged, with those with the most European blood at the top5. In what ways were the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas similar? In what ways were they different? Similar: imposing their will on Native Americans by force, using slave labor, developing new, blended cultures. Different: Spain’s empire included mineral wealth, while Portugal’s American empire relied on agriculture, cattle, and timber6. Why did some European monarchs support the illegal activities of privateers? They wanted to check Spain and Portugal’s growing wealth and power


New France – French possessions in present-day Canada from the 1500s to 1763 Revenue – money taken in through taxes Pilgrims – English Protestants who rejected the Church of England Compact – an agreement among people French and Indian War – war between Britain and France in the Americas that happened

from 1754 to 1763; it was part of a global war called the Seven Years’ War Treaty of Paris – treaty of 1763 that ended the Seven Years’ War and resulted in British

dominance of the Americas

Map Skills page 485

What geographical factor do all of the European land claims share? Why is this so? All are near oceans or waterways such as rivers and lakes; people depended on waterways for resources and transportation

Section 3 Assessment page 4862. How did European struggles for power shape the North American continent? The five nations struggling for power in North America each left their mark on the region in terms of culture and government, but eventually Britain gained dominance. 3. Why did New France grow slowly compared with Spanish and English colonies? The wealth of the Spanish colonies and the diverse opportunities of the English colonies attracted settlers more easily than did the col climate of New France4. Why did the English colonies have a large degree of self-government? England had a tradition of representative assemblies, and therefore, English colonists brought this tradition with them. 5. How did Britain come to dominate North America? It established successful colonies and then fought a war to secure them. 6. Why did Native American groups side with European powers rather than join together to oppose them? Sample: They hoped to weaken the European nations by playing them against one another; they were too widespread and diverse to effectively unite


Olaudah Equiano – enslaved African who formed part of an international trade network that arose during the 1500s.

Triangular trade – colonial trade routes among Europe an its colonies, the West Indies, and Africa in which goods were exchanged for slaves

Middle Passage – the leg of the triangular trade route on which slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas

Mutiny – revolt, especially of soldiers or sailors against their officers

Thinking Critically page 489 What were slaves exchanged for in the West Indies? Molasses and cotton Why are there so few first-person slave narratives? Most slaves did not know how to

read and write, or did not have the time or encouragement to tell their stories. Also, many slaves died.

Section 4 Assessment page 4902. How did the Atlantic slave trade shape the lives and economies of Africans and Europeans? It destroyed African economies and societies; it enriched European economies3. What role did each of the following play in triangular trade: a New England merchant, an African slave, and a Southern plantation owner? Merchant: bought goods and slaves to be resold or traded for other goods and slaves; slave: was bought and sold; plantation owner: bought slaves and used them to produce cash crops4. What European assumptions about African does the Atlantic slave trade show? It shows that some Europeans assumed that African lives were less important than their own and that trade was more important than African misery

5. Would the growth of the American colonies have been different if there had been no Atlantic slave trade? Sample: The colonies’ economies might have grown more slowly, because plantation owners would have had to pay more for labor or scale back on operations; the colonies might have grown more quickly because laboring jobs would attract many people and give them money to spend.