· Web viewChapter 1 What is Psychology? MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of a. behavior and mental processes. b. diagnosis and treatment of behavioral

Chapter 1What is Psychology?

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study ofa. behavior and mental processes.b. diagnosis and treatment of behavioral disorders.c. conscious and unconscious mental processes.d. the mind.

ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 4 OBJ: 1.1MSC: TYPE: F

2. Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?a. The study of behavior and mental processes.b. The study of why people behave in abnormal and unique ways.c. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.d. The study of how the mind works.

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 4 OBJ: 1.1MSC: TYPE: F

3. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes describesa. behaviorism.b. psychoanalysis. c. psychology.d. sociology and psychology.

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 4 OBJ: 1.1MSC: TYPE: F NOT: WWW

4. Eduardo DeLeon is engaged in scientific research involving the study of behavior and mental processes. DeLeon is aa. psychotherapist. c. psychiatrist.b. psychoanalyst. d. psychologist.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.1MSC: TYPE: A

5. Topics of interest to a psychologist would include all except which of the following?a. Growth and development c. Global warming.b. Personality d. Stress and health

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.1KEY: New MSC: TYPE: F

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6. When a psychologist tells a client to use mental imagery in an attempt to help the person cope with a problem, she is attempting to reach which goal of psychology?a. describe c. predictb. explain d. control


7. A psychologist who advises parents on how to deal with their child’s temper tantrums is applying which of the following goals of psychology?a. prediction c. explanationb. control d. description

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 4 OBJ: 1.1MSC: TYPE: A

8. A school psychologist who advises teachers on how to establish classroom discipline is applying which of the following goals of psychology?a. prediction c. explanationb. control d. description


9. Sarah is crying in her counselor’s office. Which goal of psychology does this represent?a. prediction c. explanationb. control d. description


10. Cody’s ACT score suggests he will do well in a particular university. Which goal of psychology does this represent?a. prediction c. explanationb. control d. description

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 4 OBJ: 1.1KEY: New MSC: TYPE: A NOT: WWW

11. When a psychologist forms conclusions regarding a client’s chance of recovery, he is attempting to reach which goal of psychology?a. description c. predictionb. explanation d. control

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 4 OBJ: 1.1MSC: TYPE: A

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12. Psychologists often help judges and juries decide whether a criminal in jail will commit another crime if released. Which goal of psychology does this example represent?a. explain c. predictb. describe d. control

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 4MSC: TYPE: AOBJ: 1.1

13. The clinical psychologist’s aim in applying prediction and control principles to a client’s behavior is toa. decide the treatment.b. help the client meet his or her goals in treatment.c. allow the client a narrow range of options for his or her behavior.d. use a database to formulate a treatment for the client.


14. Which of the following is not true of psychological theories?a. Theories make assumptions about behavior.b. Theories explain behavior and mental processes.c. Predictions are derived from theories.d. Theories are always discarded as new observations are made.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.1MSC: TYPE: F

15. A conception of apparent relationships among observed events definesa. science. c. prediction.b. theory. d. the school of psychology.

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.1MSC: TYPE: F

16. Theories are likely to include statements of all of the following except:a. behavior. c. mental processes.b. biological processes. d. environmental processes.


17. A satisfactory theory of mental illness should allow psychologists to predicta. the types of individuals who are at risk for developing this problem.b. what type of treatment that would be useful in treating a specific mental illness.c. what type of behaviors related to a mental illness might be dangerous.d. all of these answers are true.

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.1KEY: New MSC: TYPE: C

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18. According to the text’s author theories which do not help in predicting or explaining behavior should bea. revised or replaced. c. ignored.b. discarded. d. considered.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 1-4 OBJ: 1.1KEY: New MSC: TYPE: C NOT: WWW

19. Dr. Rossini is developing a training program to help a young woman with mental retardation to sort clothes in the laundry of the residential facility in which she lives. Whenever she performs her job correctly, she receives a reward. If she does not stay on task, she receives no reward. This is an example ofa. pure research.b. applied research.c. basic research.d. the practice of psychology.

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.2MSC: TYPE: C

20. The results of ________ research in the study of the perceptual development of infants and lower animals are often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.a. pure c. controlledb. basic d. action

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.2MSC: TYPE: C

21. Applied research is research undertakena. with humans. c. for its own sake.b. with lower animals. d. to find solutions to specific problems.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.2MSC: TYPE: F NOT: WWW

22. The difference between pure and applied research is the difference betweena. prediction and control.b. practice and theory.c. research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems.d. application and explanation.

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.2MSC: TYPE: C

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23. Research using computers to understand artificial intelligence is considered __________ research.a. pure c. longitudinalb. applied d. none of these

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.2MSC: TYPE: A

24. Dr. Smith is interested in determining the effects of excessive alcohol use on learning in a classroom setting. This type of research isa. pure. c. natural.b. applied. d. situational.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.2KEY: New MSC: TYPE: A

25. ________ research has no immediate application to personal or social problems and has been characterized as research for its own sake.a. Pure c. Conceptualb. Applied d. Observational


26. Research examining how the nervous system works conducted for no other reason than to determine “how it works” would be considered ________ research.a. pure c. longitudinalb. applied d. experimental


27. Dr. Grote is interested in assessing the driving reaction times of the elderly for the purpose of driving improvement classes. He is doing what type of research?a. pure c. clinicalb. applied d. experimental

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.2MSC: TYPE: C

28. Dr. Schwiesow supervises beginning school psychology students as they complete their first semester of a practicum class. Dr. Schwiesow is most likely involved in the ________ of psychology.a. pure research c. teachingb. practice d. applied

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.2KEY: New MSC: TYPE: C

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29. Students are students who are being mentored by an experienced psychologist are known as ________ students.a. practicum c. researchb. clinical d. undergraduate

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.2KEY: New MSC: TYPE: C

30. Which of the following statements is true regarding pure research?a. Pure research never has an application to the real world.b. Pure research always has an application to real world problems.c. Pure research adds to the knowledge base of psychology which may have

applications to real world problems.d. Pure research adds to the knowledge base of psychology which does not have

applications to real world problems.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.2KEY: New MSC: TYPE: C

31. Dr. Cherne teaches undergraduate psychology students at a local university while continuing her own research in the area of play therapy. Dr. Cherne is involved in which areas of psychology?a. pure research c. practice and researchb. teaching and research d. applied research

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.2KEY: New MSC: TYPE: C

32. A counseling psychologist is most likely involved in which form of psychology?a. practice c. teachingb. research d. education


33. Dr. Langer is treating a college student for depression in his private practice. Most likely Dr. Langer is a(n) __________ psychologist.a. counseling c. educationalb. school d. clinical


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34. Jean, recently married Harry, a widower with a teenage daughter. From the onset of her relationship with Harry, Jean had difficulty in relating to his daughter. Once married, the family problems between stepmother and stepdaughter became exacerbated. Who might be consulted?a. a developmental psychologist c. a counseling psychologistb. an educational psychologist d. a psychiatric social worker


35. Diagnosing the severity of mental illness and behavior problems is usually the job of a(n) __________ psychologist.a. clinical c. schoolb. counseling d. educational


36. Dr. Wang has just prescribed antidepressants for her patient. She must be aa. clinical psychologist. c. school psychologist.b. psychotherapist. d. psychiatrist.


37. ________ are medical doctors who specialize in the treatment of psychological disordersa. Clinical psychologists c. School psychologistsb. Psychotherapists d. Psychiatrists

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 6 OBJ: 1.2KEY: New MSC: TYPE: F

38. According the American Psychologist Association, the largest subgroup of PhD level psychologists area. clinical psychologists. c. school psychologists.b. psychotherapists. d. psychiatrists.

ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 6 OBJ: 1.2KEY: New MSC: TYPE: F NOT: WWW

39. Adrienne is studying for the Ph.D. in psychology. As a part of her studies, she will be required to do all except which of the following?a. Study research methods c. Produce a doctoral dissertation.b. Learn how to provide psychotherapy. d. Conduct original research.


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40. One of the primary differences between a Ph.D. and a Psy.D. is thea. cost of graduate school. c. emphasis on applied methods.b. number of required graduate hours. d. requirement of a medical degree.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 6 OBJ: 1.2KEY: New MSC: TYPE: A

41. The following psychologists work with clients who have adjustment problems but not serious psychological disorders.a. clinical c. educationalb. counseling d. developmental


42. Doug has just been laid off after 25 years as a civil engineer. He is now consulting with a psychologist to deal with the emotional ramifications of losing his job. Which type of psychologist is he most likely seeing?a. clinical c. industrial organizationalb. educational d. counseling psychologist

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 6 OBJ: 1.2KEY: New MSC: TYPE: A

43. Which of the following is a difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?a. Treating people with psychological problems.b. Working in a hospital.c. Having an MD.d. Doing research.


44. Carla has been called in to consult with a teacher who has a first-grader who was recently diagnosed with autism. Carla is most likely which type of psychologist?a. clinical c. educationalb. counseling d. school

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-7 OBJ: 1.2KEY: NEW MSC: TYPE: A NOT: WWW

45. School psychologists are employed by school districts toa. develop achievement and aptitude tests.b. identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with their learning.c. assess the development of children in the school system.d. development curriculum for teachers to deliver.


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46. Interpretation of a client’s symptoms is to a clinical psychologist as the development of an achievement test is to a(n) __________ psychologist.a. social c. educationalb. developmental d. personality


47. A main difference between educational psychologists and school psychologists is that school psychologists focus ona. course planning. c. motivation research.b. instructional methods. d. problems which interfere with

learning.


48. Dr. Kendall is interested in the effects of teacher style (warm and supportive versus formal and objective) on the learning of mathematics by sixth graders. Most likely, Dr. Kendall is a(n) __________ psychologist.a. educational c. schoolb. personality d. experimental


49. Dr. James has just completed a study examining the effects of aggressive television programs on preschoolers. She is most likely a ________ psychologist.a. developmental c. socialb. counseling d. school


50. __________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.a. Community c. Forensicb. Personality d. Social


51. A theory that divides human behavior into two basic traits, introversion and extraversion, was probably formulated by a __________ psychologist.a. developmental c. behavioralb. personality d. clinical


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52. A psychologist who is studying the relationship between loud construction noise and the learning of children in a nearby school might which type of psychologist?a. developmental c. environmentalb. social d. school


53. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to conduct pure research?a. experimental c. consumerb. organizational d. human factors


54. The design of the instrument layout of a new helicopter was carried out by industrial engineers in consultation with __________ psychologists.a. consumer c. industrialb. experimental d. human factors


55. After an advertising campaign with a catchy jingle failed to generate sales for a new shampoo, the advertising director hired Faith Broadside to analyze the defective campaign and to propose an alternative approach. Faith is most likely a __________ psychologist.a. consumer c. organizationalb. social d. human factors


56. As much as she tried to lose weight, Pauline could not achieve her goal of 15% weight loss. Accordingly, she made an appointment to consult with Dr. Richman, a __________ psychologist.a. clinical c. human factorsb. counseling d. health


57. The __________ psychologist examines ways in which lifestyle, habits, and attitudes are related to heart disease, cancer and diabetes.a. clinical c. counselingb. health d. forensic


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58. Dr. Huss is contracted to work with the FBI to determine with characteristics of an individual who might be likely to commit acts of terrorism. Dr. Huss is most likely which type of psychologist?a. investigative c. forensicb. clinical d. police


59. A __________ psychologist would most likely work with a professional bowler to develop better cognitive strategies to improve his game.a. counseling c. teamb. health d. sports


60. The early roots of psychology can be traced to thea. Greek philosophers.b. Roman generals.c. German scientists.d. American medical doctors.


61. Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she underwent a near-death experience in which she felt herself leaving her body. The method Yolanda and the researcher are using is calleda. insight. c. recovered memory.b. self-revelation. d. introspection.


62. Aristotle contributed to the study of psychology through his writings on all of the following topics excepta. the five senses.b. the study of mental illness.c. the nature of cause and effect.d. human’s capacity for rational thought.

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 9 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: F

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63. Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology calleda. functionalism. c. behaviorism.b. psychoanalysis. d. structuralism.


64. He was known as the first psychologist and the founder of structuralism.a. Wilhelm Wundtb. William Jamesc. John Watsond. Aristotle

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10 OBJ: 1.3MSC: TYPE: F NOT: WWW

65. True to the theory of structuralism, ________ documented his experiences during a serious illness he thought would lead to his death.a. Sigmund Freud c. Wilhelm Wundtb. William James d. Erik Erikson


66. Under the school of structuralism, an analytic study of objective sensations and subjective feelings is accomplished through the method calleda. conditioning. c. introspection.b. psychoanalysis. d. insight.


67. What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution from other contributions to psychology?a. He wrote the first textbook of psychology.b. He defined psychology as the science of behavior.c. He established psychology as a laboratory science.d. He studied insight in lower animals.


68. Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was toa. break down conscious experience into basic elements.b. focus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior.c. analyze the relation between sensory stimuli and behavior.d. determine the functions of conscious experience.


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69. The main method used in the school of structuralism wasa. introspection. c. observation.b. stream of consciousness. d. perception.


70. Structuralism defined experience in terms ofa. behavioral tendencies and habits.b. the continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes.c. the functions of consciousness.d. sensations, feelings, and mental images.


71. Functionalism was established bya. G. Stanley Hall. c. John Watson.b. Wilhelm Wundt. d. William James.


72. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?a. The mind is composed of discrete elements.b. Perception is greater than the sum of its parts.c. The only object of psychology is the study of behavior.d. Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 10 – 11 OBJ: 1.3MSC: TYPE: C

73. The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness as a continuous, not discrete, process is calleda. functionalism. c. structuralism.b. behaviorism. d. psychoanalysis.


74. A functionalist would agree with which of the following statements?a. Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts.b. Consciousness is a continuous process.c. Both a and b.d. None of these.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10 –11 OBJ: 1.3MSC: TYPE: C

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75. One similarity between structuralism and functionalism isa. unconscious behavior. c. introspection.b. both focused on real world situations. d. observable behavior.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10 – 11 OBJ: 1.3MSC: TYPE: C

76. ________ has been called the first true American psychologist.a. Sigmund Freud c. Wilhelm Wundtb. William James d. Erik Erikson


77. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit.a. more intelligent c. more conscious of their surroundingsb. better adapted to the environment d. better at problem solving


78. The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and asked how mental processes and behaviora. were broken down into sensations, feelings, and thoughts.b. were part of the unconscious.c. led the individual to self-knowledge.d. assisted the organism to adapt to the environment.


79. ________ are acts that at first require one’s full attention but over time become automatic.a. Stream of consciousness c. Measurable behaviorb. Habits d. Sensations


80. John B. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology.a. behaviorism c. structuralismb. functionalism d. psychoanalysis


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81. John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all excepta. mental processes. c. consciousness.b. observable behavior. d. feelings and thoughts.


82. ________ became rich by applying his principles of conditioning to the world of advertising.a. John Watson c. Erik Eriksonb. B.F. Skinner d. Sigmund Freud

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 12 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: F

83. B. F. Skinner made major contributions toa. structuralism. c. behaviorism.b. functionalism. d. Gestalt psychology.


84. Watson and Skinner had one objective in common—thea. treatment of disorders.b. acquisition of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement.c. use of mental imagery.d. discovery of unconscious conflicts.


85. Peter taught his dog to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After the response Peter would pet the dog and give it a treat. From Skinner’s perspective, the treat would be considered aa. bribe. c. reinforcer.b. stimulus. d. control.


86. B. F. Skinner studied learning in lower animals through the method ofa. reinforcement. c. introspection.b. insight. d. trial and error.


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87. Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is toa. psychotherapy. c. perception.b. adaptation to the environment. d. habit.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 11 – 14 OBJ: 1.3MSC: TYPE: C

88. The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termeda. psychoanalysis. c. structuralism.b. functionalism. d. Gestalt psychology.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 13 OBJ: 3MSC: TYPE: C

89. “Wholes are more than the sums of their parts” was the view of which of the following schools of psychology?a. Behaviorism c. Structuralismb. Functionalism d. Gestalt

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 13 – 14 OBJ: 1.3MSC: TYPE: C NOT: WWW

90. The German word Gestalt translates roughly toa. introspection. c. organized whole.b. reinforcement. d. behavior pattern.


91. For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter ofa. trial and error. c. rote practice and repetition.b. insight and understanding. d. habit and environmental adaptation.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 14 OBJ: 3MSC: TYPE: F

92. Lisa, while contemplating her fourth failed relationship, came to the conclusion that maybe all men aren’t jerks but that she was making poor decision. Gestalt psychologists would call thisa. insight. c. oversight.b. introspection. d. perceptual congruity.


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93. While historians rank __________ as the most significant figure in the history of psychology, popular culture places __________ at the top of its list of psychologists.a. John Watson; William James c. Wilhelm Wundt; William Jamesb. William James; Sigmund Freud d. Wilhelm Wundt; Sigmund Freud


94. Psychoanalysis is to unconscious processes as behaviorism is toa. perception c. sensation.b. learning. d. introspection.


95. Which of the following schools of psychology focused on unconscious conflict and ideas that originated in early childhood?a. Gestalt c. Functionalismb. Behaviorism d. Psychoanalysis


96. The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior isa. psychoanalysis. c. functionalism.b. humanism-existentialism. d. Gestalt psychology.


97. At the center of psychodynamic theory of human motivation isa. insight. c. behavior.b. the unconscious. d. introspection.


98. Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a method ofa. scientific inquiry. c. self-knowledge.b. introspection. d. psychotherapy.


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99. Freud’s technique of psychotherapy is calleda. reality therapy. c. psychoanalysis.b. insight therapy. d. behavior therapy.


100. Freud is to Wundt as unconscious is toa. perception. c. unconscious.b. conscious. d. insight.


101. Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of psychology?a. Unconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior.b. Learning is the basis of behavior.c. Humans are potentially good.d. The sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts.


102. Greg has just undergone several months discussing his early childhood with her therapist. He has revealed traumas involving toilet training, relationships with his parents and separation issues. Greg was involved ina. insight training. c. psychoanalysis.b. introspection. d. humanistic counseling.


103. Which one of the following perspective of psychology no longer exists today?a. psychoanalysisb. humanismsc. cognitived. functionalism


104. “Survival of the fittest” would most likely be studied by which of the following types of psychologists?a. humanist c. structuralistb. behaviorist d. evolutionist

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 16 OBJ: 1.4MSC: TYPE: F NOT: WWW

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105. ________ psychologists suggest that much human social behavior such as aggression and mate selection has its basis in heredity and genetics.a. Evolutionary c. Cognitiveb. Gestalt d. Humanistic


106. __________ oriented psychologists use techniques such as CAT scans, PET scans, and electrical stimulation of the brain to show that specific sites in the brain mediate thoughts, emotions, and behavior.a. Cognitively c. Behaviorallyb. Developmentally d. Biologically


107. Dr. Levy studies the influences of hormones in determining maternal behavior and sexual behavior in rats. Levy is most probably aa. Gestalt psychologist. c. biological psychologist.b. behavioral psychologist. d. psychoanalyst.


108. The chemical activity of hormones and the electrical activity of the brain are the main concern of ________ psychologists.a. humanistic c. cognitiveb. behavioral d. biological


109. The statement that the mental state associated with being in love can be reduced to chemical changes in the brain is most likely to be made by a psychologist taking the __________ perspective.a. biological c. cognitiveb. behavioral d. developmental


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110. A psychologist with a cognitive perspective would be interested in all except which of the following?a. an adolescent’s ability to plan for the futureb. a preschooler’s use of languagec. the development of biasesd. the cause of a specific phobia


111. Which of the following is a mental process and not directly observable?a. PET scan c. mental imageryb. salivary response d. heart rate


112. Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studyinga. animal learning and motivation.b. human thinking and memory.c. genetic and hormonal effects on behavior.d. introspection and behavioral disorders.


113. The method of introspection, developed by the school of structuralism, has its biggest influence on what contemporary perspective of psychology?a. biological c. humanisticb. cognitive d. existential


114. Neural processing is to the biological perspective as information processing is to the __________ perspective.a. developmental c. learningb. psychodynamic d. cognitive


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115. In reviewing the contents of several psychology journals, a graduate student noted a marked increase in the number of articles on memory and thinking over the past dozen years. He concluded that there was increased interest in the __________ perspective.a. behavioral c. biologicalb. psychodynamic d. cognitive


116. The humanistic-existential perspective unites __________ and __________ as central principles to its approach.a. brain; behavior c. mental processes; consciousnessb. self-fulfillment; free choice d. culture; values


117. ________ stresses the capacity for self-fulfillment and the central role of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.a. Psychoanalysis c. Humanismb. Behaviorism d. Functionalism


118. Cathy was a very successful real estate agent. At age 36, she decided to donate her wealth to charity and become a missionary in Haiti, where she has been living in relative contentment for the past two years. Which perspective would best explain Cathy’s behavior?a. psychodynamic c. humanistic-existentialb. social-cognitive d. developmental


119. Humanism focuses on the ________.a. unconscious c. selfb. mental processes d. structure of consciousness


120. Critics of the humanistic-existential perspective might argue that psychology must confine itself toa. conscious mental processes. c. biologically related processes.b. subjective experience. d. observable events.


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121. The idea that we are free to choose what direction we go, is a central idea of which of the following perspectives?a. existentialism c. behaviorismb. gestalt d. functionalism


122. The notion that bizarre or atypical thoughts are expressions of unconscious processes was proposed bya. Sigmund Freud. c. William James.b. Erik Erikson. d. Jean Piaget.


123. “Neoanalysts” differ from original followers of Sigmund Freud because they focus more ona. unconscious sexual behavior. c. insight.b. conscious choice and self direction. d. observable behavior.


124. ________________ are considered two famous neoanalysts.a. Karen Horney and Sigmund Freudb. Karen Horney and Erik Eriksonc. Erik Erikson and Freudd. Erik Erikson and Watson


125. Unconscious processes, dream analysis and sexual and aggressive impulses are ideas less likely to be used by which perspective?a. psychoanalytic c. humanistb. behavioral d. biologist


126. __________ psychologists take the position that learning is essential in describing, predicting, controlling, and explaining behavior.a. Neoanalytic c. Developmentalb. Behavioral d. Biological


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127. Both social-cognitive theorists and behaviorists adhere to the __________ perspective.a. humanistic-existential c. neoanalyticb. learning d. developmental

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 18 OBJ: 4MSC: TYPE: F

128. Modern social-cognitive theorists differ from early behaviorists because they allow for the influence ofa. reinforcement. c. learning histories.b. cognition. d. observable behavior.


129. A distinction between behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives is that the former emphasizes __________, and the latter emphasizes __________ in learning.a. reinforcement; observation c. brain processes; social processesb. conditioning; development d. introspection; self-determination


130. Jean Blake, a psychiatrist who is strongly influenced by the social-cognitive perspective, is most likely to take which approach in treating a male client who is extremely shy of females?a. Observe and imitate models engaged in social interactions with women.b. Condition positive emotional responses to women.c. Uncover the unconscious conflicts in the approach and avoidance of women.d. Prescribe that he take anti-anxiety medication before going out with a woman.


131. The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective.a. sociocultural c. psychoanalyticb. humanistic-existential d. social-cognitive


132. Dr. Maloff is studying the effects of ethnic bias on the school performance of immigrant children. Most likely, Maloff is a __________ psychologist.a. psychoanalytic c. socioculturalb. behavioral d. school

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 18 – 19 OBJ: 1.4MSC: TYPE: A

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133. Which of the following is not likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists?a. alcohol abuse among ethnic minority groupsb. racial biasc. gender rolesd. color perception

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 18 – 19 OBJ: 1.4MSC: TYPE: F NOT: WWW

134. Dr. Rabin is studying whether Asian men are more or less likely to seek treatment for clinical depression as part of a larger study of Asian men’s attitudes toward health issues. Dr. Rabin is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.a. humanistic c. industrialb. sociocultural d. personality

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 18 – 19 OBJ: 1.4MSC: TYPE: A

135. Dr. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children. She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish simultaneously or sequentially impedes or enhances intelligence scores in both languages. Most likely, Dr. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective.a. psychoanalytic c. gestaltb. humanistic d. sociocultural

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 18 – 19 OBJ: 1.4MSC: TYPE: A

136. The sociocultural perspective is concerned with thea. issues of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.b. behavior of society.c. makeup of social and cultural organizations.d. influence of a group on the behavior of the individual.

ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 18 – 19 OBJ: 1.4MSC: TYPE: F

137. Membership of a(n) ________ are united by their cultural heritage, race, language, and common history.a. cultural group c. racial groupb. ethnic group d. nationality


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138. The issues of gender, diversity, and ethnicity all fall into which of the following perspectives of psychology?a. sociocultural c. existentialb. behavioral d. biological

ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 18 – 19 OBJ: 1.4MSC: TYPE: F

139. Gender is defined by which of the following?a. anatomic sex c. cultural expectationsb. social roles d. all of these are true


140. ________ refers to masculinity and femininity as defined by a particular culture.a. Sexual orientation c. Genderb. Stereotypes d. Sexual behavior


141. Up until the 20th century, the majority of psychologists werea. European men. c. privileged women.b. rich men. d. medical doctors


142. The reasons most psychologists before the 20th century were European men was due to the fact that women and people of color werea. excluded from most universities. c. poor.b. not smart enough to be psychologists d. not prepared for higher learning.


143. One of the criticisms of research conducted in the past is that ita. was conducted by men.b. assumed that men’s behavior was the norm.c. was conducted on men.d. All of these are valid criticisms.


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144. All of the following are true regarding women in psychology excepta. Women receive the majority of undergraduate psychology degrees.b. Women earn the majority of doctoral degrees in psychology.c. Younger women with doctorates in psychology make up the majority of the

workforce in psychology-related jobs.d. More experienced women with doctorates in psychology are likely to be

underemployed.

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 20 – 21 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: F

145. The first woman to receive a PhD in psychology and the author of The Animal Mind wasa. Christine Ladd-Franklin. c. Anna Freud.b. Margaret Floy Washburn. d. Mary Whiton Calkins.


146. The first female president of the American Psychological Association was a. Mary Ainesworth. c. Karen Horney.b. Elizabeth Loftus. d. Mary Whiton Calkins.


147. One of the reasons proposed by the author that women did not pursue careers in science was due toa. discrimination. c. financial constraints.b. cultural expectations. d. lack of a high school diploma.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 20 – 21 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: C

148. ________ is best known for her work on children’s attachment to their parents.a. Christine Ladd-Franklin c. Mary Ainsworthb. Margaret Floy Washburn d. Mary Whiton Calkins


149. Dr. Vance is having her psychology students read about how memories can be altered. They are likely to be reading research conducted bya. Floy Washburn. c. Mary Whiton Calkins.b. Mary Ainsworth d. Elizabeth Loftus


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150. His research on the negative effects of school segregation on African American children was cited by the United States Supreme Court when it overturned the ““separate but equal”“ school doctrine in 1954.a. Glibert Havens Jones c. Martin Luther King, Jr.b. Kenneth B. Clark d. J. Henry Alston


151. ________ refers to the concept that African Americans may sabotage their performance on intelligence tests based on expectations of bias.a. Stereotype threat c. IQ biasb. Discrimination threat d. Cultural biases

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 21 –22 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: F NOT: WWW

152. A counselor at a primarily African American high school is interested in why her students, although very intelligent, continue to score low on standardized tests. She may want to read the research by ________ regarding stereotype threat.a. Kenneth Clark c. Elizabeth Loftusb. Mary Ainsworth d. Claude Steele

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 21 – 22 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: A

153. Following his work to end school segregation, Kenneth B. Clark went on to studya. quality of education and juvenile delinquency.b. education and mental illness.c. language and race.d. discrimination in the workplace.


154. Dr. Lee is reading up on medication to use to treat one of her Asian patients who has recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Based on the research by Tony Strickland, she may want to consider which of the following factors when decided type and dose of medication to treat this patient?a. age c. ethnicityb. gender d. weight


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155. The Latino American researcher who was among the first to prove that IQ tests are culturally biased against Mexican American children wasa. Lillian Comas-Diaz. c. Martha Bernal.b. Jorge Sanchez. d. Stanley Sue.


156. Which Asian American psychologist has studied the influence of discrimination on intelligence and achievement in Asian American children?a. Stanley Sue c. Martha Bernalb. Richard Suinn d. Tony Strickland


157. What can be accurately stated regarding the representation of ethnic minorities in the field of psychology?a. Ethnic minorities are overrepresented in the field of psychology.b. Ethnic minorities are represented at about the same rate as found in the general

population.c. More ethnic minority psychologists are working in the field of psychology than are

pursuing PhDs.d. Although the number of ethnic minority individuals are increasing in the field of

psychology, they do not yet represent the percentages found in the general population.


158. ________ represent the lowest number of ethnic minority individuals in the field of psychology.a. Latina and Latino American c. African Americanb. Asian American d. Native American


159. To work as a psychologist one must earna. a Bachelor’s degree in psychology. c. a graduate degree in psychology.b. a medical degree. d. a medical degree and graduate

training.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 24 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: A NOT: WWW

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160. Angie is considering majoring in psychology so she can eventually work with delinquent adolescents. She should be gathering information regarding a psychology major and career through all of the following sources excepta. reputable web sites. c. Web sites for specific universities.b. popular literature. d. university brochures.


161. The author of the text recommends applying to ________ program(s) for which one is qualified.a. one c. a number ofb. only a few d. more than five


162. In order to get into a graduate program in psychology, one musta. have a bachelor’s degree in

psychology.c. have straight As.

b. have a bachelor’s degree. d. be able to afford a high tuition.


163. A bachelor’s degree in psychology would typically include all except which of the following courses?a. a foreign language c. learningb. physiological psychology d. tests and measurement


164. According to the author of this text one of the advantages of majoring in psychology isa. its applicability to a variety of fields.b. the ability to take a wide array of courses.c. its preparation for graduate studies.d. the ability to network with future employers.


165. Training in the ________ allows students to learn how to conduct objective research.a. scientific inquiry c. scientific methodb. research method d. research inquiry


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166. Graduate schools may consider all except which of the following factors when admitting a student to their program?a. GPAb. practical experiencec. test scoresd. ability to financially support graduate school


167. Carlos is entering a master’s in psychology program at his local university He is most likely to be taking all of the following courses excepta. Ethics. c. Assessment.b. Personality. d. Counseling.


168. Juan is entering a Ph.D. program in psychology. If he is like other graduate students, he will take ______ years to complete his Ph.D.a. 2 c. 4b. 1 - 2 d. 4 - 7

ANS: D DIF: 1 OBJ: 1.5 KEY: NewMSC: TYPE: F

169. A student who is earning a doctoral level degree in a health service area of psychology is generally required to complete a(n)a. thesis. c. background check.b. internship. d. dissertation.


170. When looking for a Ph.D. program in school psychology Debra should look for a program that is accredited. One of the main reasons accreditation is important is that ita. affects whether Debra can be admitted. c. determines a school’s financial aid.b. may affect Debra’s future

employment.d. guarantees a quality education.


171. All of the following are potential financial aid sources excepta. fellowships. c. competitive employment.b. grants. d. work study.


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172. Licensure and/or certification would signify that an individuala. has passed a bar exam.b. has completed all of the minimal competencies required by a particular state.c. has completed all of the coursework and required internships.d. has received their Ph.D. from an accredited university.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 25 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: C

173. Isabelle has decided to major in psychology. As an undergraduate she would most likely take all except which of the following courses?a. Advanced statistics c. Human Growth and Developmentb. Introduction to Psychology d. Abnormal Psychology

ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 24 – 25 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: A

174. As an undergraduate psychology major, students would likely take which of the following courses?a. Advanced statistics c. Abnormal Psychologyb. Linguistics d. Psychotherapy

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 24 – 25 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: A

175. As an undergraduate in psychology, Peter would likely take which of the following courses?a. Advanced statistics c. Cognitive Psychologyb. Linguistics d. Psychotherapy

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 24 – 25 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: A NOT: WWW

COMPLETION

1. __________ are formulations of apparent relationships among observed events.

ANS: Theories

DIF: 1 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.1 MSC: TYPE: F

2. __________ research has no immediate application to personal or social problems and has been characterized as research for its own sake.

ANS: Pure


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3. Clinical psychologists typically have a(n) ________ while psychiatrists have a(n) ________.

ANS: PH.D.; MD


4. __________ psychologists attempt to define human traits.

ANS: Personality


5. ________ psychologists are hired by educational institutions to assist with students who are having difficulty learning.

ANS: School

DIF: 1 REF: 6 OBJ: 1.2 MSC: TYPE: FNOT: WWW

6. Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of psychology called __________.

ANS: structuralism


7. William James wanted to investigate the purpose of behavior and mental processes and established the __________ school of psychology.

ANS: functionalist


8. __________ believe psychologists must limit their investigations to observable, measurable events like people’s actions.

ANS: Behaviorists

DIF: 2 REF: 11 – 12 OBJ: 1.3 MSC: TYPE: C

9. According to __________ psychologists, perceptions are more than the sums of their parts.

ANS: Gestalt


10. The psychological approach that emphasizes __________ processes is called psychoanalysis.

ANS: unconscious


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11. __________ psychologists are likely to use CAT scans, PET scans and MRI’s in their research.

ANS: Biological


12. The __________ perspective focuses on memory, language, and decision-making skills.

ANS: cognitive


13. A clinical psychologist tells his client that she is free to and capable of making rational and ethical decisions regarding her relationships with men. This orientation is consistent with ________.

ANS: existentialism

DIF: 1 REF: 17 OBJ: 1.4 KEY: NewMSC: TYPE: A

14. Today’s psychologists who adhere to behavioral principles are more likely to consider themselves ________ theorists.

ANS: social cognitive

DIF: 1 REF: 18 OBJ: 1. MSC: TYPE: F

15. One’s ________ is made up race, language and common history.

ANS: ethnicity

DIF: 2 REF: 19 OBJ: 1.4 KEY: NewMSC: TYPE: F

16. ________ has been shown to affect people’s self-concepts and behavior.

ANS: Gender

DIF: 2 REF: 19 OBJ: 1.4 KEY: NewMSC: TYPE: A

17. Until recently, most psychological research was conducted by ________.

ANS: European men

DIF: 1 REF: 20 OBJ: 1.5 KEY: NewMSC: TYPE: F

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18. Over the next few years, it is likely that more ________ will be entering the workforce with Ph.D.s in psychology.

ANS: women

DIF: 2 REF: 20 OBJ: 1.5 KEY: NewMSC: TYPE: C

19. ________ comprise the smallest group of new doctoral-level psychologists.

ANS: Native Americans

DIF: 2 REF: 23 OBJ: 1.5 KEY: NewMSC: TYPE: F NOT: WWW

20. Psychologists who work in a health service area of psychology are generally required to complete a(n) ________ as a part of their program.

ANS: internship

DIF: 2 REF: 24 -- 25 OBJ: 7 KEY: NewMSC: TYPE: F

TRUE/FALSE

1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mental processes.

ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4 OBJ: 1.1MSC: TYPE: F

2. A theory is a formulation of apparent relationships among observed events.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5 OBJ: 1.1MSC: TYPE: F

3. Pure research has immediate application to personal or social problems because it is designed to find solutions.


4. Clinical psychologists are equivalent to psychiatrists.


5. Introspection was the scientific research approach used by the structuralist school of psychology.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 10 OBJ: 1.3MSC: TYPE: C

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6. William James was the founder of functionalism.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 10 OBJ: 1.3MSC: TYPE: F

7. Gestalt psychologists focus on perception which makes their approach similar to behaviorism.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 13 OBJ: 1.3MSC: TYPE: C

8. Contemporary psychoanalysts are referred to as neoanalysts.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18 OBJ: 1.4KEY: New MSC: TYPE: C

9. More European American psychologists are earning their doctorates than in past years.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 23 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: C

10. Psychologists have consistently found that the results of research conducted on men generalizes to women and ethnic minorities.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 22 OBJ: 1.5KEY: New MSC: TYPE: C

ESSAY

1. Compare and contrast the schools of structuralism and functionalism.

ANS: Answer not provided REF: 10 – 11

2. How would a behaviorist and a psychoanalyst differ in their explanations of the causes of alcoholism?

ANS: Answer not provided REF: 11 –12; 14

3. Which psychological perspective would agree with this statement? Explain why. “Depression is the result of negative thinking that results in negative memories that lead to a negative outlook.”

ANS: Answer not provided REF: 18 NOT: WWW

4. Compare and contrast how today’s psychologists might view mental illness as opposed to the early psychologists.


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5. Discuss the implications of the increasing number of women and ethnic minorities in the field of psychology. How has this fact changed the view of psychology as a whole?


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Documents

· Web viewChapter 1 What is Psychology? MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of a. behavior and mental processes. b. diagnosis and treatment of behavioral