AP World History Unit 1: To 600 BCE

Key Concept 1.1: Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth

What is the evidence that explains the earliest history of humans and the planet? How is this evidence interpreted? Where did humans first appear on Earth and what were the characteristics of their society, technology, economy, and culture? Describe earliest human’s technology and tools.

Key Concept 1.2: The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies

What were the long-term demographic, social, political, and economic effects of the Neolithic Revolution? How did pastoral societies resemble or differ from early agricultural societies? How did the Neolithic Revolution affect human societies economically and socially? Where did pastoralism persist even after the Neolithic Revolution? What various crops and animals were developed or domesticated during the Neolithic Revolution? What labor adjustments did humans make in order to facilitate the Neolithic Revolution? What were the environmental effects of the Neolithic Revolution? What effects did pastoralism and agriculture have on the food supply? What were the social effects of the increased food supply caused by an increase in agriculture? What technological innovations are associated with the growth of agriculture?

Key Concept 1.3: The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies

What is a civilization and what are the defining characteristics of a civilization? How did civilizations develop and grow more complex before 600 BCE? What were the effects of this increase complexity? Where did the earliest civilizations develop and why did they develop in those locations? What is a “state”? Who rules the early states and which segments of society usually supported the ruler? Why were some early states able to expand and conquer neighboring states? Give four examples of early empires in the Nile and Tigris-Euphrates Valleys. What role did pastoral civilizations in the development of new weapons and other technologies? How did culture play a role in unifying populations? What architectural forms did early civilizations produce? Which social strata encouraged the development of art in ancient civilizations? What forms of writing developed in ancient civilizations? What was the relationship between literature and culture in ancient societies? What pre-600 BCE religions strong influenced later eras? How “big” were the pre-600 BCE trading regions? How did social and gender identifies develop pre-600 BCE?

This is an outline of Period One. During our study of this period of history, we will address the questions below. Although you do not have to write a response to these questions as part of your summer assignment, use them to help you understand the content for this unit.

AP World HistoryPeriod 1: To 600 BCETechnological and Environmental TransformationsThis time period is divided into two parts. Name them.

What are “watershed events”?”

What is the first watershed event we will study?What is the role of geography in the study of history?

Geography!What is bias?

How do you think a cartographer’s perspective (POV) affect the design of a map?

What is unique about a Peters map projection?What is unique about the Mercator map projection?

Illustrate the Medieval European T-O map.

Describe what is unique about the world map created by Ptolemy.

Whose needs does a portolan map serve? How do you know?

What makes a Robinson map projection unique?

Please continue on to the next page.

Directions: Identify a country that you would find each of the regions below.

North Africa

1. ______________

2. ______________

3. ______________

4. ______________

*There are only four countries for this region.

East Africa

1. ______________

2. ______________

3. ______________

4. ______________

5. ______________

West Africa

1. ______________

2. ______________

3. ______________

4. ______________

5. ______________

Central Africa

1. ______________

2. ______________

3. ______________

4. ______________

5. ______________

Southern Africa

1. ______________

2. ______________

3. ______________

4. ______________

5. ______________

Middle East/SW Asia

1. ____________

2. _____________

3. _____________

4. _____________

5. _____________

East Asia

1. _____________

2. _____________

3. _____________

4. _____________

5. _____________

South Asia

1. ______________

2. ______________

3. ______________

4. ______________

5. ______________

Southeast Asia

1. ________________

2. ________________

3. ________________

4. ________________

5. ________________

Meso America/Caribbean

1. ______________

2. ______________

3. ______________

4. ______________

5. ______________

AP WORLD HISTORY “MUST KNOW” GEOGRAPHY REGIONS

Western Europe

1. _______________

2. _______________

3. _______________

4. _______________

5. _______________

Eastern Europe

1. ______________

2. ______________

3. ______________

4. ______________

5. ______________

YOU WILL NEED TO BE FAMILIAR WITH THESE REGIONS ON THE AP EXAM!!!

Central Asia

1. _______________

2. _______________

3. _______________

4. _______________

5. _______________

South America

1. _______________

2. _______________

3. _______________

4. _______________

5. _______________

Give me five!

What is “big geography”?

What were the basic characteristics of early human societies?The Paleolithic Age

Hunter-gatherer Societies

Hunter-forager Societies

This is for your reference.

Define animism.

The Neolithic RevolutionWhat does the word “revolution” mean?

What characterizes the Neolithic Revolution?

Use two colored pencils or highlighters to shade the areas

on the map. This will help make the distinctions needed

to interpret the map.

Go on the next page.

After watching John Green’s Crash Course video “The Neolithic Revolution,” make a list of five key points that he made.

1._________________________________________________________________________________2._________________________________________________________________________________ 3._________________________________________________________________________________4._________________________________________________________________________________ 5._________________________________________________________________________________

AgricultureWhat are the key things to remember about the “culture” of agriculture? (5 bullet points)

Define horticulture.

Define agriculture.

What is pastoralism?

Key thing to remember: Early farming villages developed into complex societies known as ______________________.

What were some of the results of the Neolithic Revolution?

Key point! Never forget that _______________ increases as ___________ production increases…

this remains TRUE throughout history!

What is demography?

Why is demography important to the study of history?

What were the roles of women and men during the Neolithic Revolution? Were gender roles equal?

Your answers to practice questions: 1._______ 2._______

Agricultural Development and Early Agricultural Communities

Why did people “settle down”?

What is meant by the term “division of labor”?

How did agriculture contribute to social inequality?

What is surplus and why was it important to early agricultural communities?

Define polytheism.

What was the importance of gods to farmers?

What craft industries developed during the Neolithic Period?

Communities, towns, and cities began to grow during the Neolithic Revolution.Let’s look at two examples. Describe some of their characteristics in the space below.

Jericho Çatal Hϋyϋk

The First Towns: The Origins Of CivilizationsEdited By: R. A. Guisepi

By about 7000 B.C.E., techniques of agricultural production in the Middle East had reached a level at which it was possible to support thousands of people, many of whom were not engaged in agriculture, in densely populated settlements. Two of the earliest of these settlements were at Jericho in what is today the Israeli-occupied West Bank, and at Çatalhöyük in present-day southern Turkey. With populations of about 2000 and from 4000 to 6000 people respectively, Jericho and Çatalhöyük would be seen today as little more than large villages or small towns. But in the perspective of human cultural development they represented the first stirrings of urban life. In these and other Middle Eastern Neolithic settlements, occupational specialization and the formation of religious and political-military elite groups advanced significantly. Trade became essential for the community's survival and was carried on, perhaps by specialized merchants, with peoples at considerable distances. Crafts such as pottery, metalworking, and jewelry making were highly developed. At Çatalhöyük in particular, both sculptures and wall paintings were carried to a high level of sophistication.

In these earliest town centers, the key ingredients of civilization came together. Agricultural surpluses were sufficient to support specialized non-farming producers and non-farming political and religious leaders. The interaction of these groups resulted in a burst of creativity and innovation in a wide variety of fields. But these earliest centers were quite isolated. They were merely tiny islands of sedentary cultivators and small numbers of townspeople, surrounded by vast plains and woodlands. The earliest town centers appear to have traded rather extensively but to have maintained only intermittent and limited contacts with neighboring hunting-and-gathering peoples. Though small in size and not highly specialized in comparison with the cities of Sumer and other early civilizations, the first towns, settled during this period, nonetheless played critical roles in continuing the Neolithic transformation. The ruling elites and craft specialists of these towns contributed in several major ways to the introduction in the 4th millennium B.C. of critical inventions - inventions such as the wheel, the plow, writing, and the use of bronze - that secured the future of civilized life as the central pattern of human history. Jericho Proximity to the Jordan River and the deep and clear waters of an oasis spring account for repeated human settlement at the place where the town of Jericho was built. By 7000 B.C.E., over ten acres at the site were occupied by round houses of mud and brick resting on stone foundations. Most early houses had only a single room with mud plaster floors and a domed ceiling, but some houses had as many as three rooms. Entry to these windowless dwellings was provided by a single wood-framed doorway and steps down to the floor of the main room underground. Although there is no evidence that the town was fortified in the early stages of its growth, its expanding wealth made the building of walls for protection from external enemies increasingly imperative. The town was enclosed by a ditch cut into the rocky soil and a wall reaching almost 12 feet in height. The extensive excavation required for this construction is quite impressive because the peoples who undertook it possessed neither picks nor shovels. The stones for the wall were dragged from a riverbed nearly a mile away. These feats of transport and construction suggest not only a sizable labor force but one that was well organized and disciplined. When Jericho was rebuilt in later centuries, the wall reached a height of nearly 15 feet, and the fortifications included a stone tower at least 25 feet high. The area covered by the town increased. Round houses gave way to rectangular ones, entered through larger and more elaborately decorated wooden doorways. Houses were built of improved bricks, were provided with plaster hearths and stone mills for grinding grain, and were furnished with storage baskets and straw mats. In addition, small buildings that were used as religious shrines were found in the later stages of the city's history. Though the economy of Jericho was based primarily upon the farming of wheat and barley, there is considerable evidence of reliance on both hunting and trade. Domesticated goats provided meat and milk, while gazelles and various marsh birds were hunted for their flesh, hides, and feathers. The town was close to large supplies of salt, sulfur, and pitch. These materials, which were in great demand in this era,

were traded for obsidian - dark, glasslike volcanic rock - semiprecious stones from Anatolia, turquoise from the Sinai, and cowrie shells from the Red Sea. The ruins excavated at Jericho indicate that the city was governed by a distinct and quite powerful ruling group, which was probably allied to the keepers of the shrine centers. There probably were specialized artisans and a small merchant class. In addition to the fertility figurines and animal carvings found at many other sites, the inhabitants of Jericho sculpted life-sized, highly naturalistic human figures and heads. These sculptures, which may have been used in ancestor cults, give us vivid impressions of the physical features of the people who enjoyed the wealth and security of Jericho. Catal Huyuk The first community at this site in southern Turkey was founded around 7000 B.C., somewhat later than the earliest settlements at Jericho. But the town that grew up at Çatalhöyük was a good deal more extensive than that at Jericho and contained a larger and more diversified population. Çatalhöyük was in fact the most advanced human center of the Neolithic period. At the peak of its power and prosperity the city occupied 32 acres and contained as many as 6000 people. Its rectangular buildings, which were centers of family life and community interaction, were remarkably uniform - built of mud-dried bricks. They had windows high in their walls and were entered from holes in their flat roofs. These entryways also served as chimneys for the fireplaces that the houses contained. The houses were joined together to provide fortification for the town. Movement within the settlement was mainly across the roofs and terraces of the houses. Since each dwelling had a substantial storeroom, when the ladder to the roof entrance was pulled up, each became a separate fortress within the larger complex.

The standardization of housing and construction at Çatalhöyük suggests an even more imposing ruling group than that found at Jericho. The many religious shrines found at the site also indicate the existence of a powerful priesthood. The shrines were built in the same way as ordinary houses, but they contained sanctuaries surrounded by four or five rooms related to the ceremonies of the shrine's cult. The walls of these religious centers were filled with paintings of bulls and carrion eaters, especially vultures, suggesting fertility cults and rites associated with death. The statuary that has survived indicates that the chief deity of the Çatalhöyük peoples was a goddess, who is variously depicted as a young woman giving birth or nursing a small child, and as an old woman accompanied by a vulture.

The obvious importance of the cult shrines and the elaborate burial practices of the peoples of Çatalhöyük reveal the growing role of religion in the lives of Neolithic peoples. The carefully carved sculptures associated with the sanctuaries and the fine jewelry, mirrors, and weapons found buried with the dead attest to the high level of material culture and artistic proficiency achieved by these town dwellers. Excavations of the settlement also reveal an economic base that was much broader and richer than that of Jericho. Hunting remained a factor, but the breeding of goats, sheep, and cattle vastly surpassed that associated with Jericho. A wide range of foods were consumed by Çatalhöyük’s inhabitants, including several grains, peas, berries, berry wine, and vegetable oils made from nuts. Trade was extensive both with the peoples in the surrounding hills and with places as distant as present-day Syria and the Mediterranean region. Çatalhöyük was also a major center of artisan production. Its flint and obsidian weapons, jewelry, and obsidian mirrors were some of the finest produced in the Neolithic era. The remains of the town's culture leave little doubt that its inhabitants had achieved a civilized level of existence. Evidence Of Life In The Earliest Towns Because writing had not yet been invented at the time that towns such as Jericho and Çatalhöyük were settled, the remains of buildings and artifacts dug up at these sites provide our best sources about the lives of the people who lived there. The artifacts and the town plan are from the town of Hacilar that was built in present-day Turkey about 1000 years after the town of Çatalhöyük.

After you complete the reading assignment given to you, create a Venn Diagram comparing the two communities.

Now, let’s take a look at migrations…Technological and Environmental TransformationsWhat is cultural diffusion?

Define migration.

What are push factors? Give examples.

What are pull factors? Give examples.

How do environmental factors influence migration?

Bantu MigrationsWho are the Bantu? What knowledge did they share with Africa south of the Sahara?

Go on to the next page.

CivilizationHow were early civilizations organized?

Farming encouraged new forms of social organizations due to ownership of property? What historical evidence do we have of this?

Civilizations…making connectionsWhat’s the common thread among words like civic, civilization, civilize, city, and civility?

Illustrate and/or list the characteristics of civilizations here:

What are the “ingredients” of a city?

Why is civilization as an organizing principle controversial?

What do civilizations help us to understand?

As you watch the “Crash Course” video about civilization, respond to the questions below:

Now it’s time for a “Tweety” question…

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement…The United States is a civilization. Be prepared to defend your statements.

Respond here…

1. How does agriculture play a part in civilization?

2. How are civilized groups different from barbarians?

3. Why might it be better to live in the hills/mountains rather than the city?

4. Describe the Zomia Region. Include: why it was created and why their history is flawed.

5. How do Europeans, such as Sir Stamford Raffles, describe colonial rule in Indonesia?

6. Why do nomads and hill people live outside state structure according to John Green?

7. What are some accomplishments of civilization?

8. What are some advantages of living a “Zomian” type of lifestyle?

9. What does John Green suggest history really is?

10. Explain why James Scott suggests that hill people made the conscious choice to leave civilization?

The Earliest CivilizationsWhat regions of the world are identified as cultural hearths by many historians?

Why are river valleys important?

Why do people settle near rivers and streams?

Mesopotamia: “The Land Between Two Rivers”Directions: Complete these questions as you watch the “Crash Course” video on Mesopotamia:

Crash Course World HistoryMesopotamia

1. So 5,000 years ago in the land meso, or ____________, the Tigris and Euphrates potomoi, or ____________, cities started popping up. These early Mesopotamian cities engaged in a form of ____________, where farmers contributed their crops to public storehouses out of which workers, like metalworkers or builders would be paid uniform "wages" in grain.

2. One of the legacies of Mesopotamia is the enduring conflict between country and city. You see this explored a lot in some of our greatest art such as in the _______ ___ ______________, one of the oldest known works of literature.

3. Uruk was a walled city with an extensive ____________ system and several monumental temples, called ____________. The priests of these temples initially had all the ____________, because they were able to communicate directly with the gods who were moody and vindictive.

4. The Tigris and Euphrates are decent as rivers go, but had certain disadvantages: A lot of slave labor was needed to make the Tigris and Euphrates useful for ____________; they're difficult to ____________; and flood ____________ and violently.

5. So I mean given that the region tends to yo-yo between devastating flood and horrible ____________, it follows that one would believe that the gods are kind of random and capricious, and that any priests who might be able to lead ____________ that placate those gods would be very useful individuals.

6. But about 1000 years after the first temples we find in cities like Uruk, a rival structure begins to show up, the ____________. This tells us that kings are starting to be as important as priests in Mesopotamia.

7. These kings, who probably started out as ____________ leaders or really rich landowners, took on a quasi-religious role. So the priests were overtaken by kings, who soon declared themselves priests.

8. Mesopotamia gave us a form of writing called ____________, which was initially created to record transactions like how many bushels of wheat were exchanged for how many goats.

9. I don't think you can overestimate the importance of writing but let's just make two points: Writing and reading are things that not everyone can do. So they create a ____________ distinction, one

that in fact survives to this day. Once writing enters the picture, you have actual ____________ instead of just a lot of guesswork and

archaeology. 10. So why did this writing happen in Mesopotamia? Well the Fertile Crescent, while it is fertile, is lacking the

pretty much everything else. In order to get metal for tools or stone for sculptures or wood for burning, Mesopotamia had to ____________. This trading eventually led Mesopotamia to develop the world's first territorial ____________.

11. So the city state period in Mesopotamia ended around 2,000 BCE, probably because drought and a shift in the course of rivers led to pastoral ____________ coming in and conquering the environmentally weakened cities.

12. These new Mesopotamian city states were similar to their predecessors but they were different in some important ways. First, that early proto-socialism was replaced by something that looked a lot like ____________ enterprise,

where people could produce as much as they would like as long as they gave a cut, also known as ____________ to the government.

Things were also different ____________ because the tribal chiefs became full-blown kings, who tried to extend their power outside of cities and also tried to pass on their power to their sons.

13. The most famous of these early monarchs is ____________ who ruled the new kingdom of Babylon from 1792 BCE to 1750 BCE. His main claim to fame is his famous _____ _______which established everything from like the wages of ox drivers to the fact that the punishment for taking an eye should be having an eye taken.

14. In the law code Hammurabi tried to portray himself in two roles that might sound familiar: ____________ and ____________. So again we see the authority for protection of the social order shifting to men, not gods, which is important, but don't worry, it'll shift back.

15. The thing about Territorial kingdoms is that they relied on the poorest people to pay taxes, and provide ____________ and serve in the ____________, all of which made you not like your king very much so if you saw any nomadic invaders coming by you might just be like "Hey nomadic invaders! Come on in; you seem better than the last guy."

16. Well, that was the case until the ____________, who have a deserved reputation for being the brutal bullies of Mesopotamia came along.

17. The Assyrians did give us an early example of probably the most important and durable form of political organization in world history the ____________, which is the extension by conquest of control over people who do not belong to the same group as the conquerors. The biggest problem with empires is that by definition they're diverse and _________-_________, which makes them hard to unify.

18. Beginning around 911 BCE, the neo-Assyrian Empire grew from its hometowns of Ashur and Nineveh to include the whole of Mesopotamia, the ___________ _____________of the Mediterranean and even, by 680 BCE, ____________! They did this thanks to the most brutal, terrifying and efficient army the world had ever seen. For one thing the army was a ____________. Generals weren't chosen based on who their dads were, they were chosen based on if they were good at “Generalling”.

19. The armies also used ____________ weapons and chariots and they were massive. Like the neo-Assyrian Empire could field 120,000 men. Also, they were super MEAN. Like they would ____________ hundreds of thousands of people to separate them from their ____________ and their families and also moved skilled ____________ around where they were most needed. Also the neo-Assyrians loved to find would-be rebels and lop off their appendages; particularly their noses for some reason.

20. So what happened to the Assyrians? Well, first they extended their empire beyond their ____________, making administration impossible. But maybe even more importantly, when your whole world view is based on the idea that the apocalypse will come if you ever lose a battle, and then you lose one battle, the whole world view just blows up. That eventually happened and in ____________ BCE, the city of Nineveh was finally conquered, and the neo-Assyrian Empire had come to its end. But the idea of Empire was just getting started.

Where is Mesopotamia located?

Describe the Fertile Crescent.

What is irrigation?

Sumer is located in Mesopotamia. How could it be

described?

What foods were grown by Sumer?

What were some disadvantages to living in the Fertile Crescent?

Water problems: floods; water drying up quickly at other times

Defense problems: flat land; no natural defense barriers to nomads

Limited natural resources: lack of resources to create tools of stone, wood, or metal

How Sumerians address these concerns?

Who ruled Sumer?

Sumerians were polytheists. What did they believe about the afterlife?

What are ziggurats? Sketch one here.

What was the role of priests in Mesopotamia?

Describe the three social distinctions (classes) that existed in Mesopotamia.

What were the roles of men and women in Mesopotamia?

What are city-states?

What characterized the early history of the Sumerians?

Who was Sargon the Great?

Before Sargon, city-states were theocracies. What are theocracies? How did Sargon change that?

Who took over control of the temples, defense, irrigation, etc. and why?

Who was Hammurabi and what did he establish?

What are the significance and purpose of Hammurabi’s Code?

What were some of the achievements of Mesopotamian culture?

What is cuneiform?

What is an epic?

What is the significance of The Epic of Gilgamesh?

Other Early Civilizations

Provide of an overview of the early Hebrews.

Who introduced monotheism to the early Hebrews? What is monotheism?

Foreign Conquests of Israel: Who were the Assyrians?

Foreign Conquests of Israel: Who were the Babylonians?

Describe where the Phoenicians lived.

What does the word “maritime” mean?

What was the most significant accomplishment of the Phoenicians?

What does “literacy” mean?

The EgyptiansAlong what river did Egypt develop?

Comparing Egypt and Mesopotamia

How were Egypt and Mesopotamia similar?

What were the major differences between Mesopotamia and Egypt?

In both Mesopotamia and Egypt, most people were farmers. How did that change?

What is bronze and what was it used to make in Mesopotamia?

Why didn’t Egypt adopt bronze technology?

What metal did Egyptians use and why?

Both civilizations experimented with maritime travel and boat building. Where?

Mesopotamia

Egypt

Time to watch Crash Course!!! Answer the questions below as you watch the video…John Green talks quickly

so you need to be attentive!!!1. In discussing agriculture and early civilizations, we’ve been approaching history through the lens of

_____________ distribution and geography. And just as the violent and capricious Tigris and Euphrates rivers shaped the worldview of early Mesopotamians, the _______ shaped the world view of the Egyptians.

2. The Nile was regular, navigable, and benign, making for one of the safest and richest agricultural areas in the world. Each _____________ the river flooded the fields at precisely the right time, leaving behind nutrient-rich silt for planting season.

3. Unlike most river valley civilizations, Egyptian communities existed ONLY along the Nile, which was navigable enough to get valuable resources downstream from timber to ___________, which the Egyptians considered the divine metal.

4. The Nile is also easily _____________. While other river valley civilizations needed complicated and labor-intensive hydraulic engineering projects to irrigate crops, the Nile was so chill that Egyptians could use a simple form of water management called _____________ irrigation, in which farmers used floodwaters to fill earthen basins and canals for irrigation.

5. In short, the awesomeness of the Nile meant Egyptians could create big food _____________ with relatively little work, allowing time and energy for some pretty impressive projects.

6. Also, the Nile may help explain the ancient Egypt’s general optimism: while ancient Sumerian religion, for instance, saw the _____________ as this gloomy, dark place, Egyptians were often buried with things that were useful and pleasurable to them in life, because the afterlife was seen as a _____________ of this life, which, at least if you lived along the Nile, wasn’t half-bad.

7. Historians have divided Egyptian history into three broad categories: OLD KINGDOM: This was really the glory age of ancient Egypt, the _____________ at Giza, the sun king Ra, and the idea of divine kingship. The pyramids were built partly by _____________who were required by Egyptian law to work for the government a certain number of months per year, and partly by slaves. Old Kingdom Egypt was also remarkably _____________: They had two forms of writing, hieroglyphics for _____________ _____________and then demotic script for recording contracts and agreements and other boring stuff.MIDDLE KINGDOM: restored Pharaonic rule in 2040 BCE but with some distinct changes: First, the rulers were outsiders, from downriver in _____________. Second, they fostered a new pantheon of gods, the star of which was Ammun, which means hidden. So Ammun eventually merged with Ra to form the god Ammun-Ra, all the Middle Kingdom pharaohs made temples for him and devoted their entire surplus to his glory. The Middle Kingdom also developed an interest in conquering; they were able to conquer much of Egypt using superior military technology like _____________weapons, compound bows, and

The Sumerians invented the wheel!

chariots. One group, the Hyksos, were able to conquer all of Egypt, but rather than like destroying the Egyptian culture, they just relaxed like the Nile and _____________ into the Egyptians.NEW KINGDOM: Anyway, after all this conquering and being conquered, Egypt eventually emerged from its geographically imposed _____________ New Kingdom Egypt continued this military expansion but it looked more like an empire, particularly when they headed south and took over land in an attempt to find _____________ and _____________.

8. Probably the most expansive of the New Kingdom pharaohs was Hatshepsut, a _____________ who ruled Egypt for about 22 years and who expanded Egypt not through military might, but through _____________.

9. But most new kingdom pharaohs being dudes, focused on _____________ expansion, which brought Egypt into conflicts with the _____________, and then the Persians, and then _____________ the Great and finally, the Romans.

10. New Kingdom Pharaoh Akhenaton tried to invent a new _____________ for Egypt, Aten. After his death he was replaced by his wife, and then a daughter and then a son, _____________, who turned his back on the weird god Aten. And that is about all King Tut did before he died...probably around the age of 17. Honestly, the only reason King Tut is famous is that most Pharaohs had their graves robbed by ancient people; and King Tut had his grave robbed by 20th century _____________ people. Since the tomb was discovered in _____________, technology has established that Tut probably died of an infected broken leg and/or malaria.

11. King Tut leads us nicely to the really crucial thing about Egyptian culture. Because King Tut lived right around the same time as the pyramids right? Wrong. Remember the pyramids were built around 2500 BCE during the ____ _________. King Tut died in 1322 BCE, 1200 years later! But because Egypt was so similar for so long, it all tends to blend together when we imagine it.

12. Ancient Egypt lasted 1000 years longer than _____________ has been around, and about 800 years longer than that other super-long lived civilization, _____________. So there was an entire culture that lasted longer than Western Civilization has existed and it had run its course before “the West” was even born.

What were the political characteristics of Egypt?What is a pharaoh and how were they viewed?

What does it mean when a state is highly centralized?

What distinguished the Old Kingdom?

What distinguished the Middle Kingdom?

What distinguished the New Kingdom?

What were some of the social distinctions in Egypt?

Define social mobility.

What was the role of slavery in Egypt? How does that compare to Mesopotamia?

What does patriarchal mean?

What was the role of women in Egypt?

Who was Hatshepsut? What made her unique as a leader?

Civilization of Egypt: Culture

The Egyptian civilization was known for pyramids. What were the distinguishing characteristics of pyramids?

What were two other cultural accomplishments of the Egyptians?

What are pictographs?

What is papyrus?

How does religion during this time period compare to Mesopotamia?

What was the Book of the Dead? Give a couple of examples of what was included.

The Indus River Valley Civilization

What geographic features distinguish the subcontinent of India?

To what extent have the Himalayas affected cultural contact on the subcontinent of India?

What are monsoons?

When did civilizations form in the Indus River Valley?

In what other world region were civilizations also forming?

What was the name of these first two civilizations?

What was the purpose of the early cities of the Indus River Valley?

After viewing the slides/pictures of the cities in the Indus Valley, what did you learn about the complexities of cities in this region?

Economics: What characterized the economic system of the Indus River Valley?

Comment on the plumbing found in the cities of this region.

Most of the people of the Indus Valley were farmers. What were they the first to do?

With whom did the people of the Indus Valley trade and what was traded?

What are seals and what historical evidence can they provide?

Describe the clothing of the people of the Indus Valley. What made the clothing unique?

Please continue on to the next page.