nrmdblog.files.wordpress.com file · Web viewAgroforestry is an integrated and sustainable land management system that combines trees, crops and other economic grass plants, and livestock,

DRAFT NATIONALAGROFORESTRY STRATEGY

Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Resources

Natural Resource Management Directorate

National Agroforestry Development Strategy

of Ethiopia

June, 2018

Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia


Table of contents

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1

Defining and Understanding agroforestry.............................................................................................2

Defining Agroforestry...............................................................................................................................

Benefits/value of agroforestry..................................................................................................................4

Background of Agroforestry in Ethiopian context.......................................................................................5

Natural and physical features in Ethiopia...............................................................................................6

Socio-economic situation in the Ethiopia…………………………………………………………………………………...

Agroforestry in Ethiopian context

Government policy and efforts to introduce agroforestry

1.1.

1.1.1.......................................................

1.1.2......................................................................

1.2

1.2.1.......................................................

1.2.2.......................................................

1.1.3.

1.2.4.

1.2.4.1. Policies and strategies

1.2.4.2. The GTP II

1.4. Purpose the strategy document

1.5. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis of the current

Agroforestry development-----------------------------------


2. THE AF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

2.1. Scope

2.2. Stakeholders’ consultation

2.3. Guiding principles

2.4. Vision

2.5. Mission

2.6. Goal

2.7. Strategic Objectives

2.8. Action plan (2018-2025)

3. IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY

3.1. Implementation Arrangements....................... Coordination /REDFS AF taskforce/............ Ministry of MoAL- NR sector..... Other stakeholders Research and educational institutions...............................

4. RESULT BASED MONITORING, LEARNING AND EVALUATION (RB-MEL) 5. Reference


1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Defining and Understanding agroforestry

1.1.1. Defining Agroforestry

Agroforestry definition varies to some extent in the world:

Agroforestry is

o the integration of trees with annual crop cultivation, livestock production and otherfarm

activities (, FAO, 2013)

o a dynamic, ecologically based, natural resource management system that, through the

integration of trees on farms and in the agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains

production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land users at all

levels (FAO,2015).

o the inclusion of trees in farming systems and their management in rural landscapes to enhance productivity, profitability, diversity and ecosystem sustainability.(ICRAF,2013)

o an ecologically based natural resource management system that integrates trees (for fiber,

food and energy) with crop and/or animal on farms with the aim of diversifying and

sustaining income and production while maintaining ecosystem services” (ICRAF, 2000).

However we are comfortable with DPRK’s definition for our purpose:

Agroforestry is an integrated and sustainable land management system that combines trees, crops and

other economic grass plants, and livestock, making maximum use of the land and increasing production

while protecting the environment

Regardless of these common features, depending on the available resources, management purpose,

and the social, economic, cultural and other attributes of an individual, family or group, agroforestry

systems and practices can vary widely but There are three main types of agroforestry systems:

Agri-silvicultural systems are a combination of crops and trees, such as alley cropping or

home gardens.


Silvo-pastoral systems combine forestry and grazing of domesticated animals on pastures,

rangelands or on-farm.

The three elements, namely trees, animals and crops, can be integrated in what are called

agro-silvo-pastoral systems and are illustrated by home gardens involving animals as well

as scattered trees on croplands used for grazing after harvests. (Posted

http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/80338/en/ Oct. 2015)

DPRK pointed out has the characteristics agroforestry asfollowing:

Intentional: it is designed, planned and managed for intended results;

Intensive: all components are intensively managed;

Integrated: agriculture, forestry and environmental science are integrated;

Interactive: full display is given to the positive interactions between trees, agricultural crops, livestock and

people.

1.1.2. Benefits/value of agroforestry

o Agroforestry is among the ancient land-use farming practices around the world. It has

beenEstimated to exist for more than 1300 years (Brookfield and Padoch, 1994, cited in Jemal et

al. 2017)

o Agroforestry is a series of land management approaches practiced by more than 1.2 billion People

worldwide(Zomer et al., 2009)

o Agroforestry is crucial to smallholder farmers and other rural people because it can

enhance their food supply, income and health. Agroforestry systems are multifunctional

systems that can provide a wide range of economic, sociocultural, and environmental

benefits.(FAO,http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/80338/en/ posted, oct. 2015)

http://www.fao.org/forestry/agroforestry/80338/en/


o Agroforestry trees provide important ecosystem services, including soil, spring, stream

andwatershed protection, animal and plant biodiversity conservation, and carbon sequestration

and storage, all of which ultimately affect food and nutritional security (Garrity, 2004 cited in FAO

2013)

ICRAF, 2013.brieflypointed out the benefits of agroforestry in the following ways

Trees contribute in a significant way to livelihoods by providing both trees Products andtree

services.

The following tree products are either for home use or for sale to earn income:

• Food: fruits, nuts, edible leaves and roots, and honey which are vital nutritional

products

• Tree commodities: confectionery, beverages, oils, industrial products

• Energy: liquid biofuels, fuelwood and charcoal

• Timber: sawn wood, veneer, plywood and poles for construction and furniture

• Medicines: herbal products that can prevent and cure diseases

• Fodder: animal nutrition supplements that can especially meet dry season feed

shortages.

In addition to reinforcing livelihoods, these products generate income for farmers and

pastoralists, enabling them to meet their food, shelter, education and health needs. Thus,

development of tree-based commodities and better aggregation of production are crucial aspects

of agroforestry intensification. Under some conditions, generating these resources on farms

removes the pressure to extract them from forests.

Agroforestry also provides tree services to agriculture and to the environment by contributing to:

• Ground cover and ecosystem integrity: trees allow the growing season to be extended

beyond the period needed for short rotation crops thus keeping the landscape covered

with vegetation for more of the year.


• Water management: with appropriate selection of tree species and tree locations,

rainwater can be better managed, infiltration improved and the flow regulated.

• Biodiversity conservation: landscapes with agroforestry cover provide shade, migration

corridors and habitats for mammals, birds, insects and other life forms. They support

greater below-ground biodiversity and soil functioning.

• Soil regeneration: degraded land can be regenerated and brought into production

through regenerative agroforestry practices, with similar practices preventing degradation

and erosion.

• Carbon sequestration: agro forestation sequesters carbon to mitigate climate change

and provides goods (e.g. soil organic carbon) that enable adaptation to climate change

effects.

• Micro-climate modification: that provides protection for crops and livestock from direct

sunlight reduces wind speed and associated erosion, reduces temperature and increases

humidity.

• Nutrient cycling: nitrogen-fixing trees increase soil fertility (and can providea grain

legume) and by incorporating more biomass into soils, enablesmore efficient use of

inorganic fertilizers. Fertility can also be improved through nutrient cycling where trees

extract nutrients from the lower levels of the soil profile and return them to the surface

through leaf litter.

• Spiritual and ritual values: as the life cycle of trees matches that of humans, trees have

symbolic and spiritual/ritual value and local trees are part of the identity and value

systems, including religious and judiciary traditions.(ICRAF,2013)

1.2. Background of Agroforestry in Ethiopian context

1.2.1. Natural and physical features Ethiopia

Geographically Ethiopia belongs to the tropics but its climatic conditions are influenced not only by

latitude but also by altitude (elevation) and the seasonal migration of the Inter Tropical Convergence

Zone (ITCZ) following the position of the sun relative to the earth and the associated atmospheric


circulation. As the result the country comprise diversified climate that combines tropical, sub-tropical

and temperate types. Typical tropical climate is encountered in the low-lying areas, especially in the

west and southwest. Temperature decreases towards the interior of the country where much of the

area is mountainous. Maximum and minimum temperatures in the country range from over 40°C in

the lowlands to less than 10oC in the highlands. The rain fall distribution is seasonal and is mainly

governed by the ITCZ that passes over Ethiopia twice a year. The ITCZ movement causes variation in

the wind flow patterns and the onset and withdrawal of winds from north and south. The mean

annual rainfall ranges from 100 mm to 2800 mm depending on the site.

The South-western region receives the highest annual rainfall which goes up to 2800 mm. The central

and northern regions receive moderate rainfall that gradually declines towards the low-lying Arid and

Semiarid Lands (ASALs) that receive an annual rainfall ranging between 100 - 700 mm. The Danakil

Depression, the lower Awash River Basin and Eastern Ogaden are the driest areas of Ethiopia.

Traditionally five broad climatic zones are recognized in Ethiopia based on altitude and temperature

namely: Wurch(cold climate at more than 3,000 m asl), Dega(temperate like climate – highlands

between 2,300-3,000 m asl), Weynadega(warm 1,500 -2,300 m asl), Kola (hot and arid climate, less

than 1500 m asl), and Berha(hot and hyper arid climate in the lowlands). These are typically sub-

divided according to rainfall (wet over 1,400 mm/yr, moist 900-1,400 mm/yr, and dry below 900

mm/yr).(THE GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE, 2014)need pp

1.2.2. Socio-economic situation in the Ethiopia

Ethiopia is the second most populous countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The current population of

Ethiopia is exceed100 Million. Around 83 per cent of the population lives in rural areas (CSA, 2007).

Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 58.7, and population growth rate is 2.1 and the population

is projected to reach 129.1 million by the year 2030.

Primary school enrollments have tripled, child mortality has almost been cut in half, and the number

of people with access to clean water has more than doubled. More recently, poverty reduction has

been accelerated. The poverty headcount, which stood at 46 per cent in 1995/96, and 44 per cent in

2000/01, fell to 39 per cent in 2005/2006


The proportion of the population living below the national poverty line fell from 38.7% in 2003/4 to

29.6% in 2010/11. By the end of 2014/15; the proportion of the population living below national

poverty line was estimated to decline from 29.6 to 23.4 percent.

However Ethiopia is still a long way for achieving many of the UN millennium development goals by

2015, given the country’s very low starting point. Annual average income per capita increased from

377 USD in 2009/2010 to 691 USD by 2014/15. By sustaining the robust growth performance

witnessed during the last five years, which in turn helped accelerate income per capita growth, social

development and environmental protection and management capacity, the country is set to realize

its vision of becoming a lower middle income country by 2025.

Ethiopia’s economy is founded on agriculture (crop combined with livestock). The sector is the

mainstay of the country’s economy in export, GDP and employment. It accounts for 46 per cent of

GDP, generates about 80 per cent of the total employment, provides about 40 per cent of the

earnings from export (FDRE, 2011).

Land is a public property in Ethiopia. Out of the total area of 113 million hectares 69 per cent is

classified as agriculturally suitable land for crop and livestock production. Until now only 14 million

hectares (17 per cent) is put into cultivation. Smallholder subsistence farming system predominates in

Ethiopia and the average plot of land worked per family is one hectare. Smallholder farmers form the

backbone of the agricultural sector, cultivating 95 per cent of the cropped area, and producing 90-95

per cent of the country’s cereals, pulses and oilseeds. Major cash crops for export are coffee, cereals,

flowers and pulses.

The farming system is rain-fed; only one per cent of arable land is irrigated today. Thus, Ethiopia’s

agriculture is liable to climate change impacts such as droughts and dry spells, a typical attributes of

Ethiopia’s agricultural sector. Farming practices across the country can be grouped in to three major

agricultural systems: highland mixed (crop + livestock) farming system, low plateau and valley mixed

agriculture, and the pastoral livestock production system that is practiced mainly in the ASALs(THE

GREAT GREEN WALL INITIATIVE,2014)need pp


1.1.3. Agroforestry in Ethiopian context

Agroforestry is an alternative and probably cheaper option for agricultural intensification and

sustainability in Ethiopia. The importance of agroforestry is not only for increased productivity by

helping restore of productive capacity of degraded lands and thus food security, but also as a way

of improving rural incomes and nutrition, protecting biodiversity and environmental services, and

helping the rural poor to adapt to climate change and is now widely recognized in Ethiopia.

Agroforestry is an alternative and probably cheaper option for agricultural intensification and

sustainability in Ethiopia.

The impact of agroforestry on livelihoods improvement and environmental protection is being

demonstrated in many regions in Ethiopia. Productivity is restored on degraded lands and food

security has been effectively achieved with agroforestry practices. Examples include the practice

of enclosures combined with inorganic fertilizers and irrigation that double or quadruple crop

production (Dereje and Girmay, 2011, Jama et al., 2006). Other examples include sustainable land

management practices combined with fodder trees that are used in smallholder zero-grazing

systems in ways that supplement or substitute commercial feeds in Tigray, southern, Oromia and

Amhara regions.

High value trees such as Apple and tropical fruits and medicinal trees have shown potential to lift

rural farming communities out of poverty in the Tigray and Amhara region. Fast-growing fuel

wood, pole or timber trees that are grown in various niches within the farm or across the

landscapes and in commercial woodlots and plantations in the Amhara region and the Guraghe

highlands are used for generating income or meet household demands. (Berihane,2014)need pp

Climate variability in Ethiopia is not new. Its diverse agroecological zones are characterized by a

dazzling variety of micro-climates and corresponding weather patterns. Over centuries, its people

have developed agricultural systems adapted to Ethiopia’s diverse environment. However, the


rapid pace of climate change, along with increasing socioeconomic pressures, threatens to

overwhelm their ability to cope.

Ethiopia is especially vulnerable to climate variability and change because large segments of the

population are poor and depend on agricultural income, which is highly sensitive to rainfall

variability. Most have low access to education, information, technology, and basic social and

support services, and, as a result, have low adaptive capacity to deal with the consequences of

climate variability and change (Oxfam 2010, The World Bank Group 2010, Regassa et al. 2010).

There have been significant efforts made to develop Ethiopian agriculture over the past 50 years.

These include developing human capacity in agriculture, introducing high-input agricultural

systems through the use of improved varieties of crops and fertilizer, improving livestock and

animal husbandry practices, and increasing capacity for technology transfer.

Yet despite these efforts, average yields for many crops remain relatively low, and Ethiopian

agricultural productivity remains one of the lowest in the world (Gebre-Kidane 2011). Despite

major productivity gains of a few crops over last 10 years, millions remain chronically food

insecure, and Ethiopia continues to be seen as a country that is still unable to feed itself.

Some of the measures that were implemented with the hope of improving agricultural

productivity in Ethiopia have inadvertently exacerbated existing problems of natural resources

degradation. The recently issued strategy of the government toward building a green economy

recognizes that the current agricultural development strategy is based on agricultural area

expansion—and if the same path is followed, meeting food demands by 2030 would result in the

clearance of millions of hectares of forests and woodlands. With the thrust to produce more food

to feed the rapidly growing population using high-input and single-crop farming, today’s farmers

grow only one or two crops in monoculture systems.

The traditional diversification of farmlands, which arguably has been the source of sustenance in

rural Ethiopia since time immemorial, has largely been abandoned. The land-use system now is

associated with a decrease in the size of holdings both for arable and grazing lands because of

socioeconomic and environmental factors.


This has in turn meant a continued trend toward the conversion of additional forested and

marginal lands to agricultural lands, resulting in massive environmental degradation and serious

threat to sustainable agriculture and forestry (Achalu and Negash 2006; Bishaw and Abdelkadir

2003). If not quickly and properly addressed, the combined problems of land and natural

resource degradation and hunger, famine, and malnutrition present the greatest threat to the

survival of the nation (Bishaw and Abdulkadir 2003). The low level of economic development, the

high population growth rate (about 2.7% per annum), and heavy dependence on agriculture

further compound these chronic problems (CSA 2011).

Climate variability coupled with the low agricultural productivity and the low technological and

capital base of rural households makes the country particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of

climate change. The severity of the impacts of such changes is expected to be more evident in the

drylands of Ethiopia and will affect the poorest and most destitute segments of the population.

With its vast swath of drylands and its already impoverished people, Ethiopia faces a gloomy

future in terms of the negative effects of natural resource degradation, which include increasing

moisture stress, declining soil fertility, and soil erosion, coupled with climate change. Without

appropriate responses, climate change is likely to constrain economic development and poverty-

reduction efforts and exacerbate already pressing difficulties.

Some authors have suggested that solutions to these multiple problems may be found by seeking

traditional agricultural practices and incorporating them into new, science-based plans for

agricultural development. Over generations, local people, especially those in the drylands, de-

veloped their own specific natural-resource management systems. These include mechanisms for

coping with harsher local conditions, as well as more recent changes in the climate (Achalu and

Negash 2006). Field studies conducted by Meze-Hausken (2004, p. 19) on contrasting climate

variability and metrological drought in northern Ethiopia “showed that local authorities, farmers

and pastoralists perceived regional climate to have changed during the last few decades. Farmers


explained that they have been changing their farming strategies by shifting to more drought-re-

sistant crops as well as to a shorter agricultural calendar.”

This type of traditional ecological knowledge, accumulated by farmers and pastoralists through

generations in the region, should be tapped to help inform solutions for adapting to and coping

with climate change. Understanding the impacts and vulnerabilities of local communities and

ecosystems to climate variability and change as well as generating indigenous and science-based

information for mitigation and adaptation options will enhance the adaptive capacity of local

communities and help build a climate-resilient green economy in Ethiopia.(Bishaw et al.

2013)need pp

The practice of agroforestry has been an age-old practice in the Ethiopian farming system. In the

drylands of Ethiopia there are a number of indigenous agroforestry systems involving mixed

cereal-livestock, agrosilvopastoral, and silvopastoralsystems. The existence of these systems has

a great potential for further development and the introduction of new agroforestry systems.

However, except for a general description, the existing agroforestry systems have not so far been

studied. In the last decades, agroforestry has emerged as a science to improve, and support

traditional land resource management practices. In this regard, ICRAF, as an international body,

has played a central role in directing and streamlining research at a global level. Some activities

were also undertaken in Ethiopia in terms of research, education and organization of workshops.

These have been commendable effort but not enough. They need to be strengthened.

(Kindeya,2004) need pp

Given its large rural population dependent on agriculture and on wood for energy,Ethiopia is

faced with high rates of deforestation and land degradation. Commonly cited causes are

extensive forest clearing for agricultural use, overgrazing and exploitation of existing forest for

fuel, fodder and construction materials (Bishaw, 2001). In Oromia and southern regions where

most of Ethiopia’s high forests are found, deforestation and degradation remain high. In view of

reducing deforestation and forests and woodlands degradation, PFM has been promoted. In

predominantly agricultural landscapes, the government has set plans in its GTP I to increase tree

cover significantly. But achievements were less than expected.


Thus, closely examining agroforestry systems developed by farmers in the different eco-zones of

the regionwill help identify practices that might be scaled up to other areas of the region and

elsewhere in the country.( CIFOR, 2015) need pp

The common traditional agroforestry practices in tropical region are scattered trees on crop

fields, homestead tree planting and multi-story home garden [6,9,10] described agroforestry

practice of Ethiopia as largely agrisilvicultural with spatial mixed arrangement, which is mainly

practiced for soil fertility replenishing function for poor soil. Others [11-14] also described the

traditional agroforestry practices in different part of the country as Coffee Shade based scattered

trees on the farm land, home gardens, woodlots, farm boundary practices, and trees on grazing

lands

1.2.4. Government policy and efforts to introduce agroforestry

Sectorial policies and strategies

Over the past two decades, the Ethiopian Government has put in place several sectoral and cross-

sectoral policies, strategies and programmes with the aim of enhancing the socio-economic and

environmental contributions of the sector. These include the Rural Development Policy and

Strategies (RDPS), the Forest Conservation and Utilization Policy and Strategy, the Federal Forest

Law, the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, the three successive five-year development plans, the

CRGE Strategy and REDD+ readiness programme of Ethiopia. These policy provisions and key

programmes are briefly presented in the paragraphs below.

The Environmental Policy (1997).

This has direct relevance to the forest sector. It was approved in 1997. The policy aims at

improving the quality of life of the people through sustainable development and utilization of

natural resources. It also aspires to conserve traditional resource management practices. The

policy included soil management and sustainable agriculture, forest and tree resource

management, genetic, species and ecosystem biodiversity conservation and management. These


policy provisions could play substantial roles in the promotion of afforestation and re-

afforestation programmes. The Rural Development Policy and Strategy (2001).

Ethiopia issued its national rural development policy and strategy document in November 2001.

This document underlines the need to rehabilitate and restore degraded forests and lands. It

advocates objectively designed tree planting initiatives. Specifically it emphasizes integrating

more trees into agricultural production landscapes. The achievements made in area exclosures,

PFM and sustainable land management through watershed development programmes emanate

from this policy direction. Yet, achievements in afforestation and re-afforestationremain limited

due to various constraints. For example, Lemenih and Woldemariam (2010) reported that

forestry received less than 10% of the overall budget allocated to the Ministry of Agriculture both

at the federal and regional levels during the last decade.

Forest Conservation and Utilization Policy (2007).

The formulation and enactment of this policy, which is the first in the history of the country,

reflects the government’s commitment to developing the national forest resource base. The main

objective of this document is to improve the economic contribution of the forestry sector and to

satisfy the forest product demands of the country by promoting sustainable forest management

and utilization practices. The policy also encourages the engagement of the private sector and

the local community in commercial and protective forest development. To promote the

establishment and

development of private and community-owned forests, the policy provided an incentive

mechanism in the form of reduced land taxes. The policy recognized the need for certifying forest

use rights that is an important provision to enhance afforestation and re-afforestation

programmes. However, key provisions in the Forest Conservation and Utilization Policy and

Strategy were not clearly translated into binding legal articles nor were there concrete

implementation directives.

Forest Development, Conservation and Utilisation Proclamation (2007).

The forest Development Conservation and Utilization Proclamation number 542/2007 is the latest

national forest law of the country. It is an exhaustive proclamation that attempts to provide legal

grounds for the Forest Conservation and Utilization Policy and Strategy of 2007. The proclamation


recognizes two types of forest ownerships i.e. State and private. The proclamation merges

communal and private ownership and puts it under private ownership. It is criticized by lawyers

for consisting of punishment articles that are difficult to pass reasonable decisions. The regulation

is being revised by MEF. The lack of a Forest Act to facilitate the implementation of this

proclamation has been reported as a key bottleneck.

The 2011–2015 Growth and Transformation Plan and the 2011 CRGE Strategy.

The Ethiopian Government launched the 2011–2015 Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) with

the vision to make Ethiopia a middle-income country by 2025. The GTP envisages that the

country’s GDP per capita would grow from USD 378 in 2010 to USD 1271 in 2025. The GTP

stresses the need to strengthen natural resources conservation and management.

In line with the rehabilitation and restoration of degraded lands through exclosures,

multipurpose tree planting, developing management plans for priority forests and tree seed

collection and distribution and expansion of industrial plantations were the major proposed

activities of the forestry sector in GTP-1. The Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) of Ethiopia

launched by the end of 2011 defined the development path of the country.

The plan has identified four pillars, one of which is forestry where protecting and re-establishing

forests for their economic and ecosystem services, including as carbon stocks, is emphasised. The

CRGE targets sequestration of more than 40 million tonnes (t) of CO2e through afforestation and

reforestation of 3 million ha of land and sustainable management of 4 million ha of forests and

woodlands by 2030. Moreover, Ethiopia’s pledge at the 2014 New York Climate Summit to

restore 15 million ha of degraded forest and agricultural lands by 2025 is evidence of the

government’s determination to restore degraded landscapes. ( CIFOR, 2015 )need pp

Agroforestry in GTP I I

The Ethiopia government has defined agroforestry as an important strategic objective element to

reduce degradation and improve natural resource productivity, and provide food & export

commodities (e.g.fruit) to sustainable economic development in the long run.


1.4. Purpose of the strategy document

To achieve the full benefits of agroforestry, creating anenabling environment to develop the

right systems that are locally suitable is necessary and provide a Strategy that sets out a

comprehensiveguide and strategy objectives within which Agroforestry can be practiced and

implemented in Ethiopia

1.5. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis of the

current Agroforestry development

Issues rose on AFD from thestakeholder’s workshop meeting, expert consultation, field

assessment and publications review about AFD of Ethiopia

1.6.1 Agroforestry strengths

Expert assigned from federal up to woreda(Government support AF development);

MoEFCC, Universities and CIFOR initiate the three regions on AF practice(SNNPR),

plantation forest(Amhara) and PFM (Oromia) to scale up as

strategy;

Some universities and research centers start working around AFD i.e.

Wondogent Forest science college

Package designed to integrate soil, water and fruit;

Some AF nurseries established and focus on forage, fruits and bamboo…

Some NGOs and privates already incorporate AF in there development area;

SLM II and PSNP are focus and incorporate in there intervention area;

Start to integrate AF with physical conservation measures( as BCM);

Already existed areas that adopt Federbia( rift valley );

AF incorporated in people mobilization, already starts in some region;


Weekly reporting and feedbacks from woreda to regions;

AF as a strategy use on adaptation for climate change;

Established regional forestry seed centers;

Agroforestry widely addresses land use demands;

Agroforestry systems increase productivity by maximizing the effective use of

land, vegetative cover and other natural resource;

AF task force formed under RED-FS, SLMTC

1.6.2 Weaknesses for agroforestry

Limited Public awareness on the advantage of agroforestry;

Agroforestry knowledge and skill are lacking(Lack of adequate human capacity );

Lack of AF based payment for environment services and No incentive for the promotion,

adoption & practices of AFD;

Emphasis only on commercial Agriculture and the use of chemical fertilizer and pesticide;

Lack of adequate research and extension of AF and also Poor linkage between research-

extension- farmer/agro forester;

Poor access for tree seed germplasm and planting materials andPoor focus on AF seed by

the regions forest seed center;

Limited knowledge and information about AF;

Delayed return on investment;

No credit access to promote AFD;

Under developed market and accessed by loose linkage in AF production chain(Limited

value addition from production to market); (Weak linkages among partners along

thevalue chain(

Weak coordinationand integration of key stakeholders anddevelopment programmesof

AF;

Information system gaps:- Poor documentation and replication of the existing successful

AF initiatives and best practices

The JJ structure not promote the existing AF staffs;


Though there are nurseries, they are not in a position of producing quality seedlings for

AF & weak private sector involvement;

AF Not promoted at farm lands as it stick in only homesteads &Weak interest to practice

AF on slopping and mountainous land(communal) rather forest trees;

The seed quality agency focus on the conventional crops and tree seed trading( which has

poor follow up) & Lack of quality standard guide;

Disease on the fruit trees;

No management after AF seedling distribution &No focus on AF development in some

regions;

Issue of budget allocation for nursery management;

No verified AF system for each AEZs of the country&Research and educations not focus on

AF( no enough knowledge and skill);

Policy for forest development is not clear on AFD;

Free grazing;

Limited decision-making power of women on utilization of agroforestry products;

Poor extension services – or technology transfer

1.6.3. Opportunities of agroforestry development

AF is Traditional systems with indigenous knowledge;

Government give priority to food security

Government creating environment with GTP II

Availability of Universities and research centers in every agro climatic zones of Ethiopia

Culture and tradition on AF exists;

Agroforestry can promote the development of the rural people’s livelihoods,

The handiness of ICRAF office in the country;

The availability of Ingenious tree seeds;

Established cooperatives and private companies to provide seedlings;

The establishment of agro processing industries;


Agroforestry can contribute to the mitigation of climate change by increasing carbon

sequestration

Rural micro finances

Availability of donors to support climate change adaptations( for CRGE);

Availability of export market that can motivate Agro foresters to improve production/productivity

Existence of demand for agriculture organicproducts

Existence of different agro-ecological system to suite different crop/livestock production

1.6.4 Threats to agroforestry development

Disease out brakes that may harmfully impact on the importance and source of products

Market failure

prolonged Drought may occur;

Government policy may not support the incentives

Migration of youth to urban areas

Silo-thinking - difficulty to integrate different institutes

Insufficient financial resources

2. THE AF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

2.1. Scope

This document is a national Agroforestry strategy considered for the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock

resources and its respective regional bureausand can be adapted by implementing partners. The strategy

assortments all the process from Agroforestry adoption, inputs supplies, production to market in a value-

chain and integrated with research and education. It is expected to serve the country for seven years (2018

– 2025) and will be updated based on the policy and development plan changes.

2.2. Stakeholders’ consultation:

Though In Ethiopia agroforestry has been practiced for a long time and can provide social,

economic and environmental benefits to farmers and pastoralists, its widespread adoption and


upscaling remains limited due to a range of factors. Building on previous work (the establishment

of multi-stakeholders platform at ILRI Addis campus in August 2018) to address barriers to

adoption and scale up the best practices, a workshop was held on 5 Feb. 2018 in Adama, in which

participants agreed thatthe lack of supporting environment to achieve the adoption and upscaling

of AF that requires comprehensive strategy which will guide the development of AF throughout

the country as a sustainable system for the advantage of all.

2.3.Principles of the strategy

Area and agro-ecology specific Agroforestry development.

An inclusive approach that recognizes traditional systems and indigenous knowledge.

Knowledge and decision-making at a local level.

The Strategy should focus on systems.

Participatory and evidence based planning and implementation.

Market-oriented and Value chain AF development approach.

Gender and youth mainstreaming.

Collaboration and harmonization with stakeholders.

Scaling out & up of good practices.

2.4. Vision: Realize a wealthy, food secured and poverty free Ethiopia though Rural

Transformation byUp-to-dateAgro Forestry system inAgriculture Development and Natural

Resource Management.

2.5. Mission: Create effective and efficient Agroforestry system through adoption and scale

upping of improved AF technologies and practices to achieve food security and to enhance rural

livelihood.

2.6. Goal:


The goal of the agroforestry strategy is to contribute to the transformation of Ethiopian

Agriculture by achieving food security and poverty reduction, and improving rural people’s

livelihoods, while restoring the country’s environment through the vigorous implementation of

agroforestrysystem in all regional states.

2.7. Strategic objectives

2.7.1. SO1: Increase the provision of agroforestry products and services by

increasing production and productivity of AF in AEZ of Ethiopia.

Result:

Agroforestry Adopted and scaled up in non-forested and different Agro

ecology areas of the country

Organize and mobilize farmers and pastoralists about agroforestry

development;

Provide Agroforestry development extension services

Provide researched inputs for the productivity of AF to each AEZ;

Prevent and reverse landscape degradation with better soil structure

and water holding capacity by AF practices;

Improved the resilience of vulnerable farmer and pastoralist from

prone to climate change by providing area focused AF technology

and practices;

Reduce deforestation and forest degradation in mixed agriculture-

forest landscapes (reduce dependence on forests);


Implement agroforestry on sloping agricultural lands, improve forest

cover and create a sustainable and productive environment while

maintaining food security;

Enhance ecosystem services of Agroforestry system to Avoid

eutrophication of water bodies, siltation of reservoirs, disruption of

hydrological cycles and carbon sequestration;

Result: The livelihoods opportunity of rural people through AFD Enhanced

Main activity :provide inputs to have high value agroforestry trees, shrubs

and grasses to the agro forester;

2.7.2.SO2: Strengthen theAFD input supply and product market system to increase

Agroforester’s incomes and improve their livelihoods,

Result: 2.1.

AF product value chains that enables the markets system is Strengthen.

Main Activities

Study the existing AF product value chain.

Promote value chain of AF products to attract market (to provide market-

demanded products)

link Agro foresters with buyers,

Provide market information,

Result: 2.2.

An input supply system for Agroforestry development Established.

Main Activities

Study the existing input supply system,

Link AF with Input and credit suppliers,

Make seed and planting material available


Result:

Agro foresters incentivized by payment for environmental services(

Main Activity

Arrange a system for payment to the environmental services of Agroforestry

development(development of ecological servicescompensation systems for rural

communities and smallholder agro foresters)

2.7.3. SO3: Enforce existing legal and policy provisions for the inclusion of AF in

the implementation

Results:the existing legal and policy provisions enforced

Main Activity

Review the existing policy, strategies and legal issues for AF inclusion recommendation.

Specify AF as a sustainable practice in future policy development and build strategies on existing

indigenous knowledge in practices.

Advocate for revision of land use and forest development policies in favor of agroforestry for

both small scale or commercial purposes

Encourage for the revisit on livestock development policy to free grazing.

2.7.4. SO4: Ensure women’s and youth empowerment

Result:the role of women and youth in agroforestry developmentimproved and empowered

Provide Agroforestry extension services and inputs for youth and women;


Organize the youth and women in groups and engage(for job opportunity) to generate income

through improved agroforestry

products and services

Strengthen awareness of youth and female farmers on the advantage of Agroforestry system

2.7.5. SO5: Enhance the coordination and collaboration between public and

private sectors, and within the public sector for Agroforestry development.

Results:

the involvement of private sectors Increased

Support the engagement of the private sector in the development of Agroforestry;

Improve the collaboration between public and private partnership s

AgroforestryIntegrated into existing programmes

Integrate agroforestry into the newly built agro processing industries

Incorporate Agroforestry into CRGE strategy as a CSA

Incorporate AF boldly into all agriculture and livestock programs

Integrate AFin the ministry affiliated NGOs

Multi-stakeholders’ platformestablished for coordination and integration in AFD

To coordinate the AFD in one floor

ToStrengthen the institutional linkages like Link research to extension services

To strengthen collaboration between relevant stakeholders

Establish/ strengthen strong linkage with Donors, UN, NGOs, academia,researchers and

private sectors to jointly plan, implement and monitor AF interventions

2.7. 6. SO6: Strengthen Institutional capacity

Results:

Build human power capacity at all level;

Strengtheninstitutional structure and capacity which responsible for planning and

implementation, monitoring and evaluation of AFD. (RED-FS)


2.7.8. SO8: Strengthen the Knowledge, skill and information management of AFD

Results:

Centers of excellence Established to lead agroforestry in each of AEZ.

Identify and develop agroforestry systems that suit the agroecology and socio-

economic conditions of the country

Study the demand foragroforestry products and services.

ResearchConducted around agroforestry development

To achieve germplasm improvement.

To generate knowledge and viable agroforestry technologies to support livelihoods.

To explore different ways and implementation mechanisms of how to turn knowledge

and materials into livelihood benefits.

Agroforestry knowledge and skill developed

Study the Knowledge and skill gap of agroforestry in the country

Strengthen and/or Develop training curricula in ATVETs and Universities.

DevelopExtension workers Skill by AFD -related on job training.

Identify, support, replicate and documentthe existing successful agroforestry best

practices.

Develop manuals on agroforestry practices

Establish and strengthen the linkage between ATVET and FTCs to use FTCs for

practical demonstration sites for students learning.

Agroforestry information management systemEstablished

provide Content

provide Database structure

Develop the system that enables AF development information for market and the AFS

monitoring, learning and evaluation


Awareness raised on the advantages of AF system

Develop a common understanding of agroforestry in Ethiopia

Awareness of agroforestry benefit made and publicize across all stakeholders.

Awareness Raised on ecosystem services and map, monitor and value.

Conduct research to generate information for the justification of agroforestry in

awareness.

Ensure continuous assessment, introduction and wider use of innovations that

enhance the economic and environmental contributions of agro forestry system

2.7.9. SO9: Raised Finance for AF Development

Results:

Commit resources (human and financial) to the process of developing agroforestry.

Create incentives for adoption of AFD.



2.2 Action Plan (2018–2025)Preparing an Action plan: Considering the guiding principles, the ministry of agriculture and livestock resources needs to develop Action plan, Goal :to contribute to the transformation of Ethiopian Agriculture by the achievement of food security and poverty reduction, and improving rural people’s livelihoods, while restoring the country’s environment through the vigorous implementation of agroforestry in all regional states.

Strategic Objectives and Results

Activities

period

stakeholders/ responsibility

indicators

SO1:Increase the provision of agro forestry products and services by increasing production and productivity of AF in AEZ of Ethiopia..

Result 1.1.Agroforestry Adopted and scaled up in non-forested and different Agro ecology areas of the country

Organize and mobilize farmers/pastoralists around agroforestry development;

Provide researched inputs for the productivity of AF to each AEZ;

Prevent and reverse landscape degradation with better soil structure and water holding capacity by providing AF practices;

Improved the resilience


of vulnerable farmer and pastoralist from prone to climate change by providing area focused AF technology and practices;

Work on to Reduce deforestation and forest degradation in mixed agriculture-forest landscapes (reduce dependence on forests); Implement agroforestry on sloping agricultural lands, improve forest cover and create a sustainable and productive environment while maintaining food security;

Enhance ecosystem services of Agroforestry system by working on Avoiding eutrophication of water bodies, siltation of reservoirs, disruption of hydrological cycles and carbon sequestration;


Result: 1.2. The livelihoods opportunity of rural people through AFD Enhanced

Main activity:

provide inputs to have high value agroforestry trees, shrubs and grasses to the agro forester;

SO2: Strengthen the AFD input supply and product market system to increase Agro forester’s incomes and improve their livelihoods,

Result AF product value chains that enablesthe markets systemis Strengthen.

Main Activities

Study the existing the AF product value chain to

o provide market-demanded products,

o link Agro foresters with buyers,

o providing market information,

2011-2012 NRMD and DPs established enabling market system from production to market

Result: 2.2. An input supply

system for

Main Activities Study the existing

input supply

2011-2012 NRMD and DPs established input supply system that enables continuous support for agro


Agroforestry developmentEstablished.

system too Link AF

with Input and credit suppliers,

o Make seed and planting material available

foresters

SO3:Enforce existing legal and policy provisions for the inclusion AF in the implementation

Result

SO4:Ensure women’s and youth empowerment

Result

SO5:Enhance the coordination, collaboration between public and private sectors, and integration with the existing programs, NGOs and the newly built agro processing industries and other stakeholders for Agroforestry development

Result

Result

SO6: Strengthen Institutional capacity

Result


Result

Result

SO8: Strengthen the Knowledge, skill and information management of AFD

Result

Result

SO9: Raised Finance for AF Development

Result


3. IMPLEMENTING THE STRATEGY

Implementation arrangement and coordination:

Depending on the plan adopted, the organizational, human and financial resources required need to be quantified. Make concerted efforts to generate the required resources from the government’s own funding and by soliciting support from development partners.During planning and implementation of strategy for agroforestry development it is important to identify key stakeholders (at all level from Federal to Kebele) and specify their roles.

The role of the Agriculture and Livestock Ministry

Natural Resource management directorateThis directorate will be responsible to develop national plans and provide strategic guidelines/manual for supporting agroforestry development efforts in the country. It will prepare extension packages for modernizations (technology, processes, Management practices, etc.) taking into account country’s contexts and legal frameworks. It plays key role in building capacity at all levels in the country. It is also mandated to coordinate stakeholders(through RED-FS-)andRegions involved in agro forestry development and ensure availability and quality of planting materials (seed, seedlings). It ensures that there is regular reporting by all concerned and attempts to build database. It reviews and approves plans and reports from regional bureaus in line with national plans/targets.

The role of other stakeholdersThe major stakeholders’ are communities, NGOs and the private sector in agroforestry development and management.Organized community members actively participate in the planning and implementation of better agroforestry practices; Develop and enforce their own by-laws after getting it approved by concerned authority, sign agreement to responsibly manage and engage in the collection and marketing of agroforestry products by forming cooperatives and unions, work towards raising the awareness of their right and benefits in developing agro forestry.NGOs could support the process of extension and widespread adoption of effective practice. Commonly they either have projects of their own or assist in training, capacity building, community mobilization.

the private sector can play an important role in improving the input and output marketing system. There areopportunities that they could assist communities in product and market development, in value addition and processing and in engaging in out-growers’ schemes for selected tree products.Research and educational institutions


These institutes contribute to promote the implementation of the NAFS through the training of qualified

technical experts and scientific research to maximize economic and social benefit and environmental

sustainability. Research institutes develop AF replicas which suit the agro ecological and socio-economic

condition of Ethiopia. They also solve technical problems in close cooperation with agro foresters in the

field and disseminate technical knowledge among them.

Educational institutions train AF experts and technical personnel, improving the implementation of

the NAFS.

Coordination (RED-FS- SLMTC)

AF task force………………..

4. RESULT BASED MONITORING, LEARNING AND EVALUATION (RB-MEL)

Monitoring and evaluation to support the development of agroforestry are necessary. A

monitoring frame is included as part of the strategy action plan for the strategy, which pinpoints

a set of indicators against which progress in developing AF can be assessed.

It is going to be integrated in to the performance evaluation accountability and reporting

framework of the NRMD. Some of the keymonitoring and evaluation aspect of AF strategy

include:-

Provision of the necessary support to establishing comprehensive monitoring and

implementation systems, tools and capacities in the PPDs and/or NRMD of agriculture and

livestock resources ministry and regional bureaus of the Agricultureand livestock

resources.

Review the implementation of NAFS at country level on regular basis (e.g. bi-annually and

annually).

Ensure the incorporation of appropriate AFD indicators and targets in work plans at

federal, regional, zonal, woreda and kebele level


Integrate the recording, analysis and reporting of AF data disaggregated by sex and age

category within the establishedAF information management systems.

Conduct or engaged in a number of surveys/ assessments, research and evaluation to

measure progress and document knowledge products for designing and implementation

of AFD.

References

Bishaw, Badege, Henry Neufeldt, Jeremias Mowo, Abdu Abdelkadir, Jonathan Muriuki,

GemedoDalle, TewodrosAssefa, Kathleen Guillozet, HabtemariamKassa, Ian K. Dawson, Eike

Luedeling, and CheikhMbow. 2013. Farmers’ Strategies for Adapting to and Mitigating Climate

Variability and Change through Agroforestry in Ethiopia and Kenya.

CIFOR, 2015. Enhancing the role of the forestry sector in Ethiopia.

Democratic people’s Republic of Korea National Agroforestry Strategy and Action Plan (2015–

2024).2015, Pyongyang

EmiruBirhane(2014) Final Report on Agroforestry Governance in Ethiopia.

FAO. 2013: Background paper for the International Conference on Forests for Food Security and

Nutrition, FAO, Rome, 13–15 May, 2013


Federal Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia -National Strategy and Action Plan For The

Implementation Of The Great Green Wall Initiative In Ethiopia, 2014 Addis Ababa.

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/default/files/WP89_text_only.pdf

ICRAF, 2000. Paths to prosperity through agroforestry. ICRAF’s corporate strategy, 2001–

2010.Nairobi: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry. ISBN: 9290591358.

Jemal, Omarsherif Mohammed, Callo-Concha, Daniel (2017). Potential of Agroforestry for Food

and Nutrition Security of Small-scale Farming Households.

KindeyaGebrehiwot: Paper presented at the Drylands Agroforestry Workshop 1st-3rd September

2004. ICRAFHeadquarters, Nairobi- Kenya.

World Agroforestry Centre. 2013. Strategy 2013-2022: Transforming lives and landscapes with

trees. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre.

Zomer, R.J., Trabucco, A., Coe, R. and Place, F., 2009. Trees on farm: analysis of global extent and

geographical patterns of agroforestry. ICRAF Working Paper-World Agroforestry Centre, (89).

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http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/default/files/WP89_text_only.pdf


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nrmdblog.files.wordpress.com file · Web viewAgroforestry is an integrated and sustainable land management system that combines trees, crops and other economic grass plants, and livestock,