CHAPTER 1 – STUDY QUESTIONS1-1 Public speaking has been taught and studied for thousands of years.1-2 Because people have different frames of reference, a public speaker must take care to adapt her or his message to the

particular audience being addressed.1-4 It is normal--even desirable--to be nervous at the start of a speech.1-6 Listeners usually realize how tense a speaker is.1-7 Public speaking and ordinary conversation are similar in that both involve adapting to listener feedback.1-11 Most successful speakers do not experience stage fright.1-13 Because each person has a different frame of reference, the meaning of a message will never be exactly the same to

a listener as to a speaker.1-18 Speechmaking becomes more complex as cultural diversity increases.1-20 Avoiding ethnocentrism is important for listeners as well as for speakers.2-4 Even though there can be gray areas when it comes to assessing a speaker's goals, it is still necessary to ask ethical

questions about those goals.2-5 Because listeners recognize that public speakers are promoting their self-interest, it is acceptable for speakers to alter evidence.2-7 The larger the audience becomes, the greater is the ethical responsibility of the speaker to be fully prepared.2-13 It is only necessary for a speaker to identify his or her source when quoting verbatim rather than when

paraphrasing.2-15 Protecting a speaker's freedom to express his or her ideas implies agreement with those ideas3-1 People spend more time listening than in any other communicative activity.3-2 Hearing and listening are identical.3-5 Because the brain can process many more words per minute than we talk, this spare "brain time" makes

listening easier.3-8 Listening and critical thinking are so closely allied that training in listening is also training in how to think.3-10 To improve your listening, you should think of listening as a passive process3-11 Skilled listeners try to remember a speaker's every word.3-13 It is recommended taking word-for-word notes as a way to improve your listening skills.3-16 When business managers are asked to rank-order the communication skills most crucial to their jobs, they usually

rank listening number one.4-6 The central idea of a speech is usually formulated before the specific purpose4-11 Although the specific purpose statement for a speech should not be phrased as a question, it is acceptable to phrase

the central idea as a question.4-14 The central idea for a speech should be stated as a full sentence5-3 Adapting your message to the needs of a particular audience means that you must inevitably compromise your

beliefs.5-4 One key to successful speaking is to determine which audiences are worthy of your best efforts to communicate

your ideas.5-8 Taking account of your listeners' racial, ethnic, or cultural background is an important factor in situational audience

analysis.5-11 As a general rule, the larger your audience is, the more formal your speech presentation should be. 6-5 You should never cite an article in your speech on the basis of the abstract alone.6-6 If you need information from a newspaper such as the New York Times, you have little alternative to thumbing

through back issues of the paper until you find what you need.6-10 Even if you can't identify the author or sponsoring organization for an Internet document, you can still use the

document in your speech as long as it is up to date.6-11 The most important task in preparing to conduct a research interview is deciding what questions to ask during the

interview.6-12 After conducting a research interview, you should wait a few days to review and transcribe your notes6-14 When taking research notes, you should only write down information that you know you will use in your speech.7-1 Listeners usually find generalizations more interesting and convincing than specific statements.7-4 Examples are especially useful for getting listeners involved in a speech.7-5 A hypothetical example is an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation. 7-8 You should usually avoid using detailed examples because they will bore your audience7-9 The impact of an extended example often depends as much on the speaker's delivery as on the content of the

example.7-13 The main purpose of using statistics in a speech is to make the speech more vivid.7-16 In most cases, statistics speak for themselves and do not require a lot of explanation when used in a speech.

8-1 Research shows that a well-organized speech can increase the speaker's competence and trustworthiness in the minds of listeners.

8-4 It is important to know your main points before you begin researching your speech.8-5 Most speeches should have six to ten main points.8-13 Words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has completed one thought and is moving to another are called

bridges.8-15 Questions are particularly effective as signposts because they invite subliminal answers and thereby get the

audience more involved in the speech.9-1 You should usually work out the exact wording of the introduction after you have finished preparing the body of

your speech.9-6 The conclusion should normally make up about 20 to 25 percent of your speech.9-15 Even if the audience already knows your speech topic, you should usually restate it clearly and concisely at some

point in the introduction.10-5 In a preparation outline, the most important ideas are placed farthest to the left and the less important ideas are

placed progressively farther to the right.10-6 In a preparation outline, you should state your main points in brief phrases10-8 When selecting a title for your speech, you should avoid phrasing it as a question.10-11 In a preparation outline, main points are identified by capital letters.10-12 In a preparation outline, main points and subpoints should be written as full sentences10-13 Even though a speaking outline should be kept as brief as possible, you should usually write out quotations in full.11-1 Language mirrors reality.11-4 Inaccurate use of language can harm a speaker's credibility.11-5 An excellent way to improve your credibility as a speaker is to use fancy, complicated words rather than familiar

words.11-17 Language that is appropriate for some occasions may not be appropriate for others11-18 Using inclusive language is an important part of being an audience-centered public speaker11-19 For the sake of clarity, you should usually employ the generic "he" when speaking in public.

1-3 __________ is anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.

(A) Adrenaline (B) Visualization (C) Stage fright

1-5 __________ is controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for his or her presentation.

(A) Restrained anxiety (B) Positive nervousness (C) Performance anxiety (D) Focused nervousness

1-8 Critical thinking includes (A) seeing the relationships among ideas. (B) judging the credibility of statements. (C) assessing the soundness of evidence. (D) all of the above.

1-9 The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker are called ____________. (A) cues (B) feedback (C) prompts

1-10 The knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes through which each listener filters a message make up the listener's (A) frame of reference. (B) cognitive screen. (C) psychological filter. (D) attitudinal field.

1-12 __________ is mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation. (A) Focusing (B) Visualization (C) Representation (D) Channeling

1-14 According to your textbook, __________ is anything that impedes the communication of a message. (A) interference (B) blockage (C) distortion

1-15 __________ is the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. (A)Ethnocentrism (B) Egocentrism (C)Elitism

1-16 Which of the following is likely to help you deal with nervousness in your speeches?

(A) Visualize yourself giving a strong speech. (B) Focus on communicating rather than on being nervous. (C) Be thoroughly prepared for each speech. (D) All of the above.

1-17 Avoiding ethnocentrism means that public speakers should

(A) show respect for the cultures of the people they address. (B) assume that their personal values are shared by all the audience. (C) agree with the beliefs of all groups and cultures. (D) all the above.

1-19 While listening to a speech about gun control, Scott thought back to his experiences as an intern with the police department and decided that the speaker was knowledgeable about the subject. Scott was (A) missing the message due to the error of ethnocentrism. (B) sending feedback about the message to the speaker.(C) filtering the message through his frame of reference(D) empowering the speaker to make a change in the world

1-21 Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to help you deal with nervousness in your speeches?

(A) Be prepared to fail in your first few speeches. (B) Tell the audience how nervous you get when speaking(C) Work especially hard on your speech introduction.

2-1 Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy __________ responsibilities. (A) ethical (B) psychological(C) sociological

2-2 __________ is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. (A) Linguistics (B) Ethics (C) Theology

2-3 In public speaking, sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against (A) a set of ethical standards or guidelines. (B) the practicality of taking that course of action. (C) a set of legal criteria for acceptable speech. (D) the speaker's goals in a given situation.

2-6 Which of the following violates the speaker's ethical obligation to be honest in what she or he says? (A) juggling statistics (B) quoting out of context (C) citing unusual cases as typical examples (D) all of the above

2-8 __________ is the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups. (A) Name-calling (B) Ethnocentrism (C) Hyperbole

2-9 If you present another person's language or ideas as your own, you are guilty of __________. (A) defamation (B) personification (C) plagiarism

2-10 Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own is called (A) global plagiarism. (B) patchwork plagiarism. (C) incremental plagiarism. (D) admissible plagiarism.

2-11 Gabrielle, a physiology major, waited until the last minute to begin preparing her persuasive speech. When her friend Ken learned that she was panicking over the assignment, he gave her the outline of a speech he had delivered in class the previous semester. Gabrielle used the speech and presented it as her own.

(A) Gabrielle is guilty of no ethical offense because Ken willingly gave her his speech. (B) Gabrielle is guilty of patchwork plagiarism because she took her speech entirely from a single source and

passed it off as her own. (C) Gabrielle is guilty of global plagiarism because she took a speech entirely from a single source and passed

it off as her own. (D) Gabrielle is guilty of incremental plagiarism because she took ideas or language from two or three sources

and passed them off as her own.

2-12 When a speaker _____________, she restates or summarizes an author's ideas in her own words. (A} illustrates (B) rationalizes (C) paraphrases (D) All of the above

2-14 Even if your speech as a whole is ethical, you can still be guilty of __________ plagiarism if you fail to give credit for quotations, paraphrases, and other specific parts of the speech that are borrowed from other people.

(A) normal (B) incremental (C) technical

3-3 Listening for pleasure or enjoyment is called ____________ listening. (A) empathic (B) appreciative (C) comprehensive

3-4 __________ is listening to provide emotional support for a speaker. (A) Sincere listening (B) Comprehensive listening (C) Empathic listening (D) Critical listening

3-6 Listening to understand the message of a speaker is called __________ listening. (A) sympathetic (B) comprehensive (C) critical

3-7 Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it is called (A) critical listening. (B) argumentative listening. (C) judicious listening. (D) logical listening.

3-9 The two kinds of listening most closely tied to critical thinking are (A) appreciative listening and empathic listening. (B) empathic listening and comprehensive listening(C) comprehensive listening and critical listening. (D) critical listening and empathic listening.

3-12 At a coffee shop on campus, Rachel listens to her friend Shanti discuss his feelings about his mother's recent death. Rachel is engaged in ____________ listening.

(A) active (B) empathic (C) appreciative (D) critical

3-14 The first step to improving your listening skills is to (A) develop note-taking skills. (B) concentrate on a speaker's evidence. (C) accept the speaker's frame of reference. (D) take listening seriously.

3-15 __________ listeners give their undivided attention to the speaker in a genuine effort to understand her or his point of view.

(A) Formal

(B) Friendly (C) Active

3-17 Ian is attending a union meeting in which the union president is discussing the company's plan to decrease wages in exchange for an increase in vacation time. As Ian listens, he is trying to determine whether or not to vote for the plan. Ian is engaged in __________ listening.

(A) passive (B) emphatic (C) appreciative (D) critical

4-1 __________ is a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas. (A) Imaging (B) Brainstorming (C) Channeling

4-2 When your general purpose is to __________, you act as a teacher or lecturer. (A) inform (B) persuade (C) entertain

4-3 When you want to change or structure the attitudes of your audience, your general purpose is to __________. (A) inform (B) persuade (C) entertain

4-4 The __________ is a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in her or his speech

(A) introductory statement (B) general purpose statement (C) specific purpose statement (D) central idea

4-5 The __________ is a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the main points of a speech. (A) signpost (B) central idea (C) internal summary (D) hypothesis

4-7 "To persuade my audience that media violence is a major cause of violence in society" is an example of a(n) (A) hypothesis. (B) internal preview(C) specific purpose statement. (D) topic summary.

4-8 Identify the flaw in the following specific purpose statement: "Why should the university raise tuition?" (A) It's too specific. (B) It's too technical. (C) It's expressed as a question. (D) All of the above.

4-9 Identify the flaw in the following specific purpose statement: "To persuade my audience that Congress should ban handguns in public places and increase spending for education."

(A) It's too political. (B) It expresses the speaker's opinion. (C) It contains two unrelated ideas. (D) All of the above.

4-10 Identify the flaw in the following central idea for a speech: "Something should be done about global warming." (A) It's too vague.

(B) It's too persuasive. (C) It's too impersonal. (D) It's too trivial.

4-12 The __________ is what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech. (A) residual message (B) concluding statement (C) general purpose (D) attention statement

4-13 What is the central idea of a speech with the following main points:

I. Isabel Baumfree was born into slavery in the state of New York during the 1790s.II. After undergoing a conversion experience and changing her name to Sojourner Truth, she began preaching during the 1840s. III. Over the next few decades, she became a celebrated speaker for various reform causes.

(A) The life of Sojourner Truth. (B) Sojourner Truth: From Slavery to Freedom (C) To inform my audience about the life of Sojourner Truth. (D) Sojourner Truth was born into slavery, underwent a conversion experience, and became a speaker for

various reform causes.

5-1 The primary purpose of speechmaking is to (A) display your knowledge about a topic. (B) gain a desired response from listeners. (C) enhance the audience's self-concept. (D) promote your ethical standards.

5-2 Audience-centeredness involves keeping your audience foremost in mind (A) when you deliver your speech. (B) when you organize and outline your speech. (C) when you choose a topic for your speech. (D) at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

5-5 The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being is called (A) egocentrism. (B) audience-centeredness(C) individualism. (D) pragmatism.

5-6 The process of creating a bond with listeners by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences is called __________ by communication scholars(A) association (B) identification (C) cooperation

5-7 Which of the following is discussed as major factors in demographic audience analysis? (A) education, cultural background, and interest in the topic (B) physical setting, religion, and audience size (C) gender, age, group membership, and sexual orientation (D) social status, ethnicity, and attitude toward the topic

5-9 Which of the following is a factor in situational audience analysis? (A) the size of the audience (B) the religion of the audience (C) the gender of the audience (D) the age of the audience

5-10 When gauging your audience's disposition toward the speech topic, you should take into account

(A) interest in the topic. (B) knowledge about the topic. (C) attitude toward the topic. (D) all of the above.

5-12 Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers are called __________ questions. (A) inclusive (B) scale (C) open-ended (D)fixed-alternative

5-13 "Do you think gun control is a workable solution to the problem of violence in U.S. schools?" is an example of a(n) __________ question. (A) inclusive (B) fixed-alternative (C) demographic (D) open-ended

5-14 Mayor Kathleen Baldwin has been asked to address the Wakefield Community Association about the issue of constructing a swimming pool in the neighborhood. The most important factor Baldwin should consider when analyzing her audience is probably its (A) age. (B) gender. (C) attitude toward the topic. (D) religion.

5-15 Dr. Kristin Lutz is preparing an informative talk about Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome for an audience of expectant parents. The most important factor Dr. Lutz should consider when analyzing her audience is probably its (A) knowledge of the topic. (B) disposition toward the speaker. (C) cultural background. (D) size.

6-1 The __________ is the key to finding materials in the library(A) index (B) file (C) catalogue

6-2 Most library catalogues allow you to search for books by (A) author. (B) title. (C) keyword. (D) all of the above.

6-3 __________ are used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

(A) Call numbers (B) Reference guides (C) Shelf locators (D) Index marks

6-4 If you want to find journal or magazine articles on your speech topic, you should consult a(n) (A) encyclopedia. (B) periodical database. (C) reference locator(D) card catalogue.

6-7 If you need information about a specific person, you should consult a __________ such as Who's Who, Dictionary of Hispanic Biography, Notable American Women, or Contemporary Black Biography.

(A) yearbook

(B) biographical aid (C) search engine (D) general index

6-8 The three kinds of search aids discussed in the chapter for finding documents on the Internet are (A) electronic databases, bookmarks, and reference locators. (B) Yahoo, AltaVista, and the Librarians' Index to the Internet. (C) search engines, metasearch engines, and virtual libraries. (D) America Online, Netscape, and Internet Explorer.

6-9 If there is no clearly identified author for a document on the Internet, you should try to determine the __________ that is responsible for the document. (A) mentor (B) ghost writer (C) sponsoring organization (D) collaborator

6-13 A __________ is a list, compiled early in the research process, of books and articles that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

(A) research summary (B) preliminary bibliography (C) citation index (D) source guide

7-2 The three kinds of supporting materials discussed in this chapter are (A) questions, answers, and conclusions. (B) statistics, examples, and testimony. (C) generalizations, statements, and opinions. (D) descriptions, figures, and analysis.

7-3 A(n) __________ is a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

(A) example (B) phenomenon (C) testimonial 7-6 A(n) __________ example is a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point. (A) brief (B) irregular (C) minor

7-7 A(n) __________ example is a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point. (A) general (B) extended (C) illustrative

7-10 The __________ is the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers. (A) mean (B) median (C) mode

7-11 What is the median in the following set of numbers: 500, 600, 650, 700, 750? (A) 500 (B) 600 (C) 650 (D) 700 (E) 750

7-12 The term for the statistical measure popularly known as the "average" is the __________. (A) mean (B) median

(C) mode

7-14 If you quoted your sixteen-year-old niece on the impact of media violence on high-school students, you would be using __________ testimony.

(A) regular (B) individual (C) peer

7-15 Research indicates that the impact of examples is greatly enhanced when they are followed by __________ that show the examples are typical. (A) axioms (B) comparisons (C) statistics

7-17 When using statistics in a speech, you should (A) round off complicated statistics. (B) identify the sources of your statistics(C) use statistics sparingly. (D) all of the above.

7-18 What type of supporting material would you be using if you quoted Yale physicist Daniel Timbie on the compatibility of the big bang theory with religious philosophies?

(A) expert testimony (B) scientific testimony (C) instrumental testimony (D) formal testimony

7-19 To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words is to (A) generalize. (B) quote informally. (C) quote out of context. (D) paraphrase.

8-2 __________ organization involves putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

(A) Logical (B) Strategic (C) Linguistic (D) Formal

8-3 The __________ is the longest and most important part of the speech. (A) introduction (B) body (C) conclusion

8-6 The most effective order of main points in a speech depends on your (A) topic, purpose, and audience. (B) assignment, credibility, and research. (C) supporting materials, connectives, and introduction. (D) conclusion, reasoning, and background.

8-7 __________ order is a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern. (A) Causal (B) Chronological (C) Spatial

8-8 Here are the main points for an informative speech:

I. In 1827 the Cherokee tribe of Georgia declared themselves an independent state.

II. From 1828 to 1834 the Georgia legislature passed laws that destroyed the Cherokee political structure.III. During the winter of 1838 the Cherokee were driven out of Georgia in a tragic march along a route that became known as the Trail of Tears.

These main points are arranged in __________ order. (A) spatial (B) chronological (C) topical

8-9__________ order results when you divide the speech topic into subtopics, each of which becomes a main point in the speech. (A) Topical (B) Structural (C) Formal

8-10 Here are the main points for an informative speech about UFOs:

I. Roswell, New Mexico, has been the focus of intense speculation about UFOs since a mysterious aircraft crashed there in 1947. II. Area S-4 of Nellis Air Force range in Groom Lake, Nevada, is believed by some people to be a scene of UFO activity.III. Other places known for reported UFO activities include Wisconsin, Alabama, and upstate New York.

These main points are arranged in __________ order. (A) spatial (B) analytical (C) scenic

8-11 A __________ is a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them. (A) link (B) connective (C) bridge

8-12 If the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?

As I shall explain next, solving the problem of groundwater contamination involves two steps: limiting new development and requiring builders to use more efficient septic systems. (A) transition (B) internal summary (C) internal preview (D) paraphrase

8-14 Words such as "First," "Next," "Finally," and "Above all" are often used as __________ to indicate where a speaker is in the speech or to help focus attention on key issues.

(A) transitions (B) tags (C) signposts

8-16 If the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?

So far we have learned that Sor Juana was a Mexican nun who lived during the 17th century and that she was exceptionally educated for a woman of her time(A) transition (B) internal summary (C) internal preview (D) paraphrase

8-17 Which organizational pattern would be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose, "To inform my audience about the four major elements in a landscape painting"? (A) topical (B) chronological (C) causal

8-18 Here are the main points for an informative speech about hospital-acquired infections:

I. Over the past 20 years the rate of hospital-acquired infections has increased dramatically. II. The two major causes for this increase are poor sanitary procedures in hospitals and the emergence of new strains of infections. These main points are arranged in __________ order. (A) topical (B) chronological (C) causal

8-19When preparing main points for a speech, you should (A) phrase them as questions to gain attention. (B) vary the wording of each point to maintain interest. (C) try to get as many ideas as possible into each point. (D) balance the amount of time devoted to each point.

8-20 Here are the main points for a speech about swing music:

I. Swing music involves a slight rhythmic hesitation. II. Swing music is rooted in jazz forms such as ragtime and blues. III. Swing music is closely identified with the "Big Band" sound.

These main points are arranged in __________ order. (A) formal (B) chronological (C) topical

8-21Which organizational pattern would be most effective for arranging a speech with the central idea, "The problem of adult illiteracy can be solved by a combination of individual and government action." (A) topical order (B) problem-solution order (C) chronological order (D) causal order

8-22 Here are the main points for a speech about the major steps of treating a person in shock.

I. First, you must position the victim to prevent further injury. II. Second, you need to keep the victim warm. III. Third, you should administer fluids if the victim is conscious.

These main points are arranged in __________ order. (A) descending (B) chronological (C) topical

9-2 If you were giving an informative speech on the subject of troglodytes, you would probably include a __________ in your introduction. (A) definition (B) startling statement (C) personal story (D) narrative

9-3 As explained in this chapter, even when you use other interest-arousing lures in a speech introduction, you should always __________. (A) startle the audience (B) ask the audience a question (C) relate the topic to the audience (D) begin with a quotation

9-4 A __________ ending is a type of speech conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement. (A) restrictive (B) dissolve (C) crescendo

9-5 A __________ identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech. (A) goodwill statement (B) credibility statement (C) transition statement (D) preview statement

9-7 __________ is the audience's perception of whether the speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. (A) Empathy (B) Credibility (C) Receptivity

9-8 An excellent way to give your speech psychological unity is to conclude by (A) making a dramatic statement. (B) quoting from a famous individual. (C) reemphasizing your credibility. (D) referring to the introduction.

9-9 When a speaker uses a __________ ending, the speech builds in force until it reaches a zenith of power and intensity.

(A) crescendo (B) commemorative (C) cascade

9-10 When you advocate a highly unpopular position, it is particularly important to __________ in the introduction of your speech.

(A) get the audience's attention (B) establish goodwill toward the audience (C) state your topic clearly and concisely (D) preview the main points of the speech

9-11 A direct appeal to your audience for action is most appropriate in the conclusion of a(n) __________ speech. (A) informative (B) persuasive (C) commemorative

9-12 A __________ is a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud. (A) rhetorical question (B) neutral question (C) latent question (D) nonverbal question

9-13 __________ is the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind. (A) Integrity (B) Goodwill (C) Sympathy

9-14 The __________ is usually the last element of a speech introduction and provides a smooth lead-in to the body of the speech.

(A) bridge statement (B) credibility statement (C) organizing statement (D) preview statement

10-1 A __________ outline is a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation. (A) preliminary (B) introductory (C) preparation

10-2 A preparation outline should include (A) a bibliography. (B) research notes. (C) delivery cues. (D) all of the above.

10-3 A preparation outline should include (A) a specific purpose statement. (B) a central idea. (C) connectives. (D) all of the above.

10-4 The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline shows the __________ of the speech. (A) visual framework (B) indirect organization (C) informal structure (D) residual message

10-7 A __________ is a list of the sources used in preparing a speech. (A) bibliography (B) biography (C) commentary

10-9 A __________ outline is a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech. (A) visual (B) speaking (C) final

10-10 When preparing a speaking outline, you should (A) include many details so you won't forget what to say. (B) use complete sentences to ensure full development of ideas. (C) give yourself cues for delivering the speech. (D) all of the above.

10-14 in a speaking outline, words such as "Pause," "Faster Here," and "Slow Down" are __________ that help a speaker remember how she or he wants to present key parts of the speech.

(A) speech tags (B) delivery cues (C) stage directions (D) oral guides

10-15 A speech title should (A) be brief. (B) encapsulate the main thrust of your speech. (C) attract the attention of your audience. (D) all of the above.

10-16 Which of the following is a correctly worded main point for a speech preparation outline? (A) Bagpipes (B) Did you know that the bagpipe is among the oldest of reed instruments? (C) The history of the bagpipe dates to ancient Greece. (D) Bagpipes: Ancient Air Instruments

10-17 Below are a main point and three subpoints from a preparation outline about body piercing. Which is the main point?

(A) A pierced tongue can result in loss of taste. (B) A pierced tongue can result in an infection. (C) Tongue-piercing can pose several hazards. (D) A pierced tongue can result in chipped teeth.

10-18 Below is a main point, a subpoint, and two sub-subpoints from a preparation outline about acoustical engineering. Which is the subpoint?

(A) Noise control is an issue both for indoor and outdoor settings. (B) Indoors, noise control deals with everything from electric appliances to crowd noise at sports events and concerts. (C) One major element in acoustical engineering is noise control. (D) Outdoors, noise control deals with the sounds of nature as well as with the sounds created by modern technology.

11-2 The denotative meaning of a word is (A) emotionally explosive like a detonation. (B) derived from the audience's frame of reference. (C) its literal meaning or dictionary definition. (D) based on listeners' dispositions toward the topic.

11-3 The __________ meaning of a word is what the word suggests or implies. (A) correlative (B) connotative (C) contractual

11-6 The more __________ a word, the more specific it will be. (A) concrete (B) connotative (C) correct

11-7 The more __________ a word, the more ambiguous it will be. (A) artistic (B) denotative (C) abstract

11-8 Which of the following is the most concrete and specific? (A) building (B) White House (C) shelter (D) house

11-9 Which of the following is the most general and abstract? (A) speech (B) Biology 100 lecture (C) communication (D) lecture

11-10 "The steady flow of traffic sounded like the rush of a great river" is an example of (A) simile. (B) antithesis. (C) oxymoron. (D) metaphor.

11-11 "Once given a push, the machine of justice rolls on by itself" is an example of (A) metonymy. (B) alliteration. (C) personification. (D) metaphor.

11-12__________ is repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. (A) Antithesis (B) Parallelism (C) Alliteration

11-13 __________ is the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words. (A) Rhythm (B) Intonation (C) Phonetics

11-14 "His ideas are as worthless as withered weeds" is an example of (A) simile and alliteration. (B) repetition and antithesis. (C) imagery and personification. (D) parallelism and metaphor.

11-15 "Our mission is to serve justice, to right wrong, and to protect democracy" is an example of (A) simile (B) parallelism (C) oxymoron

11-16 "United there is little we can do; divided there is little we cannot do" is an example of (A) metaphor. (B) antithesis. (C) metonymy. (D) all of the above.