testbanku.eu … · Web viewhow a specific stimulus evokes a specific response. the purposes of people's behaviour. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-50 Page-Reference: 9 Topic: Psychology

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/

Test Bank for Psychology An Exploration 1st Canadian Edition by CiccarelliComplete downloadable file at:https://testbanku.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-An-Exploration-1st-Canadian-Edition-by-Ciccarelli

Chapter 01 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?

the scientific study of behaviourthe scientific study of mental processesthe scientific study of behaviour and mental processesthe scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-01Page-Reference: 4Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: FObjective: 1.1

Answer: the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

2. In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to ____________.

internal, covert processesoutward behaviourovert actions and reactionsonly animal behaviour


Answer: internal, covert processes

3. You are at a hockey game and the arena is packed; the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams. At one point, the referee makes a call. Half of the fans yell insults; the other half shout their approval. The event reminds you of the topic of today's lecture in psychology class. What was the likely topic of the lecture?

biasexperimentspsychoanalysisextraneous variables

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-03Page-Reference: 4Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: AObjective: 1.1

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

https://testbanku.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-An-Exploration-1st-Canadian-Edition-by-Ciccarelli


Answer: bias

4. Marci is a fan of the Toronto Raptors basketball team. With little provocation, she will engage you in a debate about whether it is the greatest team in basketball. Marci may be demonstrating ________.

biascritical thinkingan eclectic approachunconscious behaviour


Answer: bias

5. A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is late to class, does not turn in her homework, squirms a lot in her seat, and swings her feet constantly. This is an example of which goal of psychology?

describing behaviourexplaining behaviourpredicting behaviourcontrolling behaviour


Answer: describing behaviour

6. The question "What is happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

descriptionexplanationpredictioncontrol


Answer: description



7. The goals of psychology are to ________.

explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mindunderstand, compare, and analyze human behaviourimprove psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until deathdescribe, explain, predict, and control behaviour

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-07Page-Reference: 4-5Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: FObjective: 1.1

Answer: describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour

8. The question "Why is it happening?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?


Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-08Page-Reference: 4-5Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: FObjective: 1.1

Answer: explanation

9. A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of ________.


Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-09Page-Reference: 4-5Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: AObjective: 1.1

Answer: explanation

10. Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores, it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology?

describing behaviourexplaining behaviourpredicting behaviourcontrolling behaviour




Answer: predicting behaviour

11. The question "When will it happen again?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?



Answer: prediction

12. In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behaviour, psychology also attempts to ________ these phenomena.

predict and controlanalyze and manipulatecategorize and organizesynthesize and regulate

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-12Page-Reference: 5Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: CObjective: 1.1

Answer: predict and control

13. The question "How can it be changed?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?





Answer: control

14. Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine the kinds of jobs at which those employees might perform best are interested in the goal of ________.



Answer: prediction

15. Description is to assessment as ________ is to prognosis.

predictionexplanationindicationcontrol

Difficulty: 3QuestionID: 01-1-15Page-Reference: 5Topic: What Is Psychology?Skill: CObjective: 1.1

Answer: prediction

16. In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was developed by ________.

William JamesWilliam TellWilhelm WundtSigmund Freud

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-16Page-Reference: 6Topic: Psychology Then—The History of PsychologySkill: FObjective: 1.2

Answer: Wilhelm Wundt



17. At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to ________.

analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elementsdetermine the function or purpose of a particular human behaviourlisten intently while individuals tell him about their depression or nervousnesscarefully feel the bumps on a person's head to determine his or her character traits

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-17Page-Reference: 6Topic: Psychology Then—The History of PsychologySkill: AObjective: 1.2

Answer: analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements

18. The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.

interventionintrospectioninsight inventoryinduction


Answer: introspection

19. Which early school of psychology proposed that consciousness was made up of two types of elements: sensations and thoughts?

FunctionalismGestalt psychologyPsychodynamic theoryStructuralism

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-19Page-Reference: 6Topic: Psychology Then—The History of PsychologySkill: CObjective: 1.2

Answer: Structuralism



20. Objective introspection requires

metaphysical experiences.self-skepticism about experiences.empiricism.examining one's own thoughts and mental activities.


Answer: examining one's own thoughts and mental activities.

21. Participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its colour, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called ________.

hypnosisobjective introspectionpsychosurgerypsychoanalysis


Answer: objective introspection

22. Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?

They wanted to identify the major brain structures.Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind.They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.


Answer: Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.



23. The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they

examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes.were the first to use brain-scanning techniques to learn about the structure of the brain.realized the limits of introspection and focused on the structure of behaviours.were strongly influenced by Charles Darwin.


Answer: examined consciousness and the structure of mental processes.

24. What is the best analogy for Wundt's and Titchener's mission for psychology?

a chart listing the basic chemical elementsa list of the courses required for graduationa list of the types of clothing sold at a retail outleta computer program for word processing a term paper


Answer: a chart listing the basic chemical elements

25. When American _____________ was hired by the University of Toronto in 1889 to set up a psychological laboratory, his appointment set off a flurry of protest and petition-signing because he was viewed as an "outsider."

Edward TitchenerErnest CornellJames Mark BaldwinWilhelm Wundt

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-25Page-Reference: 6-7Topic: Psychology Then—The History of PsychologySkill: FObjective: 1.2

Answer: James Mark Baldwin

26. Who was an early proponent of functionalism?

Ivan PavlovWilliam JamesWilhelm WundtMax Wertheimer




Answer: William James

27. How our minds help us to adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early movement of psychology?

behaviourismcognitivismfunctionalismstructuralism


Answer: functionalism

28. If an individual believed that why people think and feel as they do is more important than what they think and how they think, that individual would be a proponent of the ________ approach to psychology.

structuralistfunctionalistpsychodynamicbehaviourist


Answer: functionalist

29. Which of the following terms belong together?

structuralism; observable behaviourGestalt; separate partspsychoanalysis; conscious conflictnatural selection; functionalism

Difficulty: 3QuestionID: 01-1-29Page-Reference: 7Topic: Psychology Then—The History of PsychologySkill: CObjective: 1.2-1.3



Answer: natural selection; functionalism

30. If a functionalist from the 1870s were alive today, where would we most likely find him?

in a laboratory, studying principles of perceptionin a school, working to improve teaching methodsin a mountain retreat, contemplating the meaning of lifein a sleep laboratory, trying to determine if our need for sleep is biologically based


Answer: in a school, working to improve teaching methods

31. Which type of early psychologist believed that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"?

Gestaltbehaviouriststructuralistfunctionalist


Answer: Gestalt

32. "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of ________.

introspectionfunctionalismpsychoanalysisGestalt psychologists


Answer: Gestalt psychologists



33. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move. Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you to understand this phenomenon?

Gestaltbehaviouralhumanisticpsychodynamic


Answer: Gestalt

34. Gestalt psychology attempted to discover

how the mind helped people to adapt to the world.the overall patterns of perceptions and thoughts.the basic building blocks of consciousness.the unconscious motivations for human functioning.


Answer: the overall patterns of perceptions and thoughts.

35. The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called ________.

psychoanalysiscognitive psychologybehavioural psychologysocial psychology


Answer: cognitive psychology

36. The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behaviour is part of what early field of psychology?

structuralismfunctionalismpsychoanalysisbehaviourism




Answer: psychoanalysis

37. What did Sigmund Freud consider the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?

free willbrain physiologythe unconscious mindexternal consequences

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-37Page-Reference: 8-9Topic: Psychology Then—The History of PsychologySkill: CObjective: 1.3

Answer: the unconscious mind

38. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is: "Focused on unconscious factors and relied on the case study method." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?

"Who is B. F. Skinner?""Who are the humanists?""Who is Sigmund Freud?""Who are the behaviourists?"


Answer: "Who is Sigmund Freud?"

39. Freud stressed the importance of ________ on the formation of personality.

early childhood experiencesadolescenceearly adulthoodmiddle adulthood




Answer: early childhood experiences

40. According to ________, nervous disorders arose in patients as a result of their repressed unconscious urges trying to surface.

John WatsonB. F. SkinnerSigmund FreudIvan Pavlov


Answer: Sigmund Freud

41. According to Freud, unconscious urges

are able to be suppressed.pertain only to sex.attempt to surface and affect our behaviours.have no impact on everyday life.


Answer: attempt to surface and affect our behaviours.

42. The work of Freud was built around ________.

a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processesa theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflictsa method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behaviour without interfering with the behavioura method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviours are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations




Answer: a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

43. Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients?

drug therapyneuropsychologyclinical psychologypsychoanalysis


Answer: psychoanalysis

44. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that ________.

dogs would salivate to the sound of a bell due to habituationdogs would salivate to the sound of a bell due to reflexologydogs would salivate to the sound of a bell due to a learned reflexive response called conditioningdogs would salivate to the sound of a bell due to their fear response


Answer: dogs would salivate to the sound of a bell due to a learned reflexive response called conditioning

45. Sallie noticed that when her alarm clock goes off in the morning her dog, Ruffles, is standing by her bed salivating. Every morning when Sallie wakes to the alarm, she immediately rolls out of bed and feeds Ruffles, who very much enjoys his canned dog food. It is likely that ________.

Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to enjoy canned dog foodSallie has conditioned Ruffles to sleep next to her bedSallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate over canned dog foodSallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate to the sound of her alarm clock




Answer: Sallie has conditioned Ruffles to salivate to the sound of her alarm clock

46. Pavlov's research demonstrated that _________________________.

an involuntary reaction (salivation) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell)an unrelated stimulus (salivation) could occur in response to an involuntary reaction (sound of a bell)an involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (food)an unrelated stimulus (food) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (barking)


Answer: an involuntary reaction (salivation) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell)

47. Which founding contributors to psychology helped to develop behaviourism?

Gestalt and WundtFreud and WatsonWatson and PavlovPavlov and Wundt


Answer: Watson and Pavlov

48. John B. Watson believed that psychology should involve the study of ________.

behaviourthe mindthe brainconsciousness




Answer: behaviour

49. Which school of psychology questioned whether psychologists should study the mind?

psychodynamic theorybehaviourismGestalt psychologythe cognitive revolution


Answer: behaviourism

50. The school of behaviourism attempted to explain behaviour by studying

the reasons that people give for their behaviours.the specific personality traits that lead to behaviour.how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response.the purposes of people's behaviour.


Answer: how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response.

51. What advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?

"Focus on observable behaviour.""Life is an effort to overcome inferiority.""We cannot know others until we know ourselves.""Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes."




Answer: "Focus on observable behaviour."

52. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behaviour because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?

Gestalt psychologistbehaviouristpsychodynamic psychologistfunctionalist


Answer: behaviourist

53. Freud said that phobias were ________ whereas Watson said that phobias were ________.

learned; inheritedrepressed conflicts; learnedsexual; unconsciousconditioned; unconditioned


Answer: repressed conflicts; learned

54. Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behaviour?

William James and Wilhelm WundtB. F. Skinner and Max WertheimerIvan Pavlov and John B. WatsonCarl Rogers and Edward Titchener


Answer: Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson



55. Suppose that you were a graduate student studying for a PhD in psychology in the 1920s. Your adviser was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your adviser consider an acceptable choice for your research?

a survey of daydreamsan analysis of how specific behaviours are acquireda survey of sexual imagery in the dreams of men and womenan analysis of the thought processes that students report while answering test items


Answer: an analysis of how specific behaviours are acquired

56. The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of ________.

WatsonWundtGestaltFreud

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-56Page-Reference: 10Topic: Psychology Now—Modern PerspectivesSkill: CObjective: 1.4

Answer: Freud

57. The modern psychodynamic perspective differs from Freud's original model in that today there is less emphasis on

early life experiences.the unconscious mind.developing a sense of self.sexual motivations.


Answer: sexual motivations.



58. Professor Wenches approaches questions about human behaviour from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

social-cognitive learninglearningcognitive approachpsychodynamic approach

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-58Page-Reference: 10Topic: Psychology Now—Modern PerspectivesSkill: AObjective: 1.4

Answer: psychodynamic approach

59. Who claimed that behaviour is affected by reinforcement?

William JamesSigmund FreudB. F. SkinnerWilhelm Wundt

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-59Page-Reference: 11Topic: Psychology Now—Modern PerspectivesSkill: FObjective: 1.4

Answer: B. F. Skinner

60. Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behaviour?

William James and Wilhelm WundtB. F. Skinner and Max WertheimerB. F. Skinner and John B. WatsonCarl Rogers and Edward Titchener


Answer: B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson



61. You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will, human nature, and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?

behaviourismhumanismfunctionalismpsychodynamic


Answer: humanism

62. Self-actualization was part of which of the following perspectives?

behaviourismcognitive perspectivefunctionalismhumanism


Answer: humanism

63. Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?

psychoanalysishumanismcognitive perspectivebehaviourism


Answer: humanism

64. Dr. Fallon conducts research aimed at understanding creativity, joy, optimism, and self-improvement. Dr. Fallon works in the area of

psychoanalysispositive psychologycognitive psychologybehaviourism




Answer: positive psychology

65. In the early part of the past century, psychologists who broke down thought processes into their basic elements and analyzed them were called structuralists. What term might we use to describe psychologists with similar interests today?

Gestaltcognitivebehaviouralhumanistic


Answer: cognitive

66. Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain with ________ and ________.

electrolysis; PETPET; MRIMRI; electrolysisGamma images; electrolysis


Answer: PET; MRI

67. Josh has been participating in a clinical study conducted by a cognitive neuroscientist. It is likely that his brain is being studied to explore ________.

memorythinkingother cognitive processesall of the above

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-67Page-Reference: 11-12Topic: Psychology Now—Modern PerspectivesSkill: AObjective: 1.4



Answer: all of the above

68. The emerging field of brain imagery in cognitive neuroscience has developed methods, such as MRI, to examine ________.

images of the living brainbiopsies of the brain of a cadaverselect biopsied portions of a brainacute time of death in stroke patients


Answer: images of the living brain

69. If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behaviour, you are interested in the ________ perspective.

behaviouralsocioculturalpsychodynamiccognitive


Answer: sociocultural

70. Samantha just had her purse stolen while walking down Fifth Avenue in New York City, which is a very busy street in Manhattan. She screamed loudly and several people looked in her direction, but nobody stopped or made an attempt to help. She immediately broke down in tears and trembled for 10 minutes until she could walk to her car. This is an example of

democracythe bystander effectdiffusion of effectsflaws in the judicial system


Answer: the bystander effect



71. Jeff's car broke down and smoke started rising from the engine. He felt lucky to have broken down while parked in the centre of town during lunch when many people were outside and available to help. However, even after 30 minutes had passed and despite the heavily populated area, nobody offered him assistance. This is an example of the ________.

zeitgeistbehaviourist effectbystander effectself-serving prophecy


Answer: bystander effect

72. In studying the bystander effect, a researcher is interested in looking at the differences between prison guards in China and the United Kingdom. The researcher is taking a(n) ________ in this cross-cultural study.

Eurocentric perspectiveegocentric perspectiveculturio perspectivesociocultural perspective


Answer: sociocultural perspective

73. Darley and Latané (1968) believed that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased the likelihood that they would receive help due to ________.

diffusion of anonymitydiffusion of responsibilityflaws in the laws protecting Good Samaritanstimeliness of onset


Answer: diffusion of responsibility



74. Shorey (2001) found that the brutal death of a Somali prisoner in a Canadian military facility could have been prevented. One reason why the beating was not stopped was the ________.

bystander effectzeitgeistbehaviourist effectCanadian prison policy


Answer: bystander effect

75. Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behaviour from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals, such as hormones, associated with behaviour. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?

biopsychologicallearningcognitivesociocultural


Answer: biopsychological

76. Which prominent Canadian psychologist argued against the prevailing behaviouristic view and stated that brain activity could be directly related to behavioural and mental acts?

Donald HebbCarl RogersJames Mark BaldwinWilhelm Wundt


Answer: Donald Hebb



77. Which prominent Canadian psychologist may have knowingly or unknowingly worked for the CIA as a result of his research on sensory deprivation?

Wilhelm WundtCarl RogersDonald HebbJames Mark Baldwin


Answer: Donald Hebb

78. Evolutionary psychology might suggest that certain cognitive strategies and goals are built into the brain because

they help humans adapt to their natural environment.human brains are similar to the brains of the higher primates.they are the result of learning that has taken place over many centuries.they are the result of memories we have inherited from our ancestors.


Answer: they help humans adapt to their natural environment.

79. Dr. Mosher is a psychologist who tries to understand how people select their mates. She must be a(n) ________.

behavioural psychologistcognitive psychologistevolutionary psychologistbiopsychological psychologist


Answer: evolutionary psychologist

80. Which perspective assumes that human behaviour may have developed in certain directions because it served a useful function in preserving the species?

psychoanalysisbehaviourismcognitive psychologyevolutionary psychology




Answer: evolutionary psychology

81. Dr. Jones probably agrees with the ________ theory of psychology, since he contends that humans are an intelligent species due to the fact that intelligence gives us an advantage in the natural world.

psychoanalyticbehaviouralcognitiveevolutionary


Answer: evolutionary

82. Which of the following statements is correct?

A psychologist requires no medical training.A psychiatrist generally goes to graduate school, not to medical school.Psychiatric social workers can prescribe medication.An MD and a PhD are pretty much the same thing.

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-82Page-Reference: 14-16Topic: Psychological Professionals and Areas of SpecializationSkill: FObjective: 1.5

Answer: A psychologist requires no medical training.

83. What is one similarity shared by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists?

They obtain the same graduate degree.They have the same training experiences after university.They view abnormal behaviours as arising from the same causes.They diagnose and treat people who are experiencing behavioural and emotional problems.



Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-83Page-Reference: 14-15Topic: Psychological Professionals and Areas of SpecializationSkill: CObjective: 1.5

Answer: They diagnose and treat people who are experiencing behavioural and emotional problems.

84. The largest number of psychologists work in ________.

private practicepublic schoolgovernmentcolleges and universities

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-84Page-Reference: 15Topic: Psychological Professionals and Areas of SpecializationSkill: AObjective: 1.5

Answer: colleges and universities

85. According to present research on psychologists, 34 percent are in the ________ subfield of psychology.

counsellingindustrial/organizationaldevelopmentalclinical

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-85Page-Reference: 15Topic: Psychological Professionals and Areas of SpecializationSkill: FObjective: 1.5

Answer: clinical

86. According to the present research on psychologists, the three most popular work settings are ____________, ________, and ________.

universities and four-year colleges; self-employed; private for-profitself-employed; provincial and local government; non-profitprovincial and local government; federal government; self-employeduniversities and four-year colleges; non-profit; federal government




Answer: universities and four-year colleges; self-employed; private for-profit

87. There are several subfields of psychology according to the present research. The three largest subfields of psychology are ____________, ________, and ________.

clinical; counselling; developmentalcognitive; clinical; developmentalindustrial/organizational; counselling; clinicalsocial; experimental; school


Answer: clinical; counselling; developmental

88. Dr. Braunz has been treating a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. She decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Braunz is a ________.

psychiatristpsychoanalysthumanistic psychologistschool psychologist


Answer: psychiatrist

89. On a television talk show an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist in Hollywood. You conclude that the actor's therapist is probably a ________.

podiatristpsychiatristclinical psychologistcounselling psychologist





90. A person who has suffered a major stroke and is now experiencing severe personality problems because of the damage would BEST be advised to see a ________ because this problem appears to have a significant medical component to it.

psychiatristcognitive psychologistpsychiatric social workerpsychologist

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-90Page-Reference: 15Topic: Psychological Professionals and Areas of SpecializationSkill: CObjective: 1.5


91. Sandi is a single mother living in a housing project in a poor section of the city. She has addiction issues and just lost custody of her three children. What type of professional is most likely to get involved in Sandi's situation?

educational psychologistpsychiatristpsychiatric social workercounsellor

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-91Page-Reference: 15-16Topic: Psychological Professionals and Areas of SpecializationSkill: AObjective: 1.5

Answer: psychiatric social worker

92. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I will take Specialties in Psychology for $300." The revealed answer is: "These psychological professionals work with situations in which environmental conditions may have an impact on mental health." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?

"What is a neuropsychologist?""What is a forensic psychologist?""What is a psychiatric social worker?""What is a developmental psychologist?"


Answer: "What is a psychiatric social worker?"



93. The term __________ refers to a mental health professional who generally has at least a master's degree and who typically treats individual dysfunction and family problems but also may deal with other problems such as addiction or abuse.

psychiatric social workerpsychiatristpsychoanalysteducational psychologist



94. Vido has an MSW and is interested in working on the causes of poverty. What type of professional is Vido?

social psychologistpsychiatristschool psychologistpsychiatric social worker

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-94Page-Reference: 15-16Topic: Psychological Professionals and Areas of SpecializationSkill: AObjective: 1.5


95. ________ is a system used to reduce bias and error in the measurement of data.

StatisticsThe scientific methodChecks and balancesThe double-blind method

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-95Page-Reference: 16Topic: Psychology—The Scientific MethodologySkill: FObjective: 1.6

Answer: The scientific method

96. The first step in any scientific investigation is ________.

forming the hypothesisperceiving the questioncoming to a conclusiondeveloping an argument




Answer: perceiving the question

97. Perceiving the question is the first step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

describingexplainingpredictingchanging

Difficulty: 3QuestionID: 01-1-97Page-Reference: 17Topic: Psychology—The Scientific MethodologySkill: CObjective: 1.6

Answer: describing

98. "Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ________.

conclusionresulthypothesisfact

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-98Page-Reference: 17Topic: Psychology—The Scientific MethodologySkill: AObjective: 1.6

Answer: hypothesis

99. Sally proposes the idea that one's sexual history prior to marriage may be linked to whether one ends up getting divorced. This best represents which step of the scientific method?

testing the hypothesisobserving eventsforming a hypothesisformulating a theory




Answer: forming a hypothesis

100. Forming a hypothesis is the second step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

controllingexplainingpredictingchanging


Answer: explaining

101. After reading about the possible causes of schizophrenia, a scientist thinks that a virus is the most likely cause. What term most accurately describes the scientist's idea?

hypothesisdependent variableextraneous variableexperimental estimate


Answer: hypothesis

102. The tendency to look for information that supports one's own belief is called ________.

the principle of falsifiabilityconfirmation biascriterion validityvolunteer bias


Answer: confirmation bias



103. Testing a hypothesis is the third step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology?

describingexplainingpredictingchanging


Answer: explaining

104. What is one of the major reasons that psychologists report results publicly?

to comply with legal requirementsto identify all extraneous variablesto allow researchers to replicate experimentsto explain research results so that non-psychologists can understand them


Answer: to allow researchers to replicate experiments

105. Researchers must report their results completely whether the hypothesis was supported or not. Complete reporting is necessary for the purpose of ________.

educational knowledgereplicationfinding a better way to support the hypothesispublication


Answer: replication

106. Which of the following is an empirical question?

Would Martin Luther King, Jr., have been a good president?What is the meaning of life?Was World War II necessary?Is there life on other planets?




Answer: Is there life on other planets?

107. Dr. Stratton is conducting a research study in which he interprets and analyzes the verbal descriptions that participants use to describe their intimate relationships. Dr. Stratton is conducting

replication research.a participant observation study.quantitative research.qualitative research.


Answer: qualitative research.

108. Dr. Littman-Smith is conducting research in Kenya on the ways in which mothers and their toddlers interact throughout the day. Given the purpose of her study, it is most likely that she is engaged in ________.

naturalistic observationlaboratory observationcase study researchexperimental research


Answer: naturalistic observation

109. Which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation?

It recreates natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid.It involves observing behaviour in its natural context.It is basically the same process as objective introspection.It involves observing behaviour in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experimental findings.




Answer: It involves observing behaviour in its natural context.

110. Which research method involves watching behaviours as they occur without intervening or altering the behaviours in any way?

case studyexperimentcorrelational studiesnaturalistic observation



111. Which goal of psychology is most closely met through naturalistic observation?

altering behaviourpredicting behaviourdescribing behaviourcontrolling behaviour


Answer: describing behaviour

112. Observing behaviour as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the ______.

naturalistic observation methodexperimental methodsurvey methodpsychometric approach




Answer: naturalistic observation method

113. When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ______.

case study researchnaturalistic observationsurvey researchpsychometric study



114. Laurentian University professor Dr. Paul Valliant wrote a book based on the naturalistic observations he made during his "children's extracurricular activities." What was the name of this book?

Team Sports without RivalryMinor Hockey to NHL: Parents Survival GuideThe Hurried ChildThe New Basics: A-to-Z Child Rearing for Modern Parents


Answer: Minor Hockey to NHL: Parents Survival Guide

115. Sandi believes that people who eat at McDonald's are overweight, so she decides to do a naturalistic observation of people who eat at McDonald's. What should most concern us about Sandi's observations?

the observer effectthe bystander effectobserver biassubject bias


Answer: observer bias



116. Roger went to McDonald's to observe people eating in fast-food restaurants. He brought a camera crew and bright lights, and they all wore yellow jumpsuits. Roger said that he wanted to do a naturalistic observation but may have had some problems because of

room crowding.observer effects.participant observation.eating McDonald's food.


Answer: observer effects.

117. Kerri wanted to study the effects of having the oldest child in a family go off to university. She decided to use her own family after her brother went to a university in France. She took notes each day on her parents' behaviour and kept a diary of her own reactions. Kerri was using the technique called

participant observation.family survey.observer bias.attribution effect.


Answer: participant observation.

118. Sam conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. Many of the people he observed seemed to notice him. When Sam described his work to his teacher, she suggested that he find out more about the ________.

restaurant effectparent effectbutterfly effectobserver effect


Answer: observer effect



119. In preparation for his master's thesis, Tan spends some time in the local mall observing the behaviour of shoppers. His notes reveal a tendency for people to smile when someone, even a stranger, smiles at them. Later in the semester, he designs a questionnaire that asks questions of participants concerning their typical reactions when someone smiles. He wonders if the face of a person who smiles has any influence on returned smiles, so he designs a study to answer this question. Which of the following lists in order, from first to last, the research methods Tan has used?

experiment, case study, surveycase study, survey, experimentcorrelation, case study, experimentnaturalistic observation, survey, experiment

Difficulty: 3QuestionID: 01-1-119Page-Reference: 19-24Topic: Psychology—The Scientific MethodologySkill: AObjective: 1.7–1.10

Answer: naturalistic observation, survey, experiment

120. You overhear psychology students preparing for a test. They note that one of the research methods often "fails to generalize." Which method is the MOST likely topic of their discussion?

correlationcase studyexperimentsurveys


Answer: case study

121. A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called ________.

a representative samplea case studya single-blind studya naturalistic observation


Answer: a case study



122. In the 1970s, a 13-year-old girl was found locked in a room, strapped to a potty chair. Since she had grown up in a world without human speech, researchers studied "Genie's" ability to acquire words, grammar, and pronunciation. This type of research is called a ________.

case studyrepresentative samplesingle-blind studynaturalistic observation


Answer: case study

123. In the 1840s, a young man named Phineas Gage unwittingly gave researches for many years to come an opportunity to study the impact of brain injuries on personality and behaviour. Name the research design used in the story of Phineas Gage.

case studyexperimentalquasi-experimentalnaturalistic observation


Answer: case study

124. A case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of these topics?

the ways in which the games of boys differ from the games of girlsthe development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penisthe math skills of students in Japan compared to those of students in Canadaphysiological changes that occur when people watch violent movies


Answer: the development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penis



125. A researcher stops people at the mall and asks them questions about their attitudes toward gun control. Which research technique is being used?

surveyexperimentcase studynaturalistic observation


Answer: survey

126. A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population in terms of important characteristics such as age and sex is called ________.

volunteer biasa representative samplethe experimental groupthe control group


Answer: a representative sample

127. Dr. Wiseman wants to know about alcohol consumption patterns among first-year university students in Canada. He should ________.

give the survey to every first-year university student in the countryremember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey researchrequire students' names on each survey to avoid the tendency to liedraw a representative sample from among first-year university students


Answer: draw a representative sample from among first-year university students



128. The editors of Scientific Canada are able to obtain a representative sample of their readers in order to assess their attitudes toward preservation of the rain forests in Costa Rica. When interpreting the results of their survey, the editors will be able to ________.

apply the results to the entire Canadian populationapply the results to Costa Ricaapply the results to subscribers of Scientific Canadaapply the result to scientists


Answer: apply the results to subscribers of Scientific Canada

129. The magazine Desperate Wives publishes a survey of its female readers called "The Sex Life of the Canadian Wife." It reports that 87 percent of all wives like to make love in rubber boots. A more accurate title for this survey would be

"Rubber Boot Preferences and the Canadian Wife""The New Sexuality in Canada: Rubber Boots in Bed!""The Sex Lives of Our Readers: Desperate Wives Women Respond""Sex in Canada: These Boots Were Made for Walking and for . . ."


Answer: "The Sex Lives of Our Readers: Desperate Wives Women Respond"

130. Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method?

What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability?Does wall colour affect the frequency of violence in prison populations?Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?What is the relationship between the number of hours of study per week and grade point average?


Answer: Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?



131. Which of the following is an advantage of using the survey method of research?

People's memories are usually accurate.People may respond with inaccurate answers so they do not offend the interviewer.The wording of the questions is never biased toward a desired answer.Surveys can obtain a large number of data from subjects.

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-131Page-Reference: 20-21Topic: Psychology—The Scientific MethodologySkill: FObjective: 1.8

Answer: Surveys can obtain a large number of data from subjects.

132. When a radio talk show host asks listeners to call in their opinions on legislation to increase Canada Pension Plan benefits, the overwhelming response is support for the increase. All of the following are likely shortcomings of this survey EXCEPT

the lack of a representative sample.the issue of volunteer bias.the tendency to lie about touchy subjects.the method of subject recruitment.

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-132Page-Reference: 20-21Topic: Psychology—The Scientific MethodologySkill: AObjective: 1.8

Answer: the tendency to lie about touchy subjects.

133. A psychologist evaluated Tameka, an 8-year-old child who has experienced difficulty in school. The psychologist sent questionnaires to 100 teachers to determine if they had ever seen similar cases. Based on the teachers' responses, the psychologist hypothesized that a particular diet might cause the learning problem.Following tabulation of the responses, the psychologist designed a study that would tell her if diet was the actual cause. Which of the following lists, in order from first to last, the research methods this psychologist used?

experiment, case study, surveycase study, survey, experimentcorrelation, case study, experimentnaturalistic observation, survey, experiment

Difficulty: 3QuestionID: 01-1-133Page-Reference: 20-24Topic: Psychology—The Scientific MethodologySkill: AObjective: 1.8–1.10

Answer: case study, survey, experiment



134. A(n) ________ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.

independent variabledependent variableexperimental effectcorrelation


Answer: correlation

135. The word correlation is often used as a synonym for ________.

validityreliabilityvariablerelationship


Answer: relationship

136. A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of the

unintended changes in participants' behaviour due to cues from the experimenter.strength of the relationship between two variables.behaviours of participants of different ages compared at a given time.behaviours of participants followed and periodically assessed over time.


Answer: strength of the relationship between two variables.

137. A correlation coefficient represents two things: ________ and ________.

a representative sample; strengthstrength; direction of the relationshipthe experimental group; the control groupdirection of the relationship; expectant functionality




Answer: strength; direction of the relationship

138. A correlation coefficient is represented by the symbol ________.

large letter "C"large letter "R"small letter "c"small letter "r"


Answer: small letter "r"

139. Which of the following statements is correct concerning correlation coefficients?

A correlation of +.89 is strong and –.89 is weak.A correlation of +.89 and –.89 are both strong and equally so.Correlation coefficients are indicators of cause and effect.A correlation of +1.5 is very strong


Answer: A correlation of +.89 and –.89 are both strong and equally so.

140. Which of the following pairs of variables shows a positive correlation?

age and amount of wisdomadult shoe size and IQ scoresnumber of guns sold and crime ratehours spent watching TV and grade-point average




Answer: age and amount of wisdom

141. A negative correlation means that ________.

high values of one variable are associated with low values of the otherhigh values of one variable are associated with high values of the otherlow values of one variable are associated with low values of the otherthere is no relationship between the two variables


Answer: high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other

142. Paul records data that indicate that the number of hot chocolates sold at the concession stand increases as the temperature outside decreases (e.g., more hot chocolates are purchased during late fall than late spring). Which of the following statements is the most accurate depiction of this finding?

There is a correlation between the two variables.There is a strong, positive correlation between the two variables.There is a weak, positive correlation between the two variables.There is a negative correlation between the two variables.


Answer: There is a negative correlation between the two variables.

143. A perfect correlation, whether positive or negative, is ________ in the real world.

expectedimperfectcommonrare


Answer: rare



144. As a project for a psychology course, a student correlated weight and intelligence scores for 250 students. The computed correlation coefficient was .00. What did the scatter plot look like?

a random distribution of pointsa line with a positive slopea straight line from the lower left to the upper right cornera straight line from the upper left to the lower right corner


Answer: a random distribution of points

145. Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?

.50

.25–.25–.75

Difficulty: 3QuestionID: 01-1-145Page-Reference: 22-23Topic: Psychology—The Scientific MethodologySkill: CObjective: 1.9

Answer: –.75

146. Drinking orange juice is negatively correlated with the risk of cancer. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?

The more orange juice you drink, the higher is your risk of cancer.The more orange juice you drink, the lower is your risk of cancer.The less orange juice you drink, the lower is your risk of cancer.Drinking orange juice causes people to be cancer-free.


Answer: The more orange juice you drink, the lower is your risk of cancer.

147. Which correlation coefficient is most likely to describe the relationship between brushing one's teeth and the number of cavities one gets?

–.62+.83–.08+.45




Answer: –.62

148. A correlation coefficient shows that smoking and life expectancy are indeed related. As a result, a researcher could predict that ________, if the direction of the relationship is known.

if a person smokes a lot of cigarettes, he or she will have less money monthly to buy gasthe person's life expectancy will go up or down based on the number of cigarettes the person smokes dailyif a person smokes cigarettes, he or she will eventually develop lung cancera person's lungs will repair themselves and he or she will live a longer life


Answer: the person's life expectancy will go up or down based on the number of cigarettes the person smokes daily

149. A correlation coefficient shows that alcohol consumption and driving accidents are indeed related. As a result, a researcher could predict ________ if the direction of the relationship is known.

the number of arrests that a person has will go up or down based on the type of car an individual drivesthe number of driving accidents that a person has will go up or down based on the number of alcoholic drinks consumedthe number of arrests will increase with the fewer drinks an individual consumesthe number of driving accidents a person has will contribute to the number of days spent in jail


Answer: the number of driving accidents that a person has will go up or down based on the number of alcoholic drinks consumed



150. Which of the following variables show a negative correlation?

height and weightmen's educational level and their incomealcohol consumption and scores on a driving testschool grades and IQ scores


Answer: alcohol consumption and scores on a driving test

151. Julie finds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives on quizzes the next day. As her sleep approaches eight hours, her quiz scores improve; as her sleep drops to five hours, her quiz scores show a similar decline. Julie realizes that

there is a negative correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades.there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades.her low quiz scores are caused by sleep deprivation the night before a quiz.she should sleep about 10 hours a night to ensure 100 percent quiz grades.


Answer: there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades.

152. Professor Holden finds a positive correlation between watching television and low grades in elementary school children. After hearing about these results, Patty refuses to let her son watch television in order to increase his grades. Patty needs to remember that

watching television does not necessarily cause a child to have low grades.given these variables, it is unlikely that the correlation is a strong one.correlations do not allow us to make predictions about behaviour or outcomes.given these variables, the correlation is unlikely to be accurate.


Answer: watching television does not necessarily cause a child to have low grades.



153. The administration of British Columbia University wants to know if arrangement of chairs affects student participation in classrooms. What would be a good operational definition of the dependent variable in an experiment designed to measure this relationship?

class size: under 50 or over 50number of students enrolled in each classchair arrangement: theatre style or circularfrequency with which students ask questions


Answer: frequency with which students ask questions

154. What is one of the major reasons that psychologists use operational definitions?

to comply with legal requirementsto identify all extraneous variablesso effects can be measuredto explain research results so that non-psychologists can understand them


Answer: so effects can be measured

155. An operational definition is ________.

a statement that attempts to predict a set of phenomena and specifies relationships among variables that can be tested empiricallyan organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationshipsthe precise meaning of a term used to describe a variable, such as a type of behaviour, that researchers want to measurethe principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation


Answer: the precise meaning of a term used to describe a variable, such as a type of behaviour, that researchers want to measure



156. The steps or procedures an experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in a study are called the ________.

hypothesisoperational definitiondouble-blind studytheory


Answer: operational definition

157. Marcy is trying to define anxiety in a way that can be tested empirically. She is attempting to find an appropriate ________.




158. Adaris has always been drawn to the saying "Absence makes the heart grow fonder," and she decides to incorporate this saying in her research project. Adaris is trying to define absence in a way that can be tested empirically. She is attempting to find an appropriate.






159. A variable that the experimenter manipulates is called a(n) ________.

coefficient of correlationdependent variablecontrol conditionindependent variable


Answer: independent variable

160. Independent variable is to dependent variable as ________.

effect is to confoundexperimental is to correlationmeasure is to manipulatemanipulate is to measure


Answer: manipulate is to measure

161. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The objective is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette with nicotine immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is

the use of nicotine.the use of a driving simulatorthe number of collisionsthe driving skills of each driver


Answer: the use of nicotine.



162. A researcher is investigating the effects of exercise on weight. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment?

The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise.The independent variable is calories consumed; the dependent variable is diet.The independent variable is weight; the dependent variable is calories consumed.The dependent variable is amount of exercise; the independent variable is calories consumed.


Answer: The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise.

163. To increase typing speed, Minisoft has redesigned its keyboard and provided a chime that is related to typing speed. The company wants to know if its innovations affect typing speed. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this proposed study.

The dependent variable is the chime; the independent variables are the chime and typing speed.The dependent variable is speed of typing; the independent variables are the keyboard design and the chime.The dependent variable is keyboard design; the independent variables are the speed of typing and the chime.The dependent variable is the number of errors made; the independent variables are the chime and the speed of typing.


Answer: The dependent variable is speed of typing; the independent variables are the keyboard design and the chime.

164. Dr. Keller has individuals run on a treadmill for 0, 15, or 30 minutes and then measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the independent variable is

the self-reported mood.the individuals who run for 15 or 30 minutes.the individuals who run for 0 minutes.the number of minutes that individuals run on the treadmill.




Answer: the number of minutes that individuals run on the treadmill.

165. Dr. Proverse has individuals cycle on stationary bikes for 0, 10, 20, or 30 minutes, after which he measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the dependent variable is

the self-reported mood.the individuals who do not ride on the stationary bike.the number of minutes that individuals ride on the bike.the riding of bikes.


Answer: the self-reported mood.

166. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The objective is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the dependent variable is.

the use of nicotinethe use of a driving simulatorthe number of collisionsthe driving skills of each driver


Answer: the number of collisions

167. Ken is planning to study the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1960s. If Ken does not account for variables such as age that could also influence one's ability to recall these events, age could be considered a(n)

random variabledependent variableconfounding variableindependent variable




Answer: confounding variable

168. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The objective is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the group who smokes the cigarette without nicotine is ________.

the control groupthe driving simulatorthe experimental groupthe no-control group


Answer: the control group

169. Which of the following is CORRECT concerning random assignment?

In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance for each condition.In random assignment, each participant is assigned alphabetically to each condition.Random assignment can be determined only after an experiment is over.The best formula for random assignment is birth dates.


Answer: In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance for each condition.

170. Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect?

You sleep because you are tired.You throw up after eating bad meat.You have surgery to repair a defective heart valve.You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol.




Answer: You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become "intoxicated" because you think it contains alcohol.

171. The placebo effect means ________.

all conditions in an experiment are the samethere is no control groupthe expectations of the participants influence their behaviourexperimenter bias causes the subjects to act strangely


Answer: the expectations of the participants influence their behaviour

172. Sandy Sue was participating in an experiment in which she was given a pill that was supposed to cause her to get drowsy. Five minutes after taking the pill, Sandy Sue reported that she felt drowsy and wanted to lie down. The pill was actually made of sugar and had no ingredients to cause drowsiness. How do you explain Sandy Sue's drowsy feeling?

experimenter effectplacebo effectsubject biastreatment effect


Answer: placebo effect

173. Two groups of graduate students were given rats and were told to teach them how to run mazes. Group 1 was told that they had "very smart" rats that should learn quickly. Group 2 was told that they had "very stupid" rats that should learn slowly. In fact, the rats had been randomly assigned to each group so there was no difference between the two groups. Despite that, when the experiment concluded, the Group 1 rats had learned the maze much more quickly than the Group 2 rats. How can this finding best be explained?

experimenter effectplacebo effectsubject biastreatment effect




Answer: experimenter effect

174. Unintended changes in participants' behaviour due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter are called ________.

replicationsexperimenter effectsvolunteer biasessingle-blind studies


Answer: experimenter effects

175. ________ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group.

A double-blind studyField researchA single-blind studyCorrelational research


Answer: A single-blind study

176. Double-blind studies control for ________.

only the placebo effectonly the experimenter effectboth the placebo effect and the experimenter effectextrinsic motivation




Answer: both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect

177. ________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied.

A double-blind studyField researchA single-blind studyCorrelational research


Answer: A double-blind study

178. _________ has been referred to as perhaps the most serious weakness of experiments and refers to the fact that participants or the conditions present in an experiment may not realistically represent what is seen in the real world.

Extraneous variationConfounding variationInternal validityExternal validity


Answer: External validity

179. Which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the Canadian Psychological Association?

Participants must be informed of the nature of the research in clearly understandable language.Debriefing may be omitted when young children are involved.Participants cannot be subjected to any physically or emotionally painful stimuli.Participants may not withdraw once they start.

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-179Page-Reference: 29Topic: Ethics of Psychological ResearchSkill: FObjective: 1.12

Answer: Participants must be informed of the nature of the research in clearly understandable language.




Participants may not withdraw once they start.Participants cannot be deceived about aspects of the research.Participants cannot be subjected to any physically or emotionally painful stimuli.Deception must be justified.


Answer: Deception must be justified.


Participants may not withdraw once they start.Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision.Participants cannot be subjected to shock of any kind.Participants cannot be deceived about any aspect of the research.


Answer: Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision.

182. Experimenters can justify the use of deception because ________.

there is informed consentresearch is more important than peopleit may be necessary for the experiment to workit is not that harmful


Answer: it may be necessary for the experiment to work

183. Which of the following represents the core principle held by the Canadian Council on Animal Care?

Animals are no longer allowed to be used in research in which it would be clearly unethical to use humans.Unnecessary pain or suffering of animals should be avoided as much as possible.Animals are to be used in only about 10 percent of psychological research.Animal researchers need not use anesthesia in surgery.



Difficulty: 3QuestionID: 01-1-183Page-Reference: 30Topic: Ethics of Psychological ResearchSkill: CObjective: 1.12

Answer: Unnecessary pain or suffering of animals should be avoided as much as possible.

184. Which of the following statements concerning using animals in research is correct?

There are no ethical guidelines when it comes to animals.There are rules that prevent the killing of animals.Pain and suffering of animals are allowed but only when necessary.New ethical guidelines prevent the use of primates in psychological research.

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-184Page-Reference: 30Topic: Ethics of Psychological ResearchSkill: CObjective: 1.12

Answer: Pain and suffering of animals are allowed but only when necessary.

185. Several years ago, two scientists announced that they had evidence of "cold fusion" in the laboratory, but further studies failed to replicate their findings, and it was later found that the original scientists had used sloppy methods. This highlights which of the following critical thinking principles?

Few "truths" do not need to be tested.All evidence is not equal in quality.Authority or expertise does not make the claims of an authority or expert true.Critical thinking requires an open mind.

Difficulty: 3QuestionID: 01-1-185Page-Reference: 32Topic: Critical ThinkingSkill: AObjective: 1.13

Answer: All evidence is not equal in quality.

186. In the statement "Critical thinking requires reasoned judgments," the word reasoned means ________.

giving it a lot of thoughtlogical and well thought outseeing one side of an argument very clearlyfocusing on opinion



Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-186Page-Reference: 32Topic: Critical ThinkingSkill: FObjective: 1.13

Answer: logical and well thought out

187. Critical thinking means making judgments based on ________.

emotionkeeping a closed mindreason and logical evaluationauthority and expertise

Difficulty: 1QuestionID: 01-1-187Page-Reference: 32Topic: Critical ThinkingSkill: FObjective: 1.13

Answer: reason and logical evaluation

188. Which of the following statements concerning critical thinking is incorrect?

There are few truths that need not be tested.All evidence is not equal in quality.Some authorities should not be questioned.Critical thinking requires an open mind.

Difficulty: 3QuestionID: 01-1-188Page-Reference: 32-33Topic: Critical ThinkingSkill: CObjective: 1.13

Answer: Some authorities should not be questioned.

189. The CEO of a large automobile company says that the cars the company makes are safe regardless of the fact that they lead the country in accidents due to faulty equipment. This discrepancy highlights which of the following critical thinking principles?

Few "truths" do not need to be tested.All evidence is not equal in quality.Authority or expertise does not make the claims of an authority or expert true.Critical thinking requires an open mind.



Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-189Page-Reference: 32-33Topic: Critical ThinkingSkill: AObjective: 1.13

Answer: Authority or expertise does not make the claims of an authority or expert true.

190. "There is no life outside this solar system and nothing you can say will change that fact!" Which criterion of critical thinking does this person lack?

Evidence is necessary only if it can be tested.All evidence is not equal in quality.Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true.Critical thinking requires an open mind.

Difficulty: 2QuestionID: 01-1-190Page-Reference: 33Topic: Critical ThinkingSkill: CObjective: 1.13

Answer: Critical thinking requires an open mind.

Chapter 01 True or False Questions

1. The most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology today is that it is the science of behaviour.a Trueb False

QuestionID: 01-2-191Page-Reference: 4Objective: 1.1

Answer: b. False

2. The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviour.

a Trueb False

QuestionID: 01-2-192Page-Reference: 4-5Objective: 1.1

Answer: a. True

3. Wilhelm Wundt used the method of objective introspection.

a Trueb False




Answer: a. True

4. Sigmund Freud was the father of psychology.

a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

5. Pavlov found that dogs would salivate to the sound of a bell before food was presented, demonstrating the process of conditioning.a Trueb False


Answer: a. True

6. John Watson studied salivation in dogs in order to examine the concept of habituation.a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

7. Positive psychology is most similar to the behavioural perspective.

a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

8. Cognitive neuroscience includes the use of tools such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET).a Trueb False




Answer: a. True

9. Darley and Latané (1968) believed that the presence of other people in a distressing situation actually increased the likelihood that they would receive help.a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

10. Diffusion of effects is the tendency to feel that someone else is responsible for responding in a crisis situation.a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

11. Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb argued against the prevailing behaviourist view and emphasized the relationship between brain activity and behaviour.a Trueb False


Answer: a. True

12. Dr. Leland can prescribe drugs in some situations and works with depressed women. He must be a psychologist.a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

13. The majority of psychologists are self-employed or work for private not-for-profit agencies.a Trueb False




Answer: b. False

14. Clinical psychology is the largest subfield of psychology.

a Trueb False


Answer: a. True

15. There are fewer psychologists in the areas of educational, school, and cognitive combined than counselling psychologists.a Trueb False


Answer: a. True

16. The first step in a psychological experiment is developing a method.

a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

17. Analyzing numerical data about something you can statistically summarize is referred to as qualitative research.a Trueb False


Answer: b. False



18. Roger conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a football game. Many of the people he observed seemed to have noticed him. Roger forgot about the observer effect.a Trueb False


Answer: a. True

19. The laboratory experiment always involves watching behaviours as they occur without intervening or altering the behaviours in any way.a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

20. Dr. Samson wanted to know how university students in his province would vote during the next election. By sampling the second-year students at his university, he was able to get a representative sample.a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

21. Surveys are procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values.a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

22. Direction and strength are important in understanding correlation coefficients.

a Trueb False




Answer: a. True

23. A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other.a Trueb False


Answer: a. True

24. Control groups should receive exactly the same treatment as the experimental groups when conducting a research study.a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

25. Random assignment is when each participant is assigned alphabetically to each condition.a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

26. Double-blind studies control only for the placebo effect.

a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

27. The most significant strength of experiments is external validity.

a Trueb False




Answer: b. False

28. Informed consent refers to allowing participants to make an informed decision about their voluntary participation in any study.a Trueb False


Answer: a. True

29. One of the common guidelines for ethical research is that participants may not withdraw from a study once they start.a Trueb False


Answer: b. False

30. Critical thinking requires making judgments that are well reasoned and well thought out.a Trueb False


Answer: a. True

Chapter 01 Short Answer Questions

1. What is the definition of psychology?


Answer:

2. Pick a goal of psychology and provide a clear example of how it works.




Answer:

3. Describe a method used in one of the early schools of psychology.

QuestionID: 01-3-223Page-Reference: 6-10Objective: 1.2-1.3

Answer:

4. How did Ivan Pavlov discover the process of conditioning when working with dogs?


Answer:

5. What is the main emphasis of cognitive psychology?


Answer:

6. What is cognitive neuroscience?


Answer:

7. How does "diffusion of responsibility" contribute to the bystander effect?


Answer:

8. How are psychologists and psychiatrists different?




Answer:

9. List in order the steps of the scientific method.


Answer:

10. Compare qualitative research to quantitative research.


Answer:

11. What are the strengths of descriptive research methods?


Answer:

12. Describe a research method used in psychology.


Answer:

13. What is meant by the "direction of the relationship" in a correlational coefficient?


Answer:



14. Which two important factors contribute to the formula in measuring a correlation coefficient?


Answer:

15. What is an operational definition?


Answer:

16. What is the difference between the control group and experimental group in a research study?


Answer:

17. What is random assignment?


Answer:

18. Define the placebo effect and provide a specific example to illustrate.


Answer:

19. Describe one of the eight common ethical guidelines for conducting research.




Answer:

20. Describe one principle of critical thinking.

Difficulty: QuestionID: 01-3-240Page-Reference: 32-33Topic: Skill: Objective: 1.13

Answer:

Chapter 01 Essay Questions

1. Compare and contrast two early perspectives of psychology. Be sure to include comparisons of founders, methods, and philosophies.

QuestionID: 01-4-241Page-Reference: 5-10Objective: 1.2–1.3

Answer:

2. How did Pavlov and Watson's focus on scientific inquiry of behaviours differ from the earlier viewpoints of structuralists, psychoanalysts, and functionalists?


Answer:

3. Provide a real-life example of conditioning according to Ivan Pavlov. Be sure to label each part of your example accordingly and be very detailed.


Answer:

4. Darley and Latané (1968) studied a concept called the bystander effect. Provide a detailed real-life example of this concept and explain how culture might be a factor.




Answer:

5. Using an example of a study you might conduct, go through all steps of the scientific method.


Answer:

6. Propose three methods typically used in psychology to test a topic such as the effects of marijuana on GPA (grade-point average).

QuestionID: 01-4-246Page-Reference: 18-25Objective: 1.7–1.11

Answer:

7. What are the basic principles of critical thinking and how can they be used in everyday life?

Difficulty: QuestionID: 01-4-247Page-Reference: 32-33Topic: Skill: Objective: 1.13

Answer:


Documents

testbanku.eu … · Web viewhow a specific stimulus evokes a specific response. the purposes of people's behaviour. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-1-50 Page-Reference: 9 Topic: Psychology