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Unit 7 Unit 7 Learning Learning Through Through EnglishEnglishBackground Background KnowledgeKnowledge

The History The History of Old of Old

EnglishEnglish

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The English periodsOld English (500-1100 AD)

Germanic Language : be, water,strong

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West Germanic invaders from Jutland and southern Denmark: the Angles (whose name is the source of the words England and English), Saxons, and Jutes, began populating the British Isles in the fifth and sixth centuries AD.

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Saxon warriors These invaders pushed the original, Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is now England into Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland, leaving behind a few Celtic words.

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Christianity is the most popular religion in the world with well over 2 billion followers. Christians are people who believe that Jesus Christ, who lived in the Holy Land 2,000 years ago, was the Son of God, and who follow his teachings and those of the Christian churches that grew up after his death.

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The Bare Essentials of Christianity 2,000 years oldBegan in the Middle EastFounded by the followers of Jesus ChristGod sent his Son to earth to save humanity from the consequences of its sinsJesus was fully humanJesus was tortured and gave his life on the Cross (At the Crucifixion) Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his Crucifixion (the Resurrection)Christians believe that Jesus was the Messiah promised in the Old TestamentChristians believe that there is only one God, but that this one God consists of 3 "persons" God the Father, God the Son, and The Holy Spirit.Christians worship in Churches, their spiritual leaders are called "priests" or "ministers"The Christian Holy Book is the Old and New Testament of the BibleChristian Festivals such as Easter and Christmas, are major milestones in the Western secular calendar

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Transition Old English 1100-1200 The Norman Conquest and Middle English (1100-1500)

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William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066 AD.

The new overlords spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman.

The influence of the Normans can be illustrated by looking at two words, beef and cow. Beef, commonly eaten by the aristocracy, derives from the Anglo-Norman, while the Anglo-Saxon commoners, who tended the cattle, retained the Germanic cow.

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Middle English 1200-1400

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Geoffrey Chaucer Canterbury Tales Written sometime in the

1380s, The Canterbury Tales -- the first selection of short stories in English -- is about a group of pilgrims who agree to tell stories while they travel together to Canterbury.

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The language of Chaucer -- Middle English -- is closer to Old English, the language of the Anglo-Saxons, and Norman French, the language of William the Conqueror (invasion, 1066).

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The idea of a frame story (story within a story) comes from a long tradition: The Arabian Nights and The Decameron. Chaucer read The Decameron when he visited Italy.

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14 世纪意大利小说家薄伽丘 的十日谈 The Decameron consists of one hundred tales--

ten tales told over ten days by ten storytellers, three noblemen and seven ladies. The structure of the work is distinctly medieval by virtue of its allegorical numerology and elaborate architecture, which finds its counterpart in the Gothic cathedral; its scathing and hilarious depictions of a corrupt clergy; and its idealization of women. However, Boccaccio's （薄伽丘 ） attitude towards love--the right true end being pleasurable and guiltless consummation--is much closer to the Renaissance viewpoint.

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Originally, he proposed 124 stories; he actually wrote 24.

The Canterbury Tales is a cross section of medieval society: feudal, ecclesiastical, urban; Chaucer's interest in middle class characters, such as a cook, carpenter, miller, priest, prioress, pardoner, lawyer, merchant, clerk, physician reflects the rise of the middle class in the 14th century.

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Literature is moving away from the questions of the genre, romance, to a more personal vision, a domestic vision. Chaucer is interested in individuals, their foibles and individual differences; interested in realism; interested in middle class people, the merchant class, peasants, etc., who reflect the rise of the middle class in the fourteenth century.

Subject matter: sex, lust, greed, jealousy, native cunning (tricksters), the credulousness of the stupid, marital problems, infidelity, corruption of the church.

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Early Modern English (1500-1800)

The next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance. The revival of classical scholarship brought many classical Latin and Greek words into the Language.

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20th Century English: During the 19th and early

20th centuries many dictionaries and books about language were published.

New words are still being added to English from other languages, such as Chinese,Japanese (karaoke).

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From Chinese19 世纪中叶 :“tong”“hui”

（堂会），20 世纪五六十年代伴随着李小

龙电影在美国的流行而风靡的“ kungfu” （功夫）“ shaolin” （少林）；1946 年毛泽东提出的著名

的“ paper tiger” （纸老虎）；

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到 1966 年开始出现的“ Red Guards” （红卫兵）

“capitalist roader” （走资派 / 走资本主义路线者）“ dazibao” （大字报）

到 1972 年尼克松访华，中美关系正常化，代表中国特色或者具有东方文化色彩的事物加速进入西方，

例如“ kung-fu shoes” （功夫鞋）“ Mao-jackets” （中山装）

“ Maotai” （茅台）“ Renminbi” （人民币）“ putonghua” （普通话）等等；

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再 到 1978 年 的 “ kaifang”“open policy” （开放）；

直到最近一些年的“ xun” （邓小平“南巡”的“巡”）

有 个 德 国 网 站 的 首 页 上 写着 ： “ guanxi—all you need for China” （关系――在中国全靠它 )

， “ long time no see” =“ I haven’t seen you for a long time” 借自汉语“好久不见”的表达方式。

大量的汉语词汇传入英语，时间一直延续至 20 世纪末 21 世纪初。