+Tuesday, November 12th

4 day week

Starting motivation/emotion today

Get back grades!!!

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+Matt Foley- Motivational Speaker

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCLnWUQyIm0

It is not the WHOLE video….but it is a classic Chris Farley

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+What makes people motivated??

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+

Perspectives on Motivation

+Motivation and Emotion

Motivation Specific need or desire,

such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior

a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.

Emotion Feeling, such as fear, joy,

or surprise, that underlies behavior

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+Motivation Motives are triggered by a

stimulus (Incentive) Bodily conditions (low blood

sugar) Cue in the environment (AP

Test/College Success) Emotion - Feeling, such as fear,

joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

When the stimulus creates goal-directed behavior it motivated the person

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+What?

Motivates you to study?

To practice?

To go to work?

To do chores?

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Perspectives on Motivation

Five perspectives to explain motivation include the following:

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1. Instinct Theory2. Drive-Reduction Theory3. Incentive Theory4. Arousal Theory5. Cognitive Theory

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Instinct Theory

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Instincts & Evolutionary PsychologyInstincts are complex behaviors that

have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).

10Where the woman builds different kinds of houses

the bird builds only one kind of nest.

© A

riel Skelley/ M

asterfile

Tony B

randenburg/ Bruce C

oleman, Inc.

+Instincts

Natural or inherited tendencies of an organism to make a specific response to certain environmental stimuli without involving reason.

Examples: Salmon Humans- cleanliness,

curiosity, parental love, sociability, sympathy

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+Flaws with this theory

Fell out of favor Human behavior is rarely inflexible and

found throughout the species Simply label behaviors

Humans have reflexes but not instincts?

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+

Drive Reduction Theory

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Drive-Reduction Theory(Bodily Needs)A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an

organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951).

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Tension

+Need

Biological or physiological requirement of an organism

Results from a lack of something desirable or useful

Physiological need= oxygen, food to survive

Psychological= self-esteem, social approval

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+Drive

An internal condition that can change over time and orients an individual toward a specific goal or goals

Hunger=?

Curiosity=?

Rest=?

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+ Homeostasis17

FoodDrive

Reduction

Organism

The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state – balance. The regulation of

any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

Stomach FullEmpty Stomach(Food Deprived)

+Drive Reduction

When something is deprived of something it needs, it becomes agitated and tense.

To release the tension, it engages in more or less random activity

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+Two types of drives

Primary drive Unlearned drive based on a physiological

state found in all animals Motivate behavior necessary for survival Hunger, thirst and sex

Secondary drive Learned drive – wealth or success

• Problem with Drive-Reduction – once homeostasis is achieved we’d never do anything

• Not just balance we’re looking for

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+

Incentive Theory

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+Incentive Theory

The incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. For example, you might

be motivated to go to work each day for the monetary reward of being paid.

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+Kind of like Operant Conditioning…

You can liken incentive theory to operant conditioning. Just as in operant conditioning, where behaviors are

performed in order to either gain reinforcement or avoid punishment, incentive theory states that your actions are directed toward gaining rewards.

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+Sandwich Example

You may be really hungry; walk to the cafeteria; incentive is the sandwich we intend to eat

Sometimes the drive is so great, we do not care that the incentive is weak

If your drive is weak, the incentive must be strong

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So… What is the difference between drive theory and incentive theory?

Drive theory – Biological internal motivation (homeostasis)

Incentive theory – Environmental motivation (not as much homeostasis, more outside factors)

+ 25When asked why he wants to become a doctor, Tom says, “Because I’ve always liked biology and being a doctor will allow me to make a good salary to take care of my family.” His answer is most consistent with which of the following theories of motivation?1. Drive Reduction

2. Incentive

3. Hierarchy of Needs

4. Arousal

5. Instinct

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Arousal Theory

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Arousal Theory:

Arousal – level of alertness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the CNS.

The optimal level of arousal varies with the person and the activity.

Yerkes-Dodson Law – We usually perform most activities best when we are moderately aroused.

Challenge – moderately low level

Easy – moderately high level

The law also states that we perform worse when arousal is either to low or too high.

Think about sports or driving a car

Optimum Arousal

Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it.

Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the

absence of a need-based drive.

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Harlow

Prim

ate Laboratory, U

niversity of Wisconsin

Randy F

aris/ Corbis

+Yerkes-Dodson Law

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+

Cognitive Theory

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+Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation Motivation for a behavior is the behavior

itself Playing basketball; football Children playing is an example

Extrinsic motivation Behavior is performed in order to obtain

a reward or to avoid punishment To reduce biological needs A bonus program is an example

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+Over justification Effect

The overjustification effect occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task.

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+Venn Diagram…

Using pages 312-317….

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