-t.t- \\t

' ri*.! . i.:rl;! :;! :.1l;;1 - :, ' ..i..''�r'., j,!.;rrii

i . t : ' . . - * . . ,1 . r : : : : i : ,1 l l j . : - . - , , . . . , . .1 , , j . . , l - , r1 , : , , . ' : . : \

. , . , , ,1 , , , ; , :1-, .LI"BER, i i ; , - . -" ' - t -" '.-

h! ulllr'fri*uirs ii.,..l:,., ,,:li.:',.::i.'f ""'''

k*ur"lilrutr.u.*frn.*E"o,ti.*u.Atnriltassr i*aur'€t"l'j;{"',.j1,:-,;''lr . tlicitLrrffhulaiica$ina,quiapcra*rulfrftrr circulfreranfeGi 'ii:.;liL':;'1 'r' -"";"

' : . . , ' . , . * " - , r ' . , ; j . , " l s , " , , , , ,

fpiq'qrribuiucftcsfi'bncChurnr.fpin*uercnouritai S]fiCantir ':.,,,.,.,,

.-",.. ...

toii i .n.S,arrl iJ;ri intcrl 'r: i ,ns.*r.irhicorcuhts irtra fc gryerrs l"pil i ^" ' ;" ' -

n ' ^ . i ' , . . . o i , . o , , a l , ' r c r t o | u n , l i o c n r o c i r . r l l o t r a n f f c i u n r . u t i f ] j " i � � � � � � � � � � �toru-.n.srartl iJiri intcrl 'r: i ,ns.qrdthicorcultts itrtra fc gryetrs l"pil ' i ^' 1 'c"' 'u

;;;.;r.;;;;;. q;.ppi".,pltn, lsp. pto cir.t!o trrn[Ic?unt.ut ifiil'nxr.q.I]onanreq,rcrctl lunrittt lartbust0is.vbiperparagoge���� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

This copy,like his copy of Miinster's Aramaic dictionary (usl azaD 15), reveals Scaliger's systematic study of Oriental languages.Scaliger worked his way through Reuchlin's entire Hebrew lexicon,noting inthe rnargin the Arabic cognate root in Arabic script, itsmeaning in Latin, sometimes also in Greek and Spanish. Scaligeralso added Arabic roots for which Reuchlin had not included aHebrew cognate.Scaliger's marginalia in Reuchlin likely represent an intermediarystage in the composition of his Thesqurus linguae Arabicq.e (and par-tially account for its order according to the Hebrew, rather thanthat Arabic, alphabet). Much more thanmere annotations, theyconstitute a new Sefer ha-shorqshim, or 'Book of Roots', a work ofcomparative Semitic lexicography long before linguistics emergedas an independent discipline. Scaliger's Arabic wordlist servedFranciscus Raphelengius in the composition of his Lexicon Arqbicum(teiden 1613), the first Arabic-Latin dictionary ever printed. (rhl)

Geiger l87l ; Creive 1978, p.395-4oqi Hami l ton 1c89, p. 557-589; Krebs lq94;Obermann L994,p.81-727; Peterse 1995; Schmidt-Biggemann 2003; Widmann 1964,p.492-498.

[Z+] tosephus Scaliger, Thesqurus Linguae Arabicae. Manuscript inArabic, Latin and other languages, paper, 2I5 ff., dated tsgl.Parchment binding.

[unr- rrrrs or.272]

![ Scaliger must have begun this thesaurus (dictionary) as an indexto the old Latin-Arabic glossary in the possession ofFranciscusRaphelengius or Frans van Raphelingen (unr- MS or. z3t).Laterheadded words from the published Vocabulistabv Pedro de AlcaIS(Granada1505). These ire the two main rou.c-es for the presentThesaurus. He may have started to do his work in the form of a cardindex; later on he added words from other sources, which he dulyindicated with sigla. At a certain stage he must have decided tocopy his cards in the shape ofthe present thesaurus, leavingenough space to add more lemmata or additional explanations. Hecompleted the work on V Kal. Apriles 1597 old Style, 7 April NewStyle, after two months of work (f. 1a). In all, approximately 10,000Arabic words are explained. These are written in Arabic script and

Hr! l.I 'onanr rtr)arculunr J0 nf,rrbu! tru:.vb, ptr paragogcn at,rl lmrr iqd l i frn, {i;r alia plrncB. &pluralira legirut Lzc.lrrJis.*,".r binos habrrn,r..ht p,r,,mfienuirrin rnavilt i iruis. ibi hebrgr legur.Stoonarufib*las feu h*rxss in maxillis tnis.Accipit ctiam per cpen/drif im r rrr q,,oJ ct l i ' irrrrn cr l ibL,lamfiEnifimr, t it { irpra d'qi. & Iobqua,irugrfi,n', Auiarmilla pctbrrbiJmasdlam eius. qucd hebrgrfcctus,cdrl)i lrtpcflofaats. ...-,.!. .; . ;,*]r..,r;1:,,,,.;:,*:{r.f.. j .:,1:.. ::.. ....

$$flDilmiruehementer.Detttercnomii.rxxiri.Dilextpoputos.:r,"....,]i-i'.1.'".: ....,".

S&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&�fr ;\ftonAaulob.xxiiii.pra eo quod mrs l.{rnus, Opprc{Ieili ii:".,'t'...rurrrparirrnrif iretorterg.hebrgihabent,Eimu!abftdCiri1i,rt6ru6,..Jii ' | :*r( &\'t 'nn,nlr (r,rl; l{nr.r - A flrg<ilo ltrrgugabfco'tdcrrs. &.iu;. Rcgr-ivi.t lrgab:io. J.rf iI irrrnfuurn.Murar auri qu.ro<locp rlep{r inhc,ctc. o ri rcr {u irc l 'r alcplt.<lc quo rrrde I)auid krmhiin lrbrc priuro an rs

grr,rratrc5.r.lrrdclrocutrlrocreiusacciclendbrslingularc ctpirutum ;-* .,, ....,- ... '

po{irir.trnr'lenomen abftonli* \ir3fi

Habacu}.iii.proeo quodka'

b*mssnos.ibiah{i*niliraelibrtirudacfus. &el:rgi FeigunrEtibiabr[c,rnii,.l fonirudir ris eius.

hSffi Fatotta inqilalrixarurpa{ia.& Ii:ddcn: R'airiEalomon€

fir,r rric infl rr rrncrrr i t! idrfiudr;o;ri quo pi,if. 'batrrur ol: lara azy ma

in olro.l.- rrrir t, r..1,vbi rro. l lgrmtts,r'tt i uli,St lurctn crluttrh l itcnr

facrilrciu.rlr lrclrgilrgturrp.itellarnHrcronynrustrit lLLlir {ir lagrni.

L:cchn l,s "i in.l i tu fitt rrr tthr farrrqin.'fcrcanr 'vl 'r optrt tr pro I crt ugali rnRrrrrnrtrro fi rnil iparcllE qoo paricrc<lcuiqani Ail hoc chalJar

orranfirt io rrm lonarlrg.lurmOnkch m,rcordar. ltrultrttur sli i l€

mtririn li[:ri:r Paral4:pomfllotr'

,-.)\*-.., :]. ' i !- ' .r ": . ,

t l l . 'b*r -j". :u. e^_. *-!.! i . l-;"r.,:- . , , . . : - . rr , . f : . , , , , ._ __, i , r . , ' : . - ' : . , . " , , ,

' , . . i : - : " ' " " ' " : ' : : ' t ' " r . , . 1 . , , . . . . . . t . , 1 , -

::,,';,:.::' :,...,.r: :'. , . . i. ';.1.;;''" ' ,;. . "j*;. *r * i&.)!r, i;j, &,

[zs] ;ohannes Reuchlin, De rudimentis Hebraicis (Lsoe). p. 159: beginning of

the letter Het, with Scaliger's mar ginal annotation of Arabic cognates'

60 6 I

i7 ";V

{ i '

i . ...:; j

"i-'r.l',

-.,",f.i., ".,.1.;;';

,"'.,i:i r : i l :

..-:,.!,..,

!-!1 ti

:,r, j{" j

, . - 'a . . ' l :1 , , , t , ; , . r j

, ' . j ; ; . .a t , i t ' , l l t t / .

,.,*.. *. t,. -"\:: :t

r r " , , i . : { . . . - I

, : - . '

, t ; : . i . . . . , ; , . . , , r . . . . . .

, ! , , r " /

: ; : , ; i : . . , , , t . " . . , i r ! ' , .1 ;

'::::rtrl

aftanged in the order of the Hebrew alphabet, where those Arabicletters which have no counterpart in Hebrew are added to thosefrom which they are derived, e.g. dhal comes directly after dal, etc.Scaliger explains this system in his preface on f. 1b. occasionally,words in other scripts are added in Greek, Hebrew, Syriac andEthiopic. Scaliger continued adding new words to his thesaurus.Sometimes he writes with a thicker pen in larger script, but it ishis hand nevertheless, as is clear when one compares these addi-tions with Qr.213, the Arabic-Syriac dictionary byJesus Bar AIi(fl. eas CE), which Scaliger finished copying in December 1605 (seeNo. 17). When comparing the fine script in Or.21,2 with the muchlarger and thicker script in or. 213 one may wonder whetherScaliger between L597 and 1605 suffered from decreasing eyesight.In Leiden, Raphelingen and Scaliger were working simultaneously,but separatelv from one another, on a comparable proiect, anbut separately one another, on a comparable project, anbut separatery rlrom one anotner, on a comparaorc pro)ecL, anArabic-Latin dictionary . Raphelingen's quite imperfect Lexic onArqbicum was published posthumously (Leiden 1613), but one maydoubt whether Scaliger ever wanted to publish his own thesaurus.Its usefulness was recognised by contemporaries and at least twocopies are known to exist, one apparently preserved in Munich,the other in Gcittingen.The Lexicon Arabico-Latinumby JacobusColius (teiden, 1653), made all these earlier attempts of Arabiclexicography in one stroke obsolete. (lJW)

CCo 177; Hamilton 1989, p. 55s (n. 2),570 (n. 45), 577-57s (n. 63); Voorhoeve 1980,p .378 .

[zs] eutograph ofscaliger's translation ofa letter ofsafe-conductfrom Maurice, Prince of Orange. Arabic manuscript on parchment,dated tJune 1600/29 Dhul-Qa'da 1008.

[uer- vts or. 1:os (:)]

9[ Like Franciscus Raphelengius before him, Scaliger made trans-lations ofArabic documents at the request ofthe States General ofthe Dutch Republic. In his correspondence with his fellow scholarshe complained ubo,tt the language of these documents, which heregarded as corrupt. However, it is arguable whether Scaliger'sknowledge of Arabic was really as faulty as W.M.C. Juynbollsuggested. This letter of safe-conduct from Maurice, Prince of

62 63

[ZS] Scaliger's Arabic translation ofa letter ofsafe-conduct from Maurice,

Prince oforange, to the rulers ofthe rndies (rooo)'

orange, to 'all sultans, kings, noblemen, princes and governors of.

cities=and countries' showJ a very convincing translation, although

Scaliger's active mastery of Arabic morphology {PPears a little

-"ukl Itt its style, scripf and layout Scaliger tried, and not without

success, to emulate Oriental chancery practice. The letter was

signed byJohannes Melander (tssz-rczt), secretary of Prince

tvtiurice, and the lacquer seal was affixedby Gerardus Tuningius(rsoo-roro), professor of Law at Leiden'The docume.tt u..ornpu.tied the Dutch seafarerJacob van Neck

when he set sail on 28;une 1600 for his second voyage to the East

Indies. Since the letter is not directed to one single adressee it is

likely that Van Neck kept it with him until his return in 1603' It is

lrtrkiorvn when it was rLturned to Leiden university; the shelf-

mark shows that it was registered as late as the 19th century

The letter is dated 1 June 1600, calculated by Scaliger as 29 Dhrr

l-Qa'da 1008 on the Islamic calendar. Modern calendar conversionprograms show that this calculation is ten days off the mark' Did-scaliger

make a mistake? Not really, if one takes into account that

he used theJulian ('otd style') calendar, which was then 10 day;

behind. How many scholars besides scaliger would have been able

correctly to compute an Islamic date on the basis of a Christian

calendar? Raphelengius failed to do so when he printed a similar

letter in reiden five years eatlier, sticking to the Christian date

instead (see also below, No. 49). (AV)

CCA 36s;Juynboll 1931, p. 49; De Leeuw 1'989,p.1'79; Van Oordt 1899,p.264-266'

32L-322i Scaliger 7598,p.776-722; Terpstra r95o,p.79; Voorhoeve 1980,p'284'

[zO] New Testament. Arabic manuscript oncentury CE.

papet,262 ff.,15th

fuar us or.217]

i[ Thomas Erpenius may have used the present manuscript, which

belonged to Scaliger, for the editio princeps of the Arabic New

Testament (NovumD.N. Iesu Christi testqmentum Arqbice. Ex bibliothecaLeidensi,Leiden 1616), but contrary to what is suggested in CCO, the

manuscript was not the main basis for that edition. Instead, that

was a ma;uscript which Erpenius owned himself and which is now

in the Cambridge universlty Library (cg. s.::)' This is evident from

6465

[20] erabic translation ofthe New Testament (rsth century).The central medallion on the cover showing a Christian cross.

66 67

Erpenius' description of his manuscript in the introduction to hisedition, of which he translates the colophon, That colophonmatches the one in the Cambridge manuscript.The Leiden manuscript does indeed contain a few traces showingthat there is a connection with the edition (see the typographicaltransition point betwee n p. 432-433 of the edition as indicated by aminute hand in the margin of f . tsgb, and this is not the onlyinstance). In addition there are numerous smaller corrections andnotifications in the margin, usually indicating shorter passagesmissing in the manuscript. Frequently this concerns omission byhomoioteleuton, e.g. onf. tz+a, but not always (e.g. f. tzzb). Romannumerals indicating the divisions of the texts have often beenadded in a European hand. the manuscript is in a sense overcom-nlete as some introductions which it contiins are not in the edition(the introduction preceding the Gospel according to StJohn[f. szb-roob], the same for the letters ofst Paul [f. rzeb-rgo], etc.).Occasionally the manuscript is incomplete. This is the case withthe third Letter of stJohn, the son of zebedeus, which is missing inthe manuscript (see the edition, p.606-607). The marginal additionsinOr.2I7 mayhave been copied from the edition, rather thanhaving been the source of the edition. (;w)

Browne 1900, No. 68: CCO 2369:Graf 1944-1953, I , p. 138-139; Hami l ton 1989,p.569:Voorhoeve 1980, p. 50.

[zz] e Creek and Arabic lectionary ofthe Coptic Church.Manuscript onpaper,556 pp., dated gar Diocletian izes Cr].

[unr-vs or.2Bl

9l This manuscript was written in 1265 CE in one of the monasteriesof Wadi Natrun in North-West Egypt. It contains liturgical readingsfrom the New Testament and Psalms for the period from PalmSunday to the Saturday after Easter. It is a lectionary destined tobe used in a church ofthe Coptic rite. The readings are presentedin two columns: the left-hand one being the Bible text in Greek,the right-hand one a translation into Arabic. Scaliger received themanuscript in 1600 as a present from the French Calvinist theolo-gian Daniel chamier (tsos-tozt).In exchange, chamier hoped toreceive - and did indeed receive - some source materials for a

Islamic Studies at the University of Cologne. He is the author of atwo-volume Catalogue of tualay and Minangkabau manuscripts in thelibrary of teiden university (Leiden, 1.998, 2007). His most recentpublication is an anthology of fiction by contemporary Indonesianwomen writers, entitled Duft der Asche. Literarische Stimmen indone-sischer Frauen (2008, co-authored with Dr. Monika Arnez). (rw)

ProfJanJust Witkam (Leiden, L945) teaches Paleography andCodicology of the Islamic World in the University of Leiden. From1,974 until2005 he was curator of the Oriental manuscript collectionsin Leiden University Llbrary.His work canbe read on his personalwebsite .wwwjanjustwitkam.nl'; his professional website.www.islamicmanuscripts.info' enjoys a worldwide popularity. (lJW)

118 119

Bibliograplry

Abbreviated titles

Album studiosorumG. du Rieu, Album studiosorum Academiae Lugduno Batavae MDLXXV-MDCCCLXXV. Accedunt nomina curatorum et professorum per eadem secula(Hagae Comitum, 1875).

Cat. 1612fDan. Heinsius), CataloE,s librorvm Bibliothecae Lvgdvnensis, Praefixa est DanielisHeinsii Bibliothecarij 1...1 oratio. lS.I., rcnl.

Cat .1623[Dan- Heinsius], Catalogvs Bibliothecae Pvblicae Lvgdvuno-Batavae (Lvgd. Bat.,1623).

Cat.1,640[Dan. Heinsius], Catalogvs Bibliothecae Pvblicae Lugduno-Batdvae (l-vgd. nat.,t6401.

Cat. 1674[Fr. Spanhemiwf , Catalogus Bibliothecae Publicae Lvgdvno-Batayae noyiterrecognitus. Accessit incomparabilis thesaurus librorum Orientalium, praecipueMss. (rugd. Bat., 167 4).

Cat 1776[W. Senguerdus et a1.], Catalogus librorum tam impressorum quam manuscrip-torum Bibliothecae Publicae Universitatis Lugduno-Batavae (Lugduni apudBatavos, 1716).

ccAMJ. de Goeje, M.Th. Houtsmalet al.], Catalogus codicum ArabicorumBibliothecaeAcademiae Lugduno-Batavae (fugd. nat., raas-uoz).

ccoR.P.A. Dozy & P. de Jong, Catalogus codicum orientalium Bibliothecae AcademiaeLugduno-Batavae (rugd. Bat., r}51-r87 7).

Iconeslcones Leidenses. De portretverzameling van de Rijlcsuniversiteit te Leiden (teiden,7973).

[t] Jan Cornelisz. van 't Woudt (attributed), oil portrait of scaliger (r0oa).Scaliger working on a manuscript of the Qur'an. (see p. re)

"All my Books in Foreign Tongues"

Scaliger's Oriental Legacyin Leident609-2009

Catalogue of an exhibition on the quatercentenary ofScaliger's death, 27 January 2009

Edited by Arnoud vrolijk and Kasper van ommen

With an introductory essay byAlastair Hamilton

Luorx UNrvrRsrrv LrsRARv

LErorN 2009