RESULTS

E-Medico-botanical Studia:

fie tribal popula~ions reflect the re l i c t human c u l t u r e and

perhaps it was in its zenith during the Vedic and it preYedic periods. The

tribal population r e p r e s e n t the pockets of human gene pool i n i t s

conservation. They have dis t inct habits and . habitats and possessed much

practical wisdom on the medicinal properties of plants. They maintained

healthy long l i f e due t o their knowledge in herbal folklore. Of the many

tribal populations of the world, Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh

possesses an authentic list of different tribes (Table 4) who are making their

livelihood on wild-Iife. The very look at thence gives impression that they

are uncivilized and possess ancient culture (Photos 1 t o 26).

Though many tribes of this region possessed good knowledge of

plants for different purposes among them, only five tr ibes viz., Yanadis,

Yerukalas, Chenchus, Sugalis and Nakkahs have been studied in detail during

the present study since these five tribes {Table 4) possessed swnd knowledge

of medicinal and other plants coupied with a systematic way of life of their

own. it is observed that these tribes possess reasonably sound knowledge and

responded clearly to the queries. In each tribe, not fewer than ten people

were consulted and information with regard to medicinai plants w a gathered.

Of a l l the t r ibes , Yanadis and Yerukalas were found t o possess more

information about the herbal medicir~es (Table 51. The part(s1 of the plant(^)

used i n tribal medicine di f fe red from tribe t o tribe. They prefer mostly

leaves, roots, bark, seed and fruit. However, the other parts like stems,

flowers, tubers, eft, can be seen from the Table 6 were also in use but

not as much as leaves and roots.

To update the ir~forrnation collected from tribal and non-tribal

folk with their terminology of diseases, an attempt has k e n made to list the

number o f p lan t s used according t o recent medical terminology and to ta l

number of plants used for each of the ailment. The list that is provided in

Table 7 shows prior i ty o f pIant drugs as antidotes for poisonous bites and

then followed by diabetes, menstrual disorders, skin diseases, abortifacients,

anthelrnint i~~, aphrodisiacs, anti-diarrhoea1 agents, etc., respectively.

Medicines were prepared for use in folklore practice (Table 8)

principally as decoctions, juices, pastes, powders, infusions, foarnents,

macerates, etc., for various metabolic ailments. However, all the ways of

their use could not be put into a single meaningful word that is now known

to the scientific community.

Out of 224 plant species known for medicine from different

parts (Fig. 1) of Rayalaseema, thirty three plants were used effectively in

almost a11 the places (Table 3). Except for a few plants most of these have

not been thoroughly examined for their chemical constituents. Also, there

was no r e p o r t of a n y correla t ion between the compounds isolated and the

biolqi-1 activities reported as well as folklore claims. Hence, these plants

were s e l e c t e d f o r in i t i a l preliminary phytochemical screening and general

memir ig for secondary metabol i tes viz., phenolic acids, flavonoids and

athacyanidins.

Reliminary Phytochemical beeniw

The results of phytochemical screening based on their solubility

in ether, methanol and water of 33 medicinal plant taxa belonging t o 16

Table 5 : Use o f Medicinal Plants among Tribals.

Name o f t h e tribe/folk Number o f persons Remarks

interviewed

----- -------.---.*----.-.----------.---------------.-------------------- Yanadis 55 Inrormation given is

more clear and sgrees

with many tribal uses

Yerukalas

Nakkalas

Chenchus

Other non- tribal people

village herbalists/

traditional healers, etc .

Information twisting

Information hazy

Information satisfactory

Information reliable

Information logical snd

more reasonable

Table 6 : Preferential use o f Plent Parta.

Part used Number of plants Remarks _ _ _ _ " C - - -I---------- -- ------------------------------.------- -----------. Leaf 86 I n few cases, tender leaves

were used

Root

Stem bark

Seed

F r u i t

Stem

Flower

Tuber

Gums & resins

Rhizomes

Fruit kernel

Tender shoot

Bulb

Heart-wood

64 Yanadis and Chenchus are experts

a t collection

Ha jo r i ty of the tribal people

were used

Sometimes old and stored

seed was used

Excludes stem bark, most o f

them herbaceous

Yanadis were used them as edible

and medicine

Table 7,: Disease-wise list of Medicinal Plants.

Ailment Number o f Remarks Planto*

--- - - . - - - - - l - - - - - - .m-- - - -"w-- - - - -" .

(1 1 ( 2 ) (3 ) ~ L _ _ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ C - - L - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - ---------.---.-.-"-"----. Anthelmintic 15

Anti-aborti Fecisn 2 Minute doses recmended

Antidotes for poisonous bikes 27 Direct application of pasts or juice

Antiseptics 1

Aphrodisiac 14

Appetite 1

Plsthna, bronchitis and whooping cough 8

Boils L blisters 4

Bone- frac tures and bone-setting 7

Burns 1

Cancerous diseases 1

6lX effective

lnstentaneous relief

No reported caaes

Coition 1

Cold & cough 8

Colic pain Z Effective

Con junctiuitie 8

Constipation 4 Effective

Cooling beverages 4

Cuts and wounds 8

Dandruff dr in hair growth 4 Good response

Dental disorders - 11

Diabetes 22 ~ a o d relief

Table 7 {continued)

Digestive stimulants and tonics 7

Diarrhoea 12

Diuretic and urinary disorders 7

Dysentery 13

Dizziness 1

Emetics 1

Epilepsy 7

Family Planning & Birth Control 15 (Abortifacients, contraceptives and anti-fertility agents)

Fertility regulating agents 1

Fevers 9

Galac tagogue ( lac tagogue) 3

Gastric troubles 1

Goitre f

Gout 1

Haemorrhoids (Piles) 16

Headaches 5

Hydrocele 2

Hydrophobia 1

70% cure

Very effect ive

Spontaneous response

Permanent cure

Local information more reliable

No authentic source, folk-claim only

Tribal claims very reasonable

Cured gas problems

Effect ive in 20% o f the cases

50% cure i n initial stages

Lacal information

Itches 1

Table 7 (continued _____-C_-I---"------"---------l l------"-------"-----".

I1 1 ( 2 1 (31

Kidney stones 4 Proved eF f e c t i v e

~ e p r o s y 4 Folk-claim o n l y

Leucoderma 3

Menstrual d i sorders 20 80% relief (Menorrhagia, rnenorrhoea,leucorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, promoting menstruation)

Natal complaints 3

Nervous disorders 2

Pain of body, limbs, throat 10

Paralysis 6

Purgatives I

Rheumatism and rheumatic pains 3 1

Skin diseases-eczema, pimples, scabies, psoriasis, etc.

Stomach disorders or stomach troubles

Stomach ulcers & pept ic ulcers 11

Suicidal agents - >

T o n s i l s 1

Venereal diseases I I (Gonorrhoea & s y p h i l i s , etc. )

Viral hepatitis 11 (Jaundice, liver-disorders)

Very e f f e c t i v e

60% relief

Very e f f e c t i v e

Very e f fect ive

Spontaneous deaths

100% cure

Miscellaneous 7

*See appendix I

Table 8 : Preferential Methcd o f Preparation o f Crude Drugs,

Kind of product Number or" Remarks Plants

--.--I - d m - - - ---------------------------------------.-- ...--" m-.*--.-----

Decoct ion 84 Prevalent among Chenchus and Yanadis

Paste 61

Powder 49

Infusion 25

Maceration & crushed form26

Oils 11

Latex B

Smoke 7

Bathlex t rac t 9

Roast

Pi 1 ls

More effective among Yansdis

Reliable information from Nakkalas

Villagers

Local physicians

I raditional tribal herbalists

Village physicians

Ash 5

Soup

Tonic

chewing 3 Yerukalas

Liniment

Pickle

2

1 Local village-folk

Tooth-sticks 1 Yerukalas and village- folk

families o: Angiosperms are depicted i n Tables 9 and 10. The results

indicated that f o u r t e e n plants (42%) gave positive test for alkaloids,

seventeen (51 %) for tannins, twenty nine (87%) for flavonoids, thirteen (39%)

for cournarins and two (6%) for emodins. There were fourteen plants (42%)

which gave positive test for anthocyanins, eleven (33%) for anthracene

glycosides, seven (21%) for fatty acids, twenty three (69%) for steroids and

triterpenoids, eleven (33%) for saponins, seventeen (51%) for volatile oils and

fourteen (42%) plant sampIes for carotenoids. Detailed chemical examination

of all the thir ty three plant species was carried out for the presence of

phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanidins of medicinal importance.

Qualitarive Wentifiation of k n o l i c Acids:

A part or organ of each plant was examined qualitatively and

quantitatively for its phenolic, flavonoid and anth~cyanidin constituents and

expressed as pglgm wt. for every one of the identified compound. More than

60% of the plant species examined contain caffeic, chlorogenic, vanillic, p

hydroxy and cinnamic acids (Tables 11 and 12). Abwt 4&50% of the plant

species were found t o contain protocatechuic, &-chiorogenic, gentisic,

phloretic, salicylic, trans-p-coumaric and cis-pcoumaric acids.

The following phenolic acids namely homo-protocatechuic,

meli lotic, g-pyt ocatechuic, pcoumaric, ferulic, sinapic, gallic, trans-feruk,

nee-chlorogenic, fi-ferulic, ryringic, 2-coumaric, d -rerorcylic and P - - resorcylic acids were present in less than 40% of the plant species examined.

G~mnemic acid was pre5-t only in one species namely, G m m ~ y l m t r e .

Apart from the phenolic acids, coumarins such as simple coumatin was

m=nt in 14 species, aaculetin in 10 species and scopoletin in 7 species. A

9. Phyt=h-iarL 6crsming or a s l m m t m o murcrllal I s-,,.- ,. AL AN A6 CR

----*----------- CN EM F A

--------*- ---*------ ----- --r*-----*-------- _--- --_* 5.m. plant p u t E n Y n u n u E E n u E E -----------------------------*--*--------------------*----------*---------*-----------*----------.---------*---------------*-- 1- Alangim malvifalirmr LF C*

2. Androgrsphis paniculata W * + 3 hraprmguu rmcsmosun FR 4+ .* * 4. Celntropim gigantss SM + +

Caiatropls gigantaa FL + + 5. Cnlotropim procara 5& + w

Cnlotropie procera TL e H + 6. Caralluma adscendenm UP 4-+

7 . Curellma attsnunte W 4 + + 8. Cormllurm unbellatu UP .KC + + + + 9 . Ceropagie b u l b w a TR ++ c 10. Ceropegie ju*ta UP * -14.

11. Cipodsmea bsccl Fsrm ST + .t-* + + 12. Dscalepis hamiltonil FR u + + -H. + + 13. Entade rhsadii 5€ c + + 10. Gyrrnms 8ylvestrs wP 15. HemLdsamue indfcus RT + 16. H~lerrhanr pubmpesns ST * 44.

n. pubsueens 5 E m - .,. 17. Ichnockrpus rrutescens W + + 18. I p o i ~ ~ s s sspiarir WP 4+

t +

19. Leptudsnia teticulata YP + + 20. Momrrrdicm cymbulnris FT + + 21. Psrgulerf P deemis UP + -I+ + m 22. Pteracsrpun santmlinue W H+ *i, + +

TR H +

21. P u s ~ o r i s tubsrase H * 2L. Riuss arnsta LF + H 25. Secamna sastica W

FR i4-t

26. 5t6m&s tubsroaa + 27- 5tsrculi~ uranm SB ++ -I+ - 4-t.

26. ~ y z y g l u m sltcmifalim 5E w - c ++ + - m 29. Torminmlis pallid= FT tw * 30. Tyldphora i rd ice W P C H - I + -14.

31. Uattmknka uolubllin I@ + + + .. 32. Y r i g h t i ~ arboren SB + 4+ ..-• *

I +

53. Wrightia t imtarlm 9 + + + + - -

E = Ether srtreft (mtnge 1); H = kithsnol extract [stage 2; I W = untsr n ~ t r a c t (ntmge 3)

LF = Leer; UP = mole plant; FR = Fnaciculatad tuberwe root; TR = Tubsrars root; ST = Stem; SE = Saed; RT = Roat; FT c fruit1 IW = kart-mod; SB = Steabarkr FL = F l a c r r 5 & L = Stem and leaf.

7 4 - 1 0 t P k y t o = h u m l c - l Scrraninp af S c l m c k l d h d l o i m r l P l m n t r 2 1 - -

FD SN SR/TT TPI UO ---------------- -he- ------------------ ---------- ---- 5-90. Plant Pert E n Y W E H W M W E ---------c------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*---.---

1. Alanqium s a l v i f o l f u m LF + -I-+ + * + -14 + 4-

2. Andrngrephis pnniculmtm UP + + + + - + 3. Anparagus racemasus FR + + + +-+ + 4. Cralatropis qigantes SLL +- +

Cmlotrnpia gigantma FL + + + + Y + 5. C e l o t r a p i a procera Sdh + w c +

Calotropis procsra FL + + + + + ++ 6. Carallumm adacendens WP 4. m 7. Carelluma ettenueta WP * ++ 8. Caralluma umbellata WP + 9 Cernpegia bulboss TR -14.

10, Ceropsgia juncea WP + + 11. Cipadeaae- bacci fare ST + * m 11. Docalepis hamiltonii F A + + ++ -I-+ + ti. -H

15. Entndn rhecdii SE tc + + 6 4 + ++ + 1C. Cymname ~ y l v n s t r s WP rn * -n 15. Hemidesrnur Lndicus RT + t + M * -++ 16. Hulsrrhena pubeecene ST -I-+ + + re -++

Holarrhena pubeacens SE + ++ 17. Ichnocurpus fruteacen=. UP - + c.c 4-1- u I B . Ipomo-a mspimria WP * + -CC * + + 19. Leptadenia rnticulatu WP + + + + +. 20. Harnnrdicr cymbalafia F T + + -++ * + M + P I . Pergularia daemia WP + + - - c t + + + .n +.+ + 21,. Pttrocarpua mentalinus HU CF 4-+ m cc -w- 23. Pusreria tuberoee TR + H CT

ZL. Rivae ornatu LF -m + .n 25. Seeamone emetica WP + + 26. Stemona tubernaa F R + + -I-+ - 27. Stsrculia ursns SB + .n + - - t + cc C+ + ZB. Syzygium altnrnifol im SE m - m -n - 19. Terminalia pallids f T -c+ m + ' + a F - + 3 0 . Tylophora indica UP CT + * + + 31. Wattakmkr volubilia WP + .. .' 32. Urfghtia arbnree SB + * - -c+ + - -CC

33. U r i g h t i e t inc tnr ia SB + -++ ct m + -144- M

E 3 Ethnr extract (stage 1:; N = Methanol extract (stage 2) ; W = Water extrect (stage 3 )

f0 = Flavonnida; SN = Sa~onins; SRI'TT = Sterola/Tritarpenea; TFI = Tannina: UO = Volatile oile

trihydrOxy phenol, phlorogIucinol was found to occur in two spmies namely,

~wraria t u k o ~ ~ ~ and wrightia ~ ~ i a . The structures of the phenolic acids

and cwmarins identified are given in Chart 2.

~uantitative Determination of Phennlic Acids:

Phenolic acids were deter mined quantitatively and depicted in

Table 13 expressed as micrograms per gram weight for every one of the

identified compound. PhbroglucinoI in Pueraria tuberosa, phloretic acid in

TermiMLia pallida and trans-ferulic and trans-woumaric acids in Ptrgtdaria

daernia were present in high amounts {19.0&19.30 ~ l g r n ) when compared to

vanillic acid in Holarrhena pubescens and khmcarpus b k s c m s ; vanillic acid

and simple coumarin in Pueraria tuberbsa root; trams-p-coumaric acid in k

Decalepis hamiltonii root, Secarnohe emetim and Tylophora indiea leaf;

syringic acid in Pterocarpus santalinus heart-wood; chlorogenic acid in

Terminalia pallida fruit; salicylic acid in AIangium dvifolium leaf, wmoea

sepiaria whole plant, Stern- tuber- root and Sterdia uens stem bark;

Aesculetin in Rivea ornata and scopoletin in Cipadessa bacci fera;

chlor ogenie a c i d in Leptadenia reticulata; c&-p-cwmaric acid in Entada

rheedii and Ptcr~tarpus santalinus, and phydroxybenzoic ac id in Syzygium

altcrnifoliurn seed, Momordica cymbalaria fruit and Wrightia arkea Sttm

bark exhibited considerable amounts (16.00-18.75 @gm) of respective plant

extracts.

The plant extracts which contain significant amounts of total

Phenolic content were represented in the following descending order.

Pergularia daemia (160.45 pg/gm) > ~ 0 n ~ e r b 3 ~ ~ n t a l i m (152.58 ~ / g m ) >

m h e ~ puhnxns (146.40 ~ l g r n ) > Secamm emetica (133.45 pglgm) >

~ ~ l o p h o r a indica (132.22 ~ g i g m ) ) Calotropis procera (129.86 pg/gm) >

wrightia h r e a (129.31 pg/gm) > Momordica cymbalaria (123.117 pg/gm) >

Terminalia pallida (123.04 pglgm) > Leptadenia r e t i d a t a (119.44 irg/grn) >

m o e a sepiaria (1 19.25 pg/grn) > klmocarprr frutesrrm (1 16.8 pglgm). The

remaining plant extracts exhibited considerable amounts (50- 105 pg/grn). Very

law phenolic acid contents were registered in Andrographis paniculata,

Ceropegia b u l k and Cipadessa kcifera

QuaJitative ldentif icatim of Fhvanoids and Antmanidim:

Among the flavonoid constituents, quercetin and myricetin in 21

species, rutin in 20 species, kaempferol in 17 species, apigenin in I5 species,

orientin and Iuteolin in 14 species, iso-orientin in 6 species, vitexin and is*

vitexin i n 5 species and epicatechin in one species namely Pterocarpus

santaiinus hear r - wood were identified. The anthocyanidin constituents viz.,

delphinidin in 16 species, pelargonidin and cyanidin in 15 species, peonidin i n

8 species, rnalvadin and petunidin in 6 species were identified (~ables 14 and

15). The structures of the flavonoids and anthocyanidins detected are shown

in Charts 3 and 4.

m i t a t i v e Determinatian of Flavomids d Anth-dins:

Flavonoid and anthocyanidin constituents were determined

quantitatively and depicted i n Table 16, and expressed as micrograms per

gram weight for each of the identified constituents. Out of 33 phnt samples,

15 plant ex t rac t s reg is tered high amounts of total f lavonoid and

anthocyanidins (60- 105 p/gm). Kaempferol in rheedii e d , apigenin in

Ipomoea sepiaria, epicatechin in Pteroearpus &nus heart- wood, vitexin i n

stem bark, rutin i n Ter- @ids fruit and myricetin in

Tablo 11: Rr unluw, FlUOraeCmCs mnd Calaur rwetions rrr Phenolic acfdn.

Uf valum i n aoluant* Fluornscence Colour -------*------------ r - rC - -C - - - - - ______* - - - - - - - - - . - - - - . " - - * - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . I - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - . . . - - - - - * -

S.No Identification o f c ~ u n d 8 1 2 U.V. U.V. + NH3 Sulphanilie p-nitraniline Ferric chloridc ncid remgent reegent reagent .,..,,,..--.-.--..-*.---------------.-...-.--.--.---* "--------------.-------.-..---**-*----------------------------....-.......-"-----q---

1. Cnffaic mid 0.06 0.38 Blue Bright blue-green Buff Yellow-brmn Derk green 2. Protocet&chuie acid 0.05 0.50 Buff Light b r m Violet blue 3. Chlorngenic acid 0 0.76 Faint blue Duck.egg green Orenga Or wrn Green 4. &.Chlarogenic acid 0.04 0.51 Faint blue Duck-egg green Light orange B r m Green 5. E-Chlorogenic acid 0.05 0.78 Duck-egg green Bright duckegg green Brown Orenqe-purple Green 6. e-Pruknceteehuic acid 0.29 0.82 BuFf Light brown Green 7. Phloroglucinol 0.02 0.58 Yelhw Brown Dark green 8. Gentieic m i d , 0.14 0.68 Blue-green Blue-green Buff Grey-white Violet-blue 9. -R~snrcylic acid 0.16 0.83 Brmn Orange-brown Light brow

1U. p -Resorcylic acid 0.28 0.70 Dark brown B r m Reddish purple 11. p -Cuumric acid 0.30 0.09.0.40 - Blue violet Light b r m Blue 12. trsns-D-Coumnric acid 0.50 0.45 L i @ t blue Dark blue Light b r m Blue 13. cis.~.Comsrlc m i d 0.42 0.77 Light blue Derk blue Derk brown Blue 14. ~ y d r o * y b o n z n i c ntici 0.30 0.60 Brightyellow ~ight pink . 15. Phlorntic acid 0.40 0.78 Yellou Purple-white - 16. Fnrulic meid D.64 0.68-0.18 Light blue Blue-graen Purple pink Pels blue - 17. *-Ferulic m i d 0.09 0.65 Light blue Blue Purple Blue green - 18. trans-Farulic acid 0.8D 0.51 Light blua Blue Purple Blue grsm - 19. Scopoletin 0.30 0.51 Bright blue Derk blua Yellow B r m 211. Sinspie meid 0.51 0.65-0.24 Blue Blue-green Pink Fuint blue-green - 21. Vanillic acid 0.70 . 0.57 Orange Purple Light brom 22. Syrirqic acid 0.92 0.48 Red Derk b lue Light v i o l e t 23. Salicylic acid 0.95 D.31 Blue-purple Blus-purple Yellow Pinlc Light b r m ZL. CmwrinO.99 Cl.66 - Ysllow Violet 25. Acamlmtin 0.28 0.53 White-blue Very briqht blue Brown Grey 26. ,. Cinnamic acid 0.96 0.04 Yellow Green 27. +Colmarie acid 0.64 0.60 Yellwr Yellorr-green Light brown Blue 26. Gallic acid 0.05 0.21 Bright blua Yellow 29. nslilotie acid 0.51 0.76 Orenge yell^ Purple B r m ~ o . Gymnsmic acid 0.45 D.13 Yellow Bright yellow Y e l l a Yellow B r m 3 . n-Pyrocatachui~ acid 0.37 D.50 Blue Dark blue Yellnu Blue Violet blue

+Solvent by:

1. Benzme - acetic acid - natar ( 6 : 7 : 3 u/v,' top lnyer}

2. Sodirn f o m n t ~ - formic acid . water (10 : 1 : 20 w/v)

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G $ a * l& :a .,~,;G~~~~~/~~~~~~ ra;!mi=:isd l a m J "

, ~ ~ ~ j ~ j ~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~ , u z ~ - ~ ~ p ~ f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ % 5~ A G S ~ ~ S

Cornpound(a) ---------.--..---------------.-.----------------------------------------------.----.---------- J . Plant Part 1 2 5 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 .--..---.----------..-----------------------.----~.---~~..--------.----~---..--*..---.~~~~~.--~~~"~~~.---.-----~----~*--"~~--~~ 1. Alengiurn aaluifolium LF 2.36 2.56 0.72 6.25 11.21 17.00 9.20 !. Andrographis paniculata YP 1.45 6.22 9.70 4.50 1.50 I. Asperagus racernosus FR 12.66 5.40 2.72 4.00 6.44 6.36 6.50 2.50 I. Cnlotropis gigante! WP 12.00 B.OO 4.20 0.60 7.83 12.00 i. Calotropis prorere WP 12.40 14.66 15.60 4.20 9.50 7.83 9.211 j. Parallma adscendens WP 7.20 11.40 6.70 t . Caralluma attanueta YP 6.00 4.24 11.20 6.70 3.27 3. Carallma urnbellata UP 2.00 10.00 7.40 4.50 3.2U 11.00 2.40 a. Caropegle bulbctse TR 12.11 12.00 7.20 12.00 1. Cerapegia juncea WP 12.70 0.70 4.60 7.20 5.75 11.0[1 1.90 7.30 8.20 10.50 1. Cipsdassa baccifere ST 1,70 1.20 16.20 2. Deeal~pis hamiltonii FR 15.00 12.15 2.14 7.30 1.70 10.30 8.00 3. Entada rhaedii SE 5 , U 6.20 12.60 14.70 1.30 8.20 15.75 - 4. Gylxlnema syiveatre WP 12.50 7.00 6.00 7.50 7.63 VI

5. Hemidemus indicua RT 11.50 6.71 11.00 13.00 8.16 9.00 6. Holerrhana pubeseene YP 13.30 8.30 14.63 10.00 6.20 7.00 12.44 10.00 1B.60 9.00 7 . Lchmcarpua fcutescene WP 13.10 7.30 14.15 10.15 14.00 12-30 10.00 7.80 9.00 0. Ipomoea sepiaria UP 8 . U 4.60 11.70 11.90 14.70 11.70 14.30 16.70 9. L e p t ~ d t n i a reticulata VP 8.50 16.00 14.30 12-30 8.03 9.16 .O. b r d i c e eymbaleria FT 14.04 0.90 11.70 8.70 3.70 4.32 11.38 0.09 11.40 16.10 7.20 :1. Pergulerie daemia UP 13-30 14.16 14.DO 4.70 12.90 111.16 :Z. Ptarocarpus aentalinus HW 12.50 13.05 0.90 10.70 6.30 18.75 11.70 14.70 17.50 14.70 3. Puereria tuberoea TR 16.40 18.45 !4. Riusa ornuta WP 0.90 11.45 8 -40 - 4.32 !5. Secmone emetics UP 13.33 5.30 15.00 12.66 f .30 10.00 r6. 5t-a tuberosa FR 1.75 6.30 14-30 8.00 4.91 14-35 16.65 17.Sterculia urens SB 2.66 10.00 6.00 5.55 7.70 17.30 6.10 26. syzygium mlternifalium SE 10.00 12.50 13.50 6.30 3.20 29. Terminalia pallide FT 6.14 2.75 12.50 17.50 14.00 19.00 8.70 30. Tylophora indice W 10.35 4.00 4.60 5.40 6.00 3.30 9.33 7.00 51. Yattakaka uolubi l ia WP 12.00 6.85 12.44 6.33 10.50 7.80 3 2. Yrightia arboree SB 5.20 14.00 13.16 12.25 9.00 33,Yrightia kinetoria SB 10.30 8.60 7.00 11.0Ci 2.05 14.30

: 2 E

i E: .rl c : Y N m 2 4 1

L 3 ~ m m b . 4 ~ 3 . , r , , c m m t.2 ,e: id;: z -I ID

I - . ~ ~ U C . O ~ ~ ~ : ~ C O C * , r l lAa?S U a U J m i f . ! S I d m 23 2 ! I . 4 m ~ m u m ~~.~~ $ 2 8 = . d r l m E O u m m c r l u P: ,, , > = u m o u u m p u " 4 4 ~ ~ n ~ ~ + I 9 I m ~ 4 0 L k d 4 9 h U

E l ~ m i . ; g ! $ # ; 5 P~;~Q~I.~~E;Q~ " b " a m n 4 n " : : : . ~ f i r n m m m 3 m 7 n s u d " sqg:;;5ss: a ! , E ~ m q + d ,a z m , ~ ~ ~ : ~ : : ~ ~ ~ E E " t ? ~ m c I M u r m

g u e u a d.... r l a m a u

, r ( f i m o I pgz: :--- D 3 3 2 p m m alu-r p O # L @ r d U . . I ~ ~ ~ n l a t u u - ~ : i ~ j g : ~ ~ 8 k m , .Q~~ .~ . . . . I ~ ~ a + d ~ L f i h Y a s . . . . d z ~ ; J k p i K f ~ p k E E : s ~ ~ ...am.... y1-:.I . . ~ ~ . * . 4 . ~ - . h . . . : q 3 f LJL. , , IUUUOUPWCIIPw~J ~ ~ b ~ r n v r m m c ~ 3 = ~ . . . . . . . . . I . . : i i & ~ ~ ~ , : d & d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ < ~ A ~ n e m w ~ r n ~ ~ d ~ n

VIZ I d 4 d 4 d d d d 4 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m n n f i

CHART 2 : Chemical Structures for Phenolic acids

EALlCY LlC AClD

COOH

VANlLLlC AClD

OCH 3

SYRINGIC AClD

g- COUMARIC ACID - C P- COUMARIC ACID

H noQ;= c,- CooH

H H

CIS- P - COUMARIC ACID - -. TRANS- P- COUMARIC ACID - 7

HOQCH. CH- COOH HOQCH=CH-COM

H.0 . H3C-0 ..;

CAFFEIC ACID FERULIC ACID

CIS FERULIC AClD - H3ctI

HO*CH=CH-COOB

H3CO SlNAPlC AClD

CHLO RO GE N lC ACl D

H- . TRANS FERULIC AClD -

CHLOROGENIC ACID I

NEO CHLOROGENIC AClD

R r (~100; Values in aalventf Fluareecenca C a l w r Ident i f icat ion o f ---------------.------------------ .__-__-____-______.~---------*- ___________..--.--_-------.------------.----- carpounda 1 2 5 O 5 6 Visible U.V. U\I/NH3 Sulphanilic 1% alcoholic 1% nlc=no-

celaur acid reagent FeC13 l i e Ale:, -------.-.-I--------.- m......-------------------*----------*--..--.------....-----"----*--*-----------"---------.-.-------------.---*-----

FLAVONCIDS :

Drientin 78 31 02 44 Yellow Yellow- Y e l l m Grey -

Pelargonidin

green

Dull yellow Ymllw

Pele yellow Pale yellaw

Yellnw Yellw

Ormnge Yellow b r ~ w n Yellcu Yallow

Pale yellow Pink Dull yellnw Pink B r o m Pink

green

Bright Bright red yellolv

Bright Orange yellnw Light B r i g h t yellow yellnw Bright Green yellow B r i g h t tight green y e l l n u Red b r c m Pink-orenge y e l l o w Pink Ysllm Bright red Bright red

61 80 68 78 34 Red Orsnss vallolv Liaht yellow - - yellow -

4 4 68 I 9 69 25 kqsmta , Rad I lrnrqs cad Pink 16. 42 32 35 14 Purple Hauws B l w grssn Yellow h7 71 63 72 6P Haqsnta Pink Blue Light blue 42 57 60 53 28 Purple Mauve Blue green Red 48 52 16 05 22 Purple Red Pink Pink

Greenish y e l l n w Yellcw

Green Yellow

Ol ive Y e l l o w

U l i v e G r e y y e l l o w

Pulmgrssn - P a l e gpeen - cn 00

Red

1. ~.Propylalcohol - umumia t25Y) - rater ( 8 r 1 : 1 u/v) 2. pButano1 - ncatic acid - rater (4 : 1 : 5 v/v. tap layer) 3. conc. HC1 - acetic acid - water (3 : M r 1[1 v/v) 4. rn - uster ( 3 : 1 u/u) 5. n-&tmnol - 2 N H C l (1 : 1 v/v, top lsysr) 6 . Cone. HC1 - Fumic acid . rater - (2 : 5 : 3 v/u)

- - - - - --

+ + + + + + + BS B T Z O ~ = T ~ B J ~ ~ ~ T J N 'LC + + + + + + + ES EWJZO~ZO ~ T ~ $ T W 'ZE

+ + + + + + dn ssytqn~on mwqq11m~ -I< + + + + + + dR 83TpUF ~~0d01~1 'OC + c + + + + l d ~ ~ T T T B ~ mTTEUTlllZB1 '62

+ + + + + + 3s urny'(Oj~uil7T~ vr~6AzAs -BZ + + + + + + BS euazn ~ l ~ n 3 ~ 8 7 ~ ' L Z 4. + + + tid moaeqna e w w q s ' 92

+ + + + + + + dlrl isrqama PWLOBDBS .5Z + + + + + + dm eqsuao WPATM -*z

+ + + + 4. + M 1 ssosaqnq eTaeasnd 'CZ + ? . + + + + + * + RH snu~~equea s n d ~ e m ~ a l d -21

+ + + + + + + dm ersaep eyamlnba0d 'TZ + rC + + + + 13 eyae1eqwAa eaypamuw '02 + + + + + + + + dR mrleTnaT2aa m ~ u a ~ ~ ~ d ~ l *6T + + + + + dm ~ ~ a s ~ d e a a a o u d ~ 'QT + + + + + + a aueaaeqn~j e n d a s m u q ~ ~ -,g + + + + + dm sueanaqnd e u o q ~ ~ e - [ n ~ - g ~

+ + + + + + I M m T P U T mnWEPTWH 'ST + + + + + + + + dm aaqsan~48 s l u e w h -Q-[

+ + + + + + + + 3s rrp-w spew3 -ET + + + + + u T ? U D ? T J ~ I ~ Y s ~ d e ~ e a a o -XT + + + + + .P 1s 8JaJTDDBq s ~ n a p e d ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 :

+ + + + + dR eaaunr e y k c b z e j '01 + + + + + H1 eaoqTnq e:6adnza~ -6

+ + +. + + + + + + + dm e w ~ ~ e q w n alunr~m~e3 -8 + + + + + + + + dfi saanueqq~ e u n ~ ~ e z e 3 'L

+ + + + + muapuaaepe munl~aam3 -9 + + + + + + + dfl e a a m ~ d s y d o q o ~ e a - 5

+ + + + dm eaqun6~6 P T ~ O Z ~ O T W ~ -9 + 4 + + + j s n s o w a a ~ nn6e1edsy -<

+ + + + dm e q ~ ~ n a ~ u a d u r q d s ~ k ~ p u y 'z + + + + + + ~7 ~ T T D J T A T E S unt6u~lw 'T

I r _ _ _ _ r - _ * _ _ C - _ _ * C - - - - - - - - - . - - - * * - * _ - * ~ ~ ~ ~ _ C C _ _ _ _ C ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - ~ m - - - ~ - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * - - - - - - - . - -

LT. 9T S t QT IT 1 DT 4 B L 9 5 1; f I lXBd WsTd ' O N ---_---*------.------------*----- --r------------*----.-----------------------.----...----..-- - 5

SSI(IIMWAJDH1lV SOIONOAVl J -----------------*---------------------------------------------------------------..--------------------- (s)punoduo~

-9lUsl4 TOUrPTDorJ Plqa lTaS JO I U J P T U I * J D L I ~ Y PU. 9PTPUDaPTd 10 O ~ O K T - L I V OAT3WlTTWlo -Tqsl

CHART 3 : Chemical Structurw for Flavonoids

QUERCETIN OH

HO

MY RICETIN OH

CHART 4: Chemical S t r u ~ t ~ f e s for Anthocyanidins

HO CYANIDIN

syzygiurn alternifolium seed were present in high amounts (18.00 - 19.70

,gIgm) when compared to the remaining plant samples. Most of the plants

were found to contain higher amounts of flavonoids than anthocyanidins.

B i o I w keening of setemed Medicinal Plants:

After thorough phyt~chemical screening of 33 plants (Table 8),

only twelve plants namei y, ALangium salvifoliurn (leaf), Asparagus racernosus

(fasciculated tuberous root), k a l e @ h a m i l m i (fasciculated tuberous root),

Enh& rheedii (seed), ipomata sepiaria (whole plant), Momordim cymbabri

(fruit ), Pergukri daemia (whole plant), Pterocarpus santalinlrs (heart-wood),

*rculia wms (stem bark), Syzygiurn alternifolium heed), Tcrminalia piti&

(fruit) and Wrightia arborea (stem bark) (Photos 32, 38, 42, 43, 44, 47, 51.

52, 5 5 ) have been taken up for detail biological screening in respect of

hypoglycaemic (i.e. decreasing the blood sugar concentration, and therefore

used for treatment of diabetes), anti-inflammatory (used for rheumatic pains,

inflammatory swellings, etc.), anti-pyretic (anti-fever), anti-ulcer, anti-

h r i a l and anti-- activities. The details of the studies are given here

under.

H~poglyG%Emi~ - k d h h r y screening oi Plants for hypoglpernic activity (TabIe 17h

Anti-diabetic studies of 12 p h t s (Table 17) showed that three

of these plants, D m i s hamiltmii (2X7%h P t e r m r p santalinrrs (31.7%)

and Terrninalia palli& (24.8%) have significant activity (more than 25%

decrease in blood gluco*) when administe~ed orally. Moderate activity (1%

22% decrease) w a in Asparagus racernosus (21.8%X Momor dim

Cymbalaria (20.3%) and Syrygium alternifolium (19.5%)- The remaining six

Table 17: Preliminary screening of 95% ethenolic plant extracts (250 mg/kg body wt./oral) at different time intervals on the blood sugar level (mg/lCO m l ) of fed albino rats.

Treatment Before Haximum adminis- After administration lowering tration ----------.---,,,,,,-,,,. from (J h

O h + 1 h +3 h +4 h value ($1 _*__ *----- -"-----------------------.---------..----.-- ----------- - - - ----

(1 1 ( 2 ) ( 3 1 (4) (51 (6)

Control

1.Alanqiumsaluifolium 01.97 84 .U 86.40 86.69 No

(Leaf I - +3.85 6 . 5 3 23.50 lowering

2.Pterccarpussantalinus 86.28 70.25* 58-69 69.56* 31.7

(Heart -wood l - 4 . 8 2 24.07 54-05 9.13

Control

3.Asparaqusracernosus 02.85 74.30** 64.70* 71.18**21.8

(Root) - +7.25 25.26 54.72 57.01

4. Ipomoea sepiaria 85.25 09.34 86.42 08.76 No

( h o l e plant) - +4.25 53.65 .- +6.80 27.70 lowering

Control 79.61 71.09 77.91 72.82 - +4.60 &.00 25.00 23.66 - -

5. Nomordica cymbalaria 82.83 74.25 66.08* 70.72 20.3

(F ru i t ) - +6.70 55.10 0 9 - 7 0

Table 17 (continued )

6. Perqularia daernia 81.20 04.45 96.35 86.66 No

( h o l e Plant) - +3.12 55.12 57.41 24.80 lowering

7. Sterculia urens 84.40 86.34 89.34 86.04 No

(Stem bark - +3.52 i 4 . 8 6 57.02 56.50 lowering

Control 00.12 82.22 70.64 80.25 - +4.70 ~ 6 . 2 0 25.90 26.20 -

0.Decalepishamiltonii 79 .02 70.04* 58.73" 69.45* 25.7

(Root 1 - +6.20 - +3.60 53.10 25.60

9. Entada rheedii 04.00 85.40 86.02 89.23 No .

(Seed - +6.00 54.00 27.00 25.40 lorering

10 Terminalia pallida 02.62 77.92 61.13* 76.16 24.8

(F ru i t ) - +6.40 - A 6 0 25.20 56.70

Control 79.09 82.15 87.04 B0:lO - c4.90 26.20 27.60 +6.70 - -

11 Syzygium elternifof ium 02.16 76.21 66.09* 71.11** 19.5

(Seed) - +5.20 26.60 $.70 25.60

12 Wriqhtia arborea 06.05 84.00 86.00 87.00 No

(Stern bark) - +4.10 ~ 3 . 7 0 26.80 55.80 lowering

Each value is meen - + SD of s i x individual observations

Values are signif icant a t *P < 0.001; **P ( 0.01

165

plant extracts of krgukria daemh, lpornoea sep ia ry Alangrum dvifolium,

~terculia urens, Entada pursaetha and Vrightia arborea showed no

hypogiycaemic activity.

1. Asparag- racernosus (Tables IS and 19; Fig. 2):

A racernosus root extract significantly lowered blod glucose

upto 24.7% i n fasted rats, 21.8% in fed rats and about 16.6% in

streptozotwin-induced diabetic rats within 3 h after administ rat ion of the

extract. The root extract was not only lowered the blood glucose level to a

greater magnitude but also the effect was prolonged beyond 3 h after

administration. In the glucose-loaded rats, the Asparagus extract markedly

suppressed the blood sugar level at 112 h (18.1%) after administration when

compared to that of the cmtrols. The n-hexane and methanol fractions of

root exhibited lowering of blood glucose by 14.0% and 19.0% respectively at

3 h after administration,

2 w i r hamilton" (Tables 20 and 21; fig. 3; Photo 52):

D. hamiltonil root also exhibited signifiant blood sugar lowering

effect in fasted, fed and diabetic rats. In fasted rats, the blood gfucose

levels decreased to 15.2% at 3 h after administration of the extract when

compared to controls. in fed rats, the blood sugar levels decreased t o 11.4%

at 1 h, 25.7% at 3 h and 12.1% at 4 h after administration of the extract

In diabetic rats, the root extract produced maximum lowering of blood

glucose level at 3 h after administration. In glmose-loakd test, the root

extract depressed blmd sugar levels to a maximum (27.2%) after I h

feeding of glucose when to the control group rats. Methanol

fraction of the root exhibited more blood glucose lowering effect (14.6%)

when compared to the n-hexane (12.0%) and other fractions.

3. Mornohdim cymbalaria (Tables 22 and 23; Fig. 4; Photo 46):

Ethanol extract of M. cymbalaria f ru i t in fasted rats produced

significant lowering of blood glucose (34.6%) at 3 h after administration. In

fed and diabetic rats, the f ru i t extract exhibited moderate lowering effect of

blood glucose (20.3% and 16.0%) at 3 h and 14.6% and 15.1% respectively at

4 h a f t e r admin is t ra t ion when compared t o respective controls. The fruit

extract suppressed blood sugar levels to 24.5% and 12.9% after 112 h and 1 h

feeding of glucose respectively as compared to their controls. The n-hexane

fraction exhibited moderate blood sugar lowering effect of 14.3% at 3 h and

the water-soluble f ract ion also lowered blood sugar level by 1X3% at 1 h

after administration as compared to their controls.

4. P t e r m a r p santalinus (Tables 24 and 25; Fig. 5; Photos 36 and 37):

The 95% ethanol, e x t r a c t of heart-wood of 120 crn diameter

stern of P. santalinus produced a maximum glucose lowering effect (24.6%) at

t h e 3 h in the fasted rats, whereas in the fed rats, the lowering of blood

sugar was higher at 3 h (31.7%). In the diabetic rats, the blood glucose

lowering effect started after 1 h (12.0%), and t h e optimum lowering was

corresponded at the 3 h (21.8%) after administration of the extract. In t h e

glucose-loaded rats, the extract depressed the blood sugar level to 26.6% at

112 h when compared to control. The n-hexane and methanol fractions also

lowered the blood glucme lev& in fed rats. No blood sugar lowering effect

seen with the ether, water soluble and water insoluble fractions.

18: E F f e c t of e 95% e t h a n o l extract OF Anparague racemoaue root ( 2 5 0 mg/kg body rt. /or'el) a t different t i m e i n t e r v a l s on the blood sugar l e v e l (mq/100 r n l ) o f fasted, fed and streptozotocin-induced diabet ic (65 mgjkg body w t . i . u . 1 end on the glucose tolerance (1.5 g/kg body wt./oral) o f albino rats.

Group Sub-group Before After administration sdministration __________-...-.I II.m.-..-------l-----.-----w----.w

O h l h 3 h 4 h - - - - - - _ - I " - - - C C - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . -

Control 73.56 2 6.78 74.33 4 5.53 71.63 2 4.46 72.16 2 5.74 Fasted rats - A , rocemoaus 76.BZ 2 4.78 72.40 + 5.41 57.82 2 3.81* 62.61 5 5.12"

root (-5.6) (-24.7) (-10.5)

Fed Control 83.65 2 5.84 02.45 & 6.01 80.85 7.12 81.65 + 6.26

rats A . r~cemoaus 82.85 2 7.25 74.302 5.26+* 64.78 + 4.72* 71.16 2 7 .O lY+ root (-10.3) (-2E8) (-14.1)

Coptrol 314.23 12.03 320.76 5 16.26 316.112 19.20 312.26 2 18.22 Diebetic rate .0 A. racemosua 322.12 2 18.04 304.76 + 15.56*** 268.66 2 12.64*276.85 2 16.23*

root (-5.45 (-16.6) (-14.0) ---I.------------------------------------"------------------------------------------.----".-----

After feeding glucose ----------.----.--------------------.-------.---- 1/2 h l h 3 h __-------___----lr------------------.--------------------------------------------------"--------

Control 80.17 2 7.26 112.6 2 1I3.04 102.2 2 9.15 98.64 5 8.23 Glucose loaded racemnaus 75.60 2 6.90 89.32 2 5.76* 92.07 2 6.77* 85.32 + 7.11" rats root (+18.11 (+21.81 (+1z8)

Each value is meen 2 SD o f s i x indiv idual observations Values i n parentheses ere per cent change over controls Values are signiFicant e t +P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.05

Table 19: Effect o f different fractions o f A~paragus racemoaw root (250 mg/kg, oral) a t different time in terva ls on the blood sugar l e v e l (mg/lOIl ml) of fed albino rats.

Treatment Before After administration Maximum lower- administration .------*--.--.- ..-. ----..-C---~.-~-.----------- ing from 0 h

O h l h 3 h 4 h value (a)

Control

n-Hexane fraction 96.24 -1- 7.21 89.47 4 7.46** 82.71 2 4.21" 88.19 5 6.14 14.0

Ether fract ion 100.2 4 7.21 104.4 - + 0.12 108.6 4 5.12 112.3 2 9.56 No lowering

Methanol fraction 112.7 - + 5 . 2 1 110.8 2 7.10 91.26 2 4,80" 106.3 2 6.46 19.0

Water-aoluble fraction 102.3 2 7.00 104.6 2 9.20 106.6 2 5.20 109.2 2 7.20 No lowering e

Water-insoluble m fraction 100.24 + 8.26 102.40 4 6.42 106.33 2 7.54 106.40 2 6.32 No lowering m

Each value is mean 2 SD of s i x indiv idual observations

Values are signif icant e t * P < 0.fl01; *+ P < 0.05

Fig- 2

ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS (Root) I - Fasted m o d d .

o---4 Fed modrL n ...-. ..x DlobcUc modal &--A Clueosr Lmdrd modal

20-

d

E .c. E

8 lo- L w

A., .. . x-.

-. i --.-

j i

u C - 0 -10- L m f l

-20 -

-30

-40-

-

1 I I

1 2 3 4

Hours after ndministrtltion

Fig. 2: c , !~ : .? , -;-.L~.!A-- .. .?. - ::-I.. . .-! , ,-. : , 'T!. .: :I/,I,..; . : ! ~ ~ r lev&

ii; z!:t- :,:5:,..-:m :...is - ~ ~ , - ; ~ : n - m * , . ~ ~ . . - . - . . . :!-;a * s t - (11 .:I 14 ~ I u c o ~ ~ -

!L:.S<IV;! .:!;I;::,- . . . . . , -,. . - r:!.: .-. . . ! : A ..: :: ::::;!t,: ! r ; , ~ j ~ s ~ ~ of A.

. . racc~nosus I L.. .: ,.-..:: .,, :. i - . . I . . .. .... .. ... ::. +:I; .&-!.I sg.iirist the

C~?:::ri\[ 2: kt-it.;::,-,: ;::L!*.

LEGEND

Fig. 3: Graph showing the per cent change in blood sugar levels

in the fasted, fed, str eptozotocin-diabetic and gfucose-

loaded albino rats, subjected to oral administration of D.

hamiltonii root extract (250 mg/kg M y wt.) against the

control at selected time intervals.

Fig. 3

DECALEPI 5 HAMlLTONll (Root)

4C

30

- 4

2 u t 0 U

h lo-

C > 0

- - Fastad model ---a Ftd modal .---..--x Dbbdk mndtl b---A Glurwr Lwdd

-

f.-.\ /: i .'..

p. '..

'a. '.., !' I \-%

j QI

L Q1 a

-20-

-30

-40-

' . \ / \ ' . I /'

0 \ , / '\. / %d'

-

1 I I

1 2 3 4

22: E f fec t o f a 95% ethanol extrect of t lomardice cymbalerla f r u i t ( 2 5 0 m g / k q body mt./oral) at d i f f e r e n t t i m e i n t e r v a l s on the blood augar lsvel (mg / lUO m l ) of faatsd, Ped and streptorotocin-induced diabetic ( 6 5 mg/kg body w t . i.v.) snd on the glucose tolerance ( 1 . 5 g/kq body wt./orel) o f elbino rats.

Group Sub-group Before AFter administration administration _ _ I I _ _ - I _ _ L I _ _ C _ _ _ _ C _ - - - - - I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - -

O h 1 11 3 h 4 h 1---3----------I-------------*----w---"---"----------------"---m.-*--------------.---"----------

Control 65.01 2 5 . 5 60.50 2 6.2 64.12 2 5 . 7 65.23 2 4.6 Fasted rEIt8 - M. cymbalaria 70.22 2 5 . 2 64.82 -, 4.7 45.91 2 4 .2 * 56.14 2 2.hY

f r u i t ( - 7 . 7 1 ( - 3 4 . 6 ) ( - 2 0 . 1 )

Control 79.61 2 0.6 71.09 5 4.0 77.91 2 5 .0 72 .82 -+ 5.8 Fed rats - M. cymbalaria 82-83 2 6.7 74.25 2 5.1 66.08 + 4.1, 70.72 +- 4.7

f ru i t (-10.4) (-20.31 (-14.6)

Control 314.2 5 12.0 320.7 5 16.3 316.1 + 19.2 312.2 + 18.2 Diabetic r aka - M. cvmbalarie 321.1 + 17.1 3114.5 5 24.5 269.7 2 13.P 272.6 + 17.9

f r u i t ( -5 .2 ) (-16.0) (-15.11 - - - - - - - - * - - - - - - 1 - - _ - - - - . - - - - - - - . - w - - . - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

After feeding glucoee ................................................. 1/2 h 1 h 3 h

_ _ _ _ - _ " _ _ - - _ - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - * - - - - - - - - " - - - " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - w - - - - - - - - -

Control 80.17 +- 7.26 112.62 10.04 102.2 + 9.15 9 8 . 6 4 2 8.23 Glucose loaded H. cymbalaria 72.62 2 4.1 90.42 + 5.7* 82.07 2 7.4* 70.13 2 6.4* rats fruit (+24.5) (+12.9) (+7.6)

Each v e l u s is mean -+ SD of aix individual obeervations Valuma in parenthesea are per cent change over controls Values are significant a t *P < D.001

Fig. 4: Graph sllowirlg i t ~ c pcr cr.: i z I .!l~!.::t- I ! t t~lt!r,..! ~ugar levels

in the fasted, fc~c!, 31 r c;~?L~.:;~tL~~.i~:-:ii.t!)~.tti- 3116 ~IUCOSC-

loaded albir?o rats, c11h ivr-ttvi L>r;~! .rcf:rlirli-~ration of M.

cymbalaria fruit exrrdi. t C2iq r:rg:C.g t t l l t ! ) u t . l zgainst the

coi~trol at selected tililt i t~ : cr \ ,~ l - .

Fig . 4

LEGEND

Fig. 5: Graph showing the per cent change in blood sugar levels

in the fasted, fed, streptozotocin-diabetic and glucose-

loaded albino rats, subjected to oral administration of P.

santalina heart-wood extract (250 mglkg body wt.1

against the control at selected time intervals.

F i g . 5

PTEROCARPUS SANTALI NUS (Heart-wood )

40-

3 0 -

20-

-40-

- Fasted modat o----4 Fed modrL n-.-.--.--a Diabctlr modal '

&-.----A GLucou Lode& rn-1

.p. I 1..

\

t I 1 1

I \

i 4- I. lo- / 1.- '..

j 1.. \

-- w -

3

1 2 3 r,

Hours o f ter admini stration

LEGEND

Graph showing the per cent change in blood sugar levels

in the fasted, fed, srreptotutocin-diabctic and glucose-

loaded albino rats, sub jected to oral administration of S-

alttrnifoIium seed extract (250 mg/kg body wt.) against

the control at selected time irrtervals.

Table 28: E f f s c t OF a 958 ethanol extrect o f T s r m i n e l i a pallide fruit: ( 2 5 0 m p / k g body w t ./oral) s t d i f f e r e n t t i m e intervale on the b lood sugar l e v e l (mg/ lOD m l ) of feeted, fed and etrept~zotocin.indu~ed diabetic ( 6 5 mg/kq body w t . i . u . ) and on the glucosa tolnrencc (1.5 g/ky hndy wt:. /oral ) of albirln r a t s .

CoriErol 80.12 2 4.7 82.22 2 6.2 7U.b4 +- 5 . 9 H11.2!1 +_ 6 . 2 Fed retm I. palllda

frui t - Control > I D - 0 5 9 . 3 320.6 2 la.4 335.3 2 17.7 352.6 2 18.6 0

Diabetic N

rats - T. pal l ide 301.6 2 17.3 272.0 2 18.7* 252.1 2 10.1* 276.9 2 12.6* seed ( - 9 . e ) (-16.4) ( -8 .21

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " - - - - - - - . - - - w - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

After feeding glucose --.--------------*"--------"---------------------

1/2 h 1 h 3 h _I_____-____--_.---g-----.---------------*------*---------------*9---"--------------------------

Control 78.02 5 6 .2 96.21 2 5.5 109.2 9.2 92 .23 2 7.2 Glueome loadad T. pall ida 74.62 2 5.5 BB.02 2 6.5** 85.71 2 7.6+ 79.64 2 6.0* rats fruit (+17.9) (+14.9) (+6.7)

~ a c h velue is rnsen 2 SD OF s ix individual observatione Valuea i n perenthesea are per cent changs over controls Ualuee ars significant a t *P < 0.001; **P C 0.01

LEGEND

Fig. 7: Graph showing the per cent change in blood sugar levels

in the fasted, f cd, streptozotocin-diabetic and glucosc-

loaded albino rats, subjected to oral administration of T.

pall ida fruit extract I250 nlg/kP, body wt.1 againsr the

control at selected time intervals.

F i g - 7

TERMINALIA PALL! DA (Fruit)

kU - - Fasltd modal *--a Fed m d c l n.--.-u Dlabrtle modcL b-4 GLucosr Load model

30 -

20 - P.. ./ '. 4..

4 i +.. E --a\* .

IC- i .-. C --. 0 i -.. U -A

z i' > O 0 rn 01 c 0 c U

..-. - 10- E m U L 01 a

- 20 -

-30-

-40-

I I I I

1 2 3 4

Hours after ociministration

5. syzygiurn al~crnifolium (f35les 26 and 27; Fig. 6; Photo 43):

s- altcmifulium r r d in fasted rats produced definite lowering of

blood sugar by 1 11 ( 1 6-$':1) arid by 3 h it was 22.8% and at 4 h it was 19.0%

when corrlparcd to colltrcll Tats. In fed group rats, the seed extract prodwed

maxirrlunl dec-rt.a>cm ot blood sugar at 3 h (19.5%) and it was significant even

at 4 h. In diabt8tic r;lls. the seed extract could produce slight but significant

l ower i r~g ut t ~ l u u d sugar a t 3 h when compared to that of the control. In

glucose-tolcrar~cc test, the seed extract produced marked depression of peak

value of blood sugar levels at 112 h and 1 h when compared with the

correspnding crlntrois. The 11-hexane fraction also exhibited blood glucose

lowering in fed rats at 3 h after edministration of the extract.

& Ttrminalia pll ida (Tables 28 and 29; Fig. 7; &to 42):

T. patlida fruit extract in fasted rats significantly lowered the

blood glucose level at 3 R (27.9%) and moderately lowered at 4 h (19.7%)

when compared to control group of rats. In fed and diabetic rats, the blood

glucose leveb were lowered to 24.8% and 16.4% respectively by the fruit

extract at the erld of 3 hour. In glucose-tolerance test, the fruit extract

produced significant depression of glucme peak values at 112 h and 1 h when

compared to t h e respective controls. The methanol fraction. of the extract

also exhibi*ted lowering of blood glucwe at 3 h (24.8%).

Anti-inflarnmatwy Stdies:

O f the 12 plant ext rac ts tested for prel iminary anti-

inflamrnsrorr rrudies (Table 301, the significant inhibition of v d e m a

(more than 35%) was noticed in Mangium ralvifalium, Entadq rheedii. and Wr* arbwea

Qomoea sepiaria, Pergularia daernia, st-a ur-at a dose of 250

51): ! ' t - * - i i : ~ I : ; I ';[' 1-+'fhltinq o f 951 ethanolic plant extracta (250 ! i n , . ! rr! . : l r s l l for anti.inflam.atory 8ctivity on : -t!' l~*l!!-n. . l i:!*.-i:~i!! .t~-~d pm e d e ~ in albino rats.

i ' : :v! ~ o l u m e ( m l ) aRer 1 rk*;1! !l,t-r:t car rageenan

:~rlntini stration Edema Per cent -- ----------...----.- ( m l ) inhibition

i l It +4 h -------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - . . . - -..--. - --.------.-.-----

- i . - 1 : . . - ( 3 ) (4) (5) ------ -----------------------------.."..-----.-.-."---.--------- CIIVII : . f i l [I. tic! 0.96 0.27 -

+11.118 +0.09 +U.01 - - 1. ;\::ulrlj!~n: : , . I Ii :I !:: :::in Il.? 5 1.10 0.17* 37.04

Leaf' - +U.L19 +a. 10 - - +0.01

6. [ - I G F . : ~ t j i ,-:, !:!!it, 1 ilr 1 :I 1 .I17 1.71 0.64 13.51 --.. ----- Frui t +I]. (36 - 4.02 ~flm06 -

8- I 1 t t ~ ~ : ! ~ ~ ; ~ : - : ~ : ~ : ; : i : ~ ~ l ~ ; ~ l j l t ~ s I I 0.66 10.01

---- ---. . - I. 75

k a r t -rjtrl?d - +O.il - +0.13 0 - r n

9. Syzk ~~UII ! ~t~l- ly,r . ! ! l f,: I 1!!! !!.!I 1 1.49 0.68 8.11 Seed - t I! .[I~; - +0.10 - +U.04

Each ~ : l l : a * i:: : : i ~ : ~ r , -. + sir; i r~div iduel observations Values arc !:iy!~i f'it.urtt at "I' 1; 0.001

rng/kg body weight orally. The other plant extracts of Asparagus, W e p i s ,

Mornordica, Pterocarpus, Syzygium and TermiMLia exhibited less inhibition

(below 14%) than that of phenylbutazane (59-628) at a dose of 100 mg/kg

body weight intraperitoneally.

1. h g i u r n salvifoIium (Table 31; Fig. 8):

The n-hexane fraction of A. salvifolium leaf at a dose of 250

mglkg body weight showed more inhibition (51.85%) than that of ethanol and

methanol extracts at doses of 250 and 500 mglkg body weight.

2 Emada rheedu (Table 32; Fig. 9; Photo 41 1:

The methanol and n-hexane fractions of E. rheedii seed produced

tremendous inhibition (63.64 and 60.61% respectively) at a dose of 250 mghg

body weight when compared to phenylbutazone at a dose of 100 mglkg body

weight, intraperitoneatly. The ethanol extract ,also produced significant

inhibition (55.5 and 40.7%) at oral doses of 250 and 500 mglkg body weight

respectively.

3- Wm~ea sepiaria (Table 33; Fig. 10; Photo 54):

The ethanol extract and its methanol fraction of L sepiaria at a

dore of 250 mg/kg significantly inhibited paw edema when c o w r e d t o that

of the standard anti-inflammatory drug.

4- Perguhria daemia (Table 34; Fig. 11):

The ethanol extract of the whole plant of P. daemia at doses of

250 and 500 rng/kg body weight showed more or less the same percenfage of

inhibition of paw edema (45.9 and 4 1.9% respectively) Methanol fraction

Table 31: Carrageenan-induced pedal edema in rats following oral treatment with various extracts of Alangiu salvifolim leaf and intraperitoneai treatment with phenylbutazone (PBZ).

Dose Pan volume ( m l ) Edema (ml) Inhibition (mg/ after carregsenan ( 4 ; )

Treatment kg) administration c--c--------.----

O h +4 h --"------------------------------.-------.--------------- ---.----. ------ Control - 0.72 1.46 0.74 -

4 . 0 4 +0.02 - - - d.06

Ethanol extract 250 0.91 1.40 0.49+ 33.78 4 . 0 7 4.05 - - - +a. 03

Control

n-Hexane fraction 250 1.02 1.15 0.13* 51.85 +0.01 +0.08 20.09 - -

Hethanol f ract ion 250 0.96 1.16 0.20* 25.92 +a. 02 4.07 20.12 - -

PBZ

Each value is mean - + of six individual nbservations

Values are significant a t *P < 0.001; ** P < 0-01

Table 32: I:arrag~enan-induced pedal edema in rat s following oral trcatmcnt with uarious extracts of Entada rheedii seed and i n t raperitonea 1 treatment mi th phenylbutazor~e (PBZ) .

Paw uolum [ m l ) after Edema lnhibi Treatment Dose carrageenan administration I m l ) t i o n

(mg/kg) w-lc---c.--., ,--,,,-------. ($1 O h 4 h

Control - 0.69 2 0.04 0.96 + 0.09 0.27 + 0.02 -

Ethanol 250 0.84+0.06 0 .96+0 .09 0.12+0.09* 55.55

extract 500 0.94+0.08 1.10+0.09 C.16+0.02* 40.74 -

PBZ 100 0 . 7 4 t 0 . 0 7 0.84c0.07 Q . l O ~ O . Q l * 62.96

Control - 0.72 - + 0.05 1.38 2 0.06 0.66 + 0.04 -

n-Hexane 250 1.04+0.09 1.3020.09 0.26+0.01* 60.61

fraction 500 1.06 + 0.09 1.41 + 0.12 0.35 - + 0.02* 46.97

Methanol 250 1.1650.14 1.40+0.09 0.2420.02* 63.64

fraction 500 4 1 1 1.4520.10 0.3120.03* 53.03

Each value is mean - + SD of six individual observations

Values are s igni f icant at *P < 0.001

LEGEND

Fig. 8 h 9: Graphs showing the per cent inhibition of paw edema in

albino rats following oral treatment with various extracts

of A. salvifolium leaf {Fig. 8) and E. rheedii seed (Fig. 9 )

and intraperitoneal treatment with phenylbutazone.

F i g 8 190

A L A t:G!U !d SALVI FOLIUM (Leaf)

r ----- I

-

f! Fig . 9

C - E N T A D A RHEEDII --I (Seed) .

U

L 1

Table 33: Carrageenan-induced p e d a l edema in r a t s following oral treatment with various extracts o f Ipamom sepiaria end intraperitoneal treatment uith phenylbutazone ( P u t ) .

Pan volume (ml) after Edema I nh ib i Treatment Dose carrageenan administrati on I m l ) tion

(mg/kq) -------,--.-,,--.,-,,--.... O h 4 h

($1

Control 0.72 +_ 0.04 1.46 2 0.02 0.74 2 0.06

Ethanol 250 0 .7750.06 l . l B + 0 . 0 9 0.41+0.03* 44.59

extract 500 1.25 2 0.09 1.71 $.I1 0.46 2 0.04+ 37.83

PBZ 100 0.86 + 0.05 1.14 2 0.06 0.28 - + 0.01* 62.16

Control a.72 + 0.05 1.30 2 0.06 0.66 - + 0.04

n-Hexane 250 0.86=0.07 1.3450.11 0.4820.04* 27.27

fraction 500 0.9720.04 1.48+0.09 0.51+0.04* 22.73

Hethanol 250 1.04 + 0.D9 1.40 2 0.08 0.36 2 0.02* 45.45

fraction 500 1.1650.07 1 . 5 8 ~ 0 . 0 9 0.43+0.03* 34.85

Ether 2 50 0.79+0 .06 1.41+0.08 0 .6250 .03 6.06

fraction 5OU 0.95 +. 0.04 1.562 0.09 0.61 2 0.02 7.57

klater- 250 1 . 0 2 2 0 . 0 7 1.6020.07 0.5820.04 12.12

Soluble 500 1.16 2 0.09 1.76 2 0.06 0.60 5 0.03 9.09

fraction

PBZ

Each value is mean - + SD of s ix individual observations

Values are signif icant a t *P < 0.001

fable 34: Carrageenan-induced pedal edema i n r a t s following oral treatment with various extracts of Pergularia daewia and intraperitoneal treatment with phenylbutazone (PBZ) .

Paw volume ( m l ) after Edema Inhibi Treatment Dose carrageenan administ rat ion (ml) tion

(mg/kg) .---.------.---.,,,--.--. (%I O h 4 h

Control -- 0.72 + 0.04 1.46 2 0.02 0.74 2 0.06 -- -

Ethanol 25C 0 .68cD.05 - 1.UB+0.07 0.40+0.04* 45.94

extract 500 11.89 - + 0.06 1.32 - + 0.09 0.4320.06* 41.89

PBZ 100 0 .76+0 .05 - 1.05+0.06 0.29+0.01* - 60.01

Control -- 0.72 - + 0.05 1.38 2 0.06 0.66 + 0.04 --

n-Hexane 250 1.04+0.01 1.50+0.01 - 0.462O.O3* 33.33

fraction 500 1.11~0.14 1.5220.09 0.4140.03* 37.09

Methanol 2511 0.86+0.07 1.60+0.09 0.2720.01* 59.09

Fraction 500 0 . 9 2 ~ 0 . 0 9 1.72+0.11 0.25+0.02* 62.12

Each value is mean - + SO of six indiv idual observations

Values are significant a t *P < 0.001

Fig-11 E QI u PERGULARlA DAEMIA (Whole ptant 1 L 80 ad a

LEGEND

Fig. 10 & 11: Graphs showing the per cent inhibition of paw edema in

albino rats following o r a l t reatrnent w i t h v a r i o u s

exrracts of L sepiaria (Fig. 10) and P. daemia (Fig. 1 1)

and intraperitoneal treatment with phenylbutazone.

Table 35: Carrageenan- induced pedal edema in rats folloning oral t real-nerd with cfarious ex tracts o f Sterculia urens stem bark and intraperitoneal treatment wi th phenylbutazane (PBZ).

Paw volume ( m l ) after Edema Inhibi- Treatn~ent Dose carrageertan administration (ml ) t i o n

(rnq/kg) ----- .---.---------- ---- - . . (%I O h 4 h

Control -- 0.72 2 0.04 1.46 + 0.02 0.74 2 0.06 -- -

Ethanol 25U 0 .942U .08 1.4220.11 0.4820.02* .35.13

extract 500 0.89 5 0.06 1.34 - + 0.13 0.45 4 0.04+ 39.19

Control -- 0.7220.05 1.30~0.06 0.6620.04 - -

n-Hexane 250 1.12-,0.10 1.40~0.12 0 . 2 0 ~ 0 . 0 3 * 57.57

fraction 500 1.14 2 0.11 1.56 2 0.14 0.42 2 0.03* 36.36

k t h a n o i 250 1.06+0.09 1.3920.[38 0.3340.04* 50.00

fraction 500 1.04 5 0.10 1.41 +- 0.09 0.31 2 0.16* 43.94

PBZ 100 0.68 2 0.03 0.95 5 0.06 0.27 2 0.01+ 59.09

Each value is man - + SD of s ix individual observations

Values are significant at *P < 0.001

LEGEND

Figa 12 k 13: Graphs showing the per cent inhibition of paw edema in

a l b i n o rats following oral treatment with various

extracts of 5. urms stem bark (Fig. 12) and I. *M

stem bark (Fig. 13) and intraperitoneal treatment with

pheny lbutazone.

F i g . 12

j I E thonol ex t mct I

Methono L fraction f

exhibited ~rtarked inhibition of paw edema upto 59.1%, 62.1% at doses of 250

and 500 irigAp, buds weight when compared to that of the standard drug.

5. Srerculia urens (Table 35; Fig. 12; Photo 31):

The ethanol extract of 5. urens stem bark showed a significant

inhibition of a paw edema (35.1 and 39.2%) at doses of 250 and 500 mgJkg

body weight. n-Hexane fraction exhibited marked inhibition (57.6%) when

compared to that of the standard anti-inflammatory drug (59.013.

6- Wrightia arbor- (Tabk 36; Fig. 13; Photo 10):

The ethanol extract of W. arborea stem bark has very Little

activity on the inhibition of paw edema but the n-hexane fraction alone

produced marked inhibition upto 68.2 and 65.1% at doses of 250 and 500

mglkg body weight respectively. The methanol fraction also produced

significant inhibition upto 56.0 and 51.5% at doses of 250 and 500 mghg

body weight respectively.

Antitipyretic wi:

Subcutaneous injection of 300 mg/kg of yeast prodwed a stable

PYrexia in all animals with 16 h of injection. Of the plants tested, the

antipyretic action was noticed for Wmoea sepiaria, Momordica cymbalaria

and w i a (Table 37; Figures 18 to 20). Statistically signifimnt

antipyresis was observed for these plant exwacts at 60-180 min as against

60-180 min with aspirin. The remaining plant extracts of Alangium,

Entada, Pterocarpus, Syzygium, Ter minalia, StercuIia

and Wrightk were found to have very wmk antipyretic action (Table 37;

'Figures 14 to 17 bt 21 to 25).

. . . --a- 9.:..: E-,:: =n:= sir69 ski: ~iii: ZERO ::a$ x n d zag2 :ne . . o==o dddd dddd 6666 dddd G&dd dddd dddd dSdd dd;i d d d ~ *I *a *! 41 $**I *i+l * # + I *I*l * l+ Iu+l + I + I + I ~ 41+1+1+l d+lbl+i + lM+lU +l+lM+l +th+le l MU41 - I *CQ r+,.- r r = n 1 9 p : g sjsrq ?!+! ;;~s ::ST $ 3 9 ria!? Bq;: ???? ;!?I . . =:xr :=a: z ~ x c xxzz xxgd i E z = ~ l l k zez f ZESR A R A E A A X ~

s : = i srqe = k a i =aii zi33 azsb zra2 zza2 szn i S P C ~ d d d d d&d 6;; ; Gddd dddd id;; 6666 i d d l

* I * l r le l *1+1.1.I .I*I+I*I ~ I+ I+ I+ I +I+I+IH + l u + l r l I l U H M +l+IMtl +14l+l*I tl.l+lU t l * l r l

fqsg Ffrq ;q!q :q;$ ;;t!~ ?as: ?!a; fag:! ?%;a !+q? = = Z 2 X,O,1,1 :_PEE !:2Z fXzz xn"ECi XXZS RXXL ltl lXE S A X ;

LEGEND

14 to 17:Graphs showing the effect of ethanolic plant extracts of

A salvifolium (Fig. 14), A racernosus (Fig. 151, D.

hamiltonii (Fig. 161 and E. cheedii (Fig. 17) and aspirin

on rectal temperature in Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia

in rats at selected time intervals viz., 0, 60, 120 and

180 minutes.

Fig. 15

ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS (Root)

c-* Q n b a l - EZtrocL mwp9 *--lt Ezlrnrr mrn#/hg A-A h#pirln q n g Lg I

Fig . l 7

LEGEND

Fig. 18 to 21: Graphs showing the cf [cr:t of c t h . i ~ ~ o t i c - plzri t c u t r x - f s of

L sepiaria (Fig. 181, M. cymbabria (Fig. I Y ) , P- daer13ia

(Fig. 201 and P. sarltalinus (Fig. 211 arid jspiriri or1 rectal

temperature in Ilruwrr's ~ C ; L G ~ 111dur-vd 11b1't.si.i i t 1 rat4 at

seiected time intervals viz., 0. brj. 120 arid I%rJ ;18itlutcs

~ i g . 18 F i g . 19

.I

U " I L

3 P P L a a

Fig.20 Fig. 21 4

PERGULARIA OAE. MIA (WW plant 1 PTEROCARPUS S ~ N T A L I N U S ( H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

0 7

L

I

0 60 120 180

LEGEND

Fig. 22 to 25: Graphs showing the effect of cthanolic plant extract of

S. dternifolium (Fig. 221, T. pallida (Fig, 231, SI urens

(Fig. 24) and V. arhrea (Fig. 251 atld aspirin on rectal

temperature in Brewer's yeast itlduced pyrexis in rats at

selected time intervals, viz., 0, 60, 120 and 180 rniriutes.

Fig. 22 Fig. 23

SYZYGIUM AtTERNlFOLIUM (Seed) TERMINALIA PALLIOA (Fr ui t)

M Control

'1 U t m L

a u 0 b II n

Fig. 24 Fig. 25 i STER CU LlA URENUS (Skmbark) WRIGHTIA ~R~oREA(5 tembark )

40 4

0

34. q.

0 1 I

60 120 180 0 60 120 180

Time after dosage Imin-1

Anti-ulcer Studies:

Of the plants tested (Table 38) the anti-ulcer a c t i v i t y was

noticed for Oecalepis hamiltonii, Pterocarpus santalinus and Terminalia

pallida. The 95% ethanol extracts of these piants significantly reduced the

incidence of gastric ulcers produced by pylorus ligation and protected the

rats from ulcerogenic effect to variable extents as evident by reduction of

the ulcer index. Further, the extracts exhibited significant reduction in total

acidity and a c i d output (P < 0.001) compared to that of carrier control.

The results were found to be equal to the effect produced by

the standard anti-ulcer drug, cimetidine (100 mglkg, p.o.1. The other plant

extracts of w u m , Asparagus, En* Ipomocs, Momordica, Pergularia,

Syz y gium, Sterculia and Wrightia exhibited no activity with concomitant

' increase in total acidity, acid output and increase in peptic levels. The

volume of gastric juice was not altered significantly following pretreatment

with any of the plant extracts.

Antimicrobial Activity:

fil -rial Studies:

M the twelve ethanolic plant extracts (Table 391, six samples

showed activity against gram negative bacteria and only three plant sampIes

showed activity against the gram positive bacteria at 500 pprn concentration.

cia, Pter-w santalinus, Teeminalia pallida atld Wriitia

atborea extracts showed activity against Strtptmoccus faecalis, Klekiella

meumoniae E. pergulari. daemia and EntaL rhecdU extram

against Pssudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococms aurcus, and lpomoea

lable 38: t I'fr.1.t 1 1 1 ' 9'jV., rxthanolir plant extracts (250 mg/kg, p.0.) and t:inir.l it!iric 1100 mg/kq, p.o.1 on ulcer index and gastric j t i ic.r scr--rr?t iorr in rats .

Gastric juice

t rtS:it n r c ! ~ l t Utrcr Volume of Iota1 Acid Peptic index gestric ~cidity output activity

juice ( m l / (mEq/ll (v Eq) Tyr/ 1ooq 1 m I" 1

.-- ""----------.------v"--------.a....----.---------.-----------------

(1) (2) ( 3 ) (4) ( 5 ) (61 .-------------- -"-1"--m--------..---------------*.----------.---------

Control 16.04 1.47 56.14 42.80 40.00 4.08 +3.20 3 . 6 5 23.60

l . A l a r i q i ~ ~ m s a l u i f o l i u m 14.26 2.50 50.20 46.21 58.62 Leaf - +O.ll 22.72 22.65 5 . 9 2

2.Asparaqusracemosus 16.00 1.63 56.M 40.40 46.00 Root 4 . 0 6 ~ 4 . 4 1 2.21 52.08

3. Decalepis hamiitonii 8.24 1.18 34.02* 24.30* 39.40+ Root - +O.D4 21.37 1 . 6 0 22.46

4. Lntada rheedii Seed

5. Ipomoea sepiaria Whole plant

6.~10mordicacymbalaria 14.20 2.20 59.21 42.10 54.82 Fruit - +0.14 22.36 22-06 22.06

Cirnetidine

Teble 38 (continued)

(1) 12 1 (3 ) (4) (51 ( 6 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - M - - " . - - - - - w - " - - - " " - - - - - .

Control 15.85 1.40 55.20 42.20 42.28 4 . 0 7 +1.75 +2.08 +2.80

7.Perquleria dsemia 14.72 2.72 48.26 46.30 66.80 Whole plant - +0.09 k3 .20 k3.05 24-72

0 . Pterocarpus santal inus 7-80 1.67 30.20* 20.26* 30.6W Heart-wood - +0.06 2.42 9 - 8 4 2.12

9-Syrysium a l t ern i fo l im 12.66 0.85 58.02 43.71 54.70 Seed - +O.Ol 4.36 23.43 24.06

10 Terminalia pallida 8-20 2.52 32.46* 25.30+ 36.40* F r u i t - +0.14 1 - 8 6 5 . 5 4 -21.26

11Sterculia urena Stem bsrk

12Wriqht ia arborea Stem bark

Cimetidine

Each value is mean 5 50 of s i x individual observations Values are signiFicent at *P < 0.001

sepiaria plan 1 rr trrr t rllowed activity against gram positive bacterium, 5. - aureg.

The minimurn inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the different

extracts (Table 40) was calculated from the tube, when total inhibition of

growth was noticcd. The maximum concentration of the p h i extracts tested

were 1000 y~ l r r~ l and the results were presented in Table 39. For 95%

ethanol extracts of Mornordim c y W i a , Twminalia pallida and Wrightia

arbor- the MIC value war 62.5 p l m l against (ram negative bacteria,

Klebsiella pnuonio~liae and E. wIi. The YIC value of Pterocarpus rantalinus -- was 62.5 p l m l againsts. faecalis and E. mli, while for k e b daemia it -- Was 250 rg /m[ against gram positive, 5. aureus and gram negative,

aeruginosa. Entada rheedii and sepiaria showed aeivity against gram

positive bacteriaurn, S. aureus a t the hiiC of 210 jlglml. The remainin# 95% -- ethanol extracts of ~ u r n , map~, W *~@urn and Stex&

were inactive against all the bacterial rnicrmganisms.

fii) Anti- studies:

Six plants exhibited activity against test fungi at 500 ppm

eoncentration. The 95% ethanolic extracts of Momadia q-ia seed and

Pttrocarpus $antalinu heart-w)d showed activity against Y W ~ like fungi,

Candida dbicam and Crypt=- neofwmm Whereas the 95% ethad

extracts of ~d r m seed and aepiaria plant exhibited activity

against Spcratrichum rchenckii and Asper~illus fumi~atu5. n e et hanot

Cxtracu of T e r w pUL& md and Wr-Uboler stern brk found W

lave anti-d activity against Trichophwn ~ e n t ~ ~ r o ~ h f l ~ (Table 41).

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) o f the plant

extracts (Table 42) was calculated from the tube when total inhibition of

growth was noticed. The maximum and minimum concentration of the piant L

extracts tested were I000 pg/ml and 31.25 pglrnl respectively and the tesults

were presented i n Table 41. For 95% ethanol extract of Momordica

cymbalaria the MIC value was 62.5 ~ l m l against C. albicans and 250 fllrnl

against C. neoformans. The heart-wood extract of Pter ocar pus santalin us

showed activity against yeast fungi, C, atbicans and neoformans at MIC of

31.25 and 500 Jlg/rnl respectjvely. Entada and Ipomoea extracts showed

activity against the - S. schenckii and Asper~illus fumigatus at the MIC of 500

~ l m l . The 45% ethanol extracts of Terminalia and Vrightia showed anti-

fungal activity against the Trichophyton mentagroihytes a t the MIC of 62.5

and 250 p l m l respectively.

Table 39: Aritihnrtr?rial activity of 95% ethanol extracts o f selected ~nt!d icir~al plants a t 500 ppm mncentrstion.

Diameter of the zone i n m* Test organisms

S.Nn I' 131 II Par t 5.f. K.p. E.c. P.a. S.a. " ~ " - - - " C I I - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " - - - - ~ - a - . - - - m - " - - - " - - - - - - - - - - - . - - -

1 . ALarlgiurn sa lu i fu l iun~ LF - - - - 2. Asparagus rocemusus F8 M - - - - 5 . Uccalcpiv hamiitonii FR - - . -

5 . Ipomoeu scpiar ja WP - - - - 20

6. I-lunlordicocymbalaria f T 8 13 18 - . 7. Perquiaria daemia UP - - - 10 18

8. Pterocarpus santalinus HU 15 9 10 - - 9. Sterculia urens SB - - - - 10. Sy zygium altsrniralium SE - - - - - . 1

11. lerminalia pal l ida FT 9 11 16 - - 12. Wrightia arborea SB 8 10 12 I

-

Inhib i t ion zone includes the diameter of the disc (6 m)

"-I1 indicstes no inhibition zone

S. f = Streptococcus faecslis; K .p. = Klebsiella pneumniae;

E.c. = Escherichia coli; P.8. : Pseudmonas aeruginosa;

5.8. = Staphylocaccus aureus

Table M: Minimum I n h i b i t o r y Concentration (MIC) values { g/ml) against bacteria. ?

Test organisms - - . - - - - " - - - - - C - - - - I I _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - w

S.No. Plant Part 5.f . K.p. E.c. P.a. 5.a. -"-------"-1----1-"__--------------"---------------a"---"---------------.

1. Alangium salvifolium LF - - - - - 2. Asparagus racernosus FA . - - - - - 3. Decalepis hamiltonii FR - - - - - 4. Entada rheedii SE - - 250

5 . Zpomoea sepiaria YP - - - - 250

6. Hornordice cymbalaria FT - 62.5 62.5 - - 7. Pergularia daemia WP I_- - - 250 250

0. Pterocarpus santalinus HY 62.5 - 62.5 - - 9 . Sterculia urens SB - - - - 10. Syzygium alternifolium SE - - - "

11. Terminalia pal l ida FT - 62.5 62.5 - - 12. Wrightia arboree SB - 62.5 62.5 - -

"-" indicates no inhibitory activity.

S. f. = Streptococcus faecaiis; K.P. = Klebsialla pneumoniae;

E.c . = Escherichia coli; ?.a. = Pseudmonas aeruginosa;

S. a. = Staphylococcus aureus

Table 41: A r ~ t . i Turtgal activity oP 95% ethanol extracts o f selected mcd irirlal plants a t 500 ppm concentration.

Diameter of the zone in mn* Test organisms

S.No I'lar~t Part C.8 . C.n. 5.8. 1.m. A . f .

A::paraqus racemosus f R

llecslepiv h a m i l t o n i i FR

tnt ada rhecdi i SE

iponiora sepiaria Y P

I-losordica cymbalaria FT

Pergularia daemia Y P

Pterocarpus santalinus HU

Sterculia urens 50

Syrpqium alterni folium SE

Terminalia pal l ida FT

Wriqhtia arborea 58

* Inhibition zone includes the diameter of t h e disc (6 M)

" " indicates no inhibition zone

C. a. = Candida albicms; C.n. = Cryptococcus neoforinans;

5.8- = S p ~ r ~ t richurn mhenckii ; T. nt. = Trichophy ton mntagrophykes;

A * f = Aspergillus fumigatus

Tabie 42: 1.1 i 11 i mum I r l t t i b i tory Concentration ( M E C ) values ( g/ml) aqo iris t yeast arid funai. /'

Test orgenims - - - - - - - - 1 . - - - - - 3 - - 1 _ _ 1 1 - - 1 - - - - - - .

S.No P lar~t. Part C.a. C.n. 5.3. T.m. A . f . . " - 1 1 - - - " - . . - - - - - - - - 3 - . * - 1 - - ~ - ~ - - - - . - ~ - ~ " ~ - - - - . - ~ - - - - ~ . - ~ ~ ~ ~

1. Aiar~gium salvifolium t f - - - - 2. Asparagus racernosus FR w - - - -

4. Entada rheedii SE - . 5DO - 500

5. Ipomoea sepiaria WP - 500 - 500

6. Momordica cymbalaris FT 62.5 250 - - 7. Pergularia daemia W - - - - - 8. Pterocarpus ssntalinus HW 31.25 500 - - - 9. Sterculia urens SB - - - - -

10. Syzygium alternifolium SE - w - - 11. Ierminalia pallida F T - - I 62.5 -

-12. klrightia arborea 50 - - - 250 -

"-" indicates no inhibitory activity

C-a. = Candida elbicans; C.n. = Cryptococcus n e 0 f 0 ~ ~ 8 ;

5.s. : Sparotrichu. S&en~ki i ; T. m. = Trichophy ton mentagrophyte~;

A. f. = Aspergillus fwnigatus