· Title: Microsoft Word - Estimation of climate benefits_AA.docx

EstimationofclimatebenefitsfromREDDincommunitymanagedforestClimatebenefitestimationapproachforPlanVivoprojects

ApprovedApproach

SubmittedtothePlanVivoFoundationbyLTSInternationalandDaemeterConsulting.

DevelopmentofthisapproachwasfundedbytheSustainableForestandBiodiversityManagementinBorneoproject(ADBTA-8331INO),executedbytheRepublicofIndonesia,MinistryofEnvironmentandForestry,DirectorateofEcosystemServicesonConservationAreas(DESCA)andfundedbytheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)

Version0.2,29Jul2017

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ContentsSUMMARY.....................................................................................................................................................2

1 DEFINITIONS.........................................................................................................................................3

2 APPLICABILITY.......................................................................................................................................3

2.1 DESCRIPTION............................................................................................................................................42.2 APPLICABILITYCONDITIONS.........................................................................................................................42.3 EXCLUSIONCRITERIA..................................................................................................................................4

3 APPROACH............................................................................................................................................5

3.1 BASELINESCENARIOEMISSIONS....................................................................................................................53.1.1 Expectedbaselinescnearioemissions..............................................................................................53.1.2 Verificationofbaselinescenarioemissions.....................................................................................7

3.2 PROJECTSCENARIOEMISSIONS.....................................................................................................................83.2.1 Expectedprojectscenarioemissions................................................................................................83.2.2 Verificationofprojectscenarioemissions.......................................................................................8

3.3 LEAKAGEEMISSIONS..................................................................................................................................93.3.1 Expectedleakageemissions.............................................................................................................93.3.2 Verificationofleakageemissions..................................................................................................10

3.4 CLIMATEBENEFITS...................................................................................................................................123.4.1 Expectedclimatebenefits..............................................................................................................123.4.2 Verificationofclimatebenefits......................................................................................................13

4 DATAANDPARAMETERS.....................................................................................................................14

4.1 FORESTSTRATA.......................................................................................................................................144.2 PROJECTPERIODS....................................................................................................................................164.3 LANDCOVERCHANGE...............................................................................................................................174.4 CARBONSTOCKSANDEMISSIONS................................................................................................................204.5 LEAKAGE...............................................................................................................................................234.6 VERIFICATION.........................................................................................................................................26

PLANVIVOAPPROVEDAPPROACHCLIMATEBENEFITSFROMREDDINCOMMUNITYMANAGEDFOREST P a g e |1

Title EstimationofclimatebenefitsfromREDDincommunitymanagedforest

Version 0.2

Dateofapproval Pending

Scope Baselinescenarioemissions;Projectscenarioemissions;Leakageemissions,Climatebenefits

Projecttype(s) Preventionofdeforestationandforestdegradation

Geographicalarea Global

Carbonpool(s)/Emissionsource(s)

Above-groundwoodybiomass;Below-groundwoodybiomass

Author(s) NicholasBerry([email protected])


Summary

ThisapproachisfortheestimationofclimatebenefitsfromPlanVivoprojectsaimingtoreduceemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationincommunitymanagedforests.Thereisnogeographicalrestrictionontheuseofthisapproach.Itincludesfourcomponentswhichcanbeappliedindependentlyorusedincombination.Thecomponentsincludedare:

1. Estimationofbaselinescenarioemissions2. Estimationofprojectscenarioemissions3. Estimationofleakageemissions4. Estimationofexpectedclimatebenefits

Foreachofthesecomponentsapproachesaredescribedforestimatingexpectedemissionsorclimatebenefitsatthestartofaprojectperiod,andforverificationofemissionsorclimatebenefitsattheendoftheprojectperiod.

PlanVivoprojectsadoptingtheapproachesdescribedherewillberequiredto:

• AdoptalldefinitionsdescribedinthelatestversionofthePlanVivoStandardandinSection1ofthisdocument;

• DemonstratethatprojectareasandinterventionsmeetalloftheapplicabilitycriteriadescribedinSection2;

• ProvidespreadsheetsdemonstratingthatallcalculationshavebeenmadeaccordingtotherelevantequationsinSection3;and

• Provideafulldescriptionofalldataandparametersused,withsufficientevidencetodemonstratethattheymeettherequirementsdescribedinSection4.

Theinformationusedforestimatesatthestartoftheprojectperiodshouldbepresentedinaprojectdesigndocument(PDD).AtthetimeofverificationthePDDshouldthenbeupdatedtoincluderelevantcalculationsanddatausedforverificationofemissionsandclimatebenefits.


1 Definitions

2 Applicability

ProjectscenarioTheconditionsthatareexpectedtooccuriftheplannedproject

interventionissuccessful

ProjectareaTheareaofforestthatwillbebroughtundereffectivecommunity

management

Referenceperiod

Aperiodoftimeoverwhichhistoricalratesofdeforestationandforest

degradationareassumedtoprovideanindicationoflikelyratesof

deforestationandforestdegradationduringtheprojectperiod

ProjectperiodTheperiodoftimeoverwhichestimatedclimatebenefitsareassumedto

beachievedifprojectactivitiesarecarriedoutasplanned

Referenceregion

Aregionencompassingtheprojectarea,thatisdefinedbyaphysicalor

politicalboundary,thatincludesatleasttwicetheareaofeachforesttype

andlegalclassificationwithintheprojectarea,andthatisassumedtobe

affectedsimilardriversofdeforestationanddegradationtotheproject

areaunderthebaselinescenario

ForeststratumAnareaofforestwiththesameforesttype,legalclassification,and

topographicclass

Forest

Acceptednationaldefinitionsshouldbeapplied,andifnoneareavailablea

definitionshouldbespecifiedbasedonminimumcrowncover(between

10and30percent),landarea(between0.05and1ha)andtreeheight

(between2and5m)

Non-forest Landthatfallsoutsidetheminimumcriteriaforbeingconsideredforest

Deforestation ConversionfromForesttoNon-forest

DegradedforestForestthathashaditsbiomassreducedbynaturaloranthropogenic

disturbances


2.1 DescriptionTheapproachesdescribedareintendedtobeapplicabletoabroadrangeofgeophysicalandsocio-economiccontexts.Themainapplicabilityacriterionisthatitshouldbeappliedinrelativelysmallareasofcommunitymanagedforest.ItshouldbenotedhoweverthatuserswillberequiredtodemonstrateandjustifythatthedataandparametersusedmeettherequirementsdescribedinSection4andwillnotresultinanoverestimationofclimatebenefits.

2.2 ApplicabilityconditionsThisapproachisapplicabletoprojectareaswhere:

• Mostofthevariationintreebiomassisexplainedbyforesttype• Themainfactorsaffectingdriversofdeforestationandforestdegradationintheprojectarea

areforesttype,legalclassificationandtopography

2.3 ExclusioncriteriaThisapproachcannotbeusedforprojectareaswhere:

• Thebaselinescenarioincludeseffectivecommunitymanagement• Totalforestareaexceeds100,000hectares


3 Approach

Theapproachesdescribedbelowforestimationandverificationofbaselinescenarioemissions,projectscenarioemissions,leakageemissionsandclimatebenefitscanbeusedindependentlyorincombinationbyallprojectsthatmeettheapplicabilitycriteriadescribedinSection2,provideddataandparametersappliedmeettherequirementsdescribedinSection4.Fulldetailsofallcalculations,dataandparametersmustbeincludedinthePDD;aswellasanychangesormodificationsmadetotheapproachesdescribedhere.

3.1 BaselinescenarioemissionsExpectedbaselinescenarioemissionsareestimatedatthestartofeachprojectperiod,andverifiedattheendofeachprojectperiod,usingtheapproachesdescribedbelow.

3.1.1 ExpectedbaselinescnearioemissionsToestimatebaselinescenarioemissionsitisassumedthatiftheprojectareaisnotbroughtundereffectivecommunitymanagementitwillbeaffectedbysimilardriversofdeforestationandforestdegradationtootherareasofforestinareferenceregionthathavethesameforesttypeandlegalstatus.

Itisfurtherassumedthattheaverageannualamountofdeforestationandforestdegradationobservedduringanhistoricalreferenceperiod(expressedasaproportionofforestareapresentatthestartofthereferenceperiod),inareasofforestinthereferenceregionthathavethesameforesttypeandlegalstatusasforestintheprojectarea,willprovideaconservativeestimateoftheannualamountofdeforestationanddegradation(expressedasaproportionofforestareapresentatthestartoftheprojectperiod)thatwouldoccurintheprojectareaunderthebaselinescenario.

Onthebasisoftheseassumptions,thebaselinescenarioemissionsareestimatedatthestartofeachprojectperiodwiththeEquations1to3.

Theaverageannualamountofdeforestationanddegradationinthereferenceregionduringthereferenceperiod,asaproportionoftheforestareapresentatthestartofthereferenceperiod,iscalculatedforeachoftheforesttypesandlegalclassificationspresentintheareawithEquations1and2.

𝐷!!!,!,! = 𝐴!"#!,!,!

(𝐴!!!,!,! ∙ 𝑇!")

[Equation1]

Where:


𝐷!!!,!,!=Averageproportionoftheforestareapresentatthestartofthereferenceregionforforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskthatwasdeforestedineachyearofthereferenceperiod;

𝐴!"#!,!,!=Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskinthereferenceregionconvertedtonon-forestduringthereferenceperiod(ha);

𝐴!!!,!,! =Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskpresentwithinthereferenceregionatthestartofthereferenceperiod(ha);and

𝑇!"=Lengthofthereferenceperiod(years).

𝐺!!!,!,! = 𝐴!"#!,!,!

(𝐴!!!,!,! ∙ 𝑇!")

[Equation2]

Where:

𝐺!!!,!,!=Averageproportionoftheforestareapresentatthestartofthereferenceregionforforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskthatwasdegradedineachyearofthereferenceperiod;and

𝐴!"#!,!,!=Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskinthereferenceregionconvertedtodegradedforestduringthereferenceperiod(ha).

ThebaselinescenarioCO2emissionsexpectedtoresultfromdeforestationandforestdegradationintheprojectareaduringtheprojectperiod,assumingthattheaverageannualproportionsofinitialforestareadeforestedanddegradedestimatedwithEquations1and2occurwithintheprojectarea,arecalculatedwithEquation3.

𝐸!" = 𝑇!! ∙ 4412

∙ 𝐷!!!,!,! ∙ 𝐴!"!,!,! ∙ (𝐶! − 𝐶!") + 𝐺!!!,!,! ∙ 𝐴!"!,!,! ∙ (𝐶! − 𝐶!"!)!,!,!

[Equation3]

Where:

𝐸!"=Baselinescenarioemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationexpectedduringtheprojectperiod(MgCO2);

𝑇!!=Lengthoftheprojectperiod(years);!!!"=Factortoconvertfromcarbontocarbondioxidebasedonmolecularweightsofcarbon(12)andoxygen(16);

𝐴!"!,!,!=Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskpresentintheprojectareaatthestartoftheprojectperiod;

𝐶!=Carbondensityofforesttypei(MgCha-1);

𝐶!"=Carbondensityofnon-forest(MgCha-1);and


𝐶!"!=Carbondensityofdegradedforestofforesttypei(MgCha-1).

3.1.2 VerificationofbaselinescenarioemissionsAttheendofeachprojectperiodexpectedbaselinescenarioemissionsmustbeverifiedbycomparingthebaselineemissionsexpectedduringtheprojectperiod𝐸!"toarevisedestimateofbaselineemissionsthatoccurredduringtheprojectperiod.Theactualbaselinescenarioemissionsthatwouldhaveoccurredduringtheprojectperiod(𝐴𝐸!")areestimatedbyconsideringdeforestationanddegradationthatoccurredwithinthereferenceregionduringtheprojectperiod,withEquations4to6.

𝐴𝐷!!!,!,! = 𝐴𝐴!"#!,!,!𝐴𝐴!!!,!,!

[Equation4]

Where:

𝐴𝐷!!!,!,!=Proportionofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskwithinthereferenceregionthatwasdeforestedduringtheprojectperiod;

𝐴𝐴!"#!,!,!=Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskinthereferenceregionconvertedtonon-forestduringtheprojectperiod(ha);and

𝐴𝐴!!!,!,!=Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskpresentwithinthereferenceregionatthestartoftheprojectperiod(ha)

𝐴𝐺!!!,!,! = 𝐴𝐴!"#!,!,!𝐴𝐴!!!,!,!

[Equation5]

Where:

𝐴𝐺!!!,!,!=Proportionofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskwithinthereferenceregionthatwasdegradedduringtheprojectperiod;and

𝐴𝐴!"#!,!,!=Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskinthereferenceregionconvertedtodegradedforestduringtheprojectperiod(ha).

𝐴𝐸!" = 4412

∙ 𝐴𝐷!!!,!,! ∙ 𝐴!"!,!,! ∙ (𝐶! − 𝐶!") + 𝐴𝐺!!!,!,! ∙ 𝐴!"!,!,! ∙ (𝐶! − 𝐶!"!)!,!,!

[Equation6]

Where:

𝐴𝐸!!=Actualbaselinescenarioemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationexpectedduringtheprojectperiod(MgCO2).


3.2 ProjectscenarioemissionsExpectedprojectscenarioemissionsareestimatedforthefirstprojectperiodbyemployingaconservativeassumptionaboutthelikelyimpactsofprojectactivitiesonbaselinescenarioemissions.Attheendofeachprojectperiod,actualprojectscenarioemissionsareestimatedandusedtoverifyemissionreductionsachievedduringthepreviousprojectperiod,andtoupdateexpectedprojectscenarioemissionsforthesubsequentprojectperiod.Theapproachesforestimatingexpectedprojectscenarioemissions,andverifyingprojectscenarioemissionsthatareachieved,aredescribedbelow.

3.2.1 ExpectedprojectscenarioemissionsExpectedprojectscenarioemissionsareestimatedwithEquation6.

𝐸!" = 𝐸!" ∙ (1 − 𝐹)

[Equation7]

Where:

𝐸!"=Expectedprojectscenarioemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationexpectedduringtheprojectperiod(MgCO2);and

𝐹=Expectedeffectivenessofprojectactivitiesinreducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation,expressedasaproportionofbaselinescenarioemissionsthatcanconservativelybeexpectedtobeavoidedasaresultofprojectactivities.

Forthefirstprojectperiod,aconservativevalueof𝐹shouldbeadoptedbasedonthevalueadoptedfor𝐹shouldbeinformedbytheactualeffectiveness(𝐴𝐹)achievedinpreviousprojectperiods.

3.2.2 VerificationofprojectscenarioemissionsAttheendofeachprojectperiodactualprojectscenarioemissionsshouldbeestimatedusingEquations7and8.

𝐴𝐹 =

4412 ∙ 𝐷!"!,!,! ∙ (𝐶! − 𝐶!") + 𝐺!"!,!,! ∙ (𝐶! − 𝐶!"!!,!,!

𝐴𝐸!"

[Equation8]

Where:

𝐴𝐹=Actualeffectivenessofprojectactivitiesinreducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation,expressedasaproportionofactualbaselinescenarioemissions;

𝐷!"!,!,!=Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskwithintheprojectareathatwasdeforestedduringtheprojectperiod(ha);and


𝐺!"!,!,!=Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskwithintheprojectareathatwasdegradedduringtheprojectperiod(ha).

𝐴𝐸!" = 𝐴𝐸!" ∙ 𝐴𝐹

[Equation9]

Where:

𝐴𝐸!"=Actualemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationthatoccurredintheprojectareaduringtheprojectperiod(MgCO2).

3.3 LeakageemissionsExpectedleakageemissionsareestimatedatthestartoftheprojectperiod,andverifiedattheendoftheprojectperiod.Theapproachesuseddependontheavailabilityofdatafortheprojectarea,asdescribedbelow.

3.3.1 ExpectedleakageemissionsExpectedleakageemissionsareestimatedatthestartoftheprojectperiod,andverifiedattheendoftheprojectperiod.Theapproachesuseddependontheavailabilityofdatafortheprojectarea,asdescribedbelow.

Therearetwopossibleapproachesforestimatingexpectedleakageemissions:

a. Incomedataapproach-basedonassumptionsrelatingtodisplacementofdeforestationandforestdegradationbystakeholderswhoseincome(includingcashandnon-cashincome,andfoodproduction)couldbenegativelyaffectedbyprojectactivities;or

b. Expectedleakageapproach–basedonaconservativeestimateoftheproportionofclimatebenefitsthatcouldbelostthroughleakage.

Ifsufficientqualityincomedataareavailable,orcanbecollected,theincomedataapproachispreferable.However,thiswillnotbefeasibleformanyprojects,inwhichcasetheexpectedleakageapproachcanbeused.

3.3.1aIncomedataapproach

ExpectedleakageemissionsshouldbecalculatedwithEquation10forallstakeholdergroupsinvolvedinactivitieswithpotentialtocausedeforestationordegradationintheprojectareaunderthebaselinescenario,andwhoseactivitiescouldpotentiallybedisplacedasaresultofprojectactivities.

𝐸!" =4412

∙∆𝐼!,!𝑉!,!

∙ Δ𝐶!,!!,!

[Equation10]


Where:

𝐸!"=Leakageemissionsexpectedtoresultfromdisplacementofdeforestationanddegradationduringtheprojectperiod(MgCO2);

∆𝐼!,!=Expectedchangeinincomefromactivityaforstakeholdergroupsduringtheprojectperiodasaresultofprojectactivities($);

𝑉!,!=Expectedaverageincomeperhectarefromactivityaforstakeholdergroupsduringtheprojectperiod($ha-1);and

Δ𝐶!,!=Changeincarbonstocksassociatedwithactivityaifcarriedoutbystakeholdergroupsinthereferenceregion(MgCha-1).

3.3.1bExpectedleakageapproach

ExpectedleakagescenarioemissionsareestimatedwithEquation11.

𝐸!" = 𝐿 ∙ (𝐸!" − 𝐸!")

[Equation11]

Where:

𝐿=Expectedemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationthatresultfromdisplacementofactivitiesfromtheprojectareaasaresultofprojectactivities,expressedasaproportionofclimatebenefitsthatareexpectedtobelostasaresultofleakage.

Forthefirstprojectperiod,aconservativevalueof𝐿shouldbeadopted.Forsubsequentprojectperiodsthevalueadoptedfor𝐿shouldbeinformedbytheactualeffectiveness(𝐴𝐸!")achievedinpreviousprojectperiods.

3.3.2 VerificationofleakageemissionsTwooptionsarethenavailableforverifyingleakageemissionsattheendoftheprojectperiod:

a. Incomedataapproach-assessingthechangesinincomethatoccurredduringtheprojectperiod,andassumingthatanyreductioninincomethatresultedfromprojectactivitieswouldcauseindisplacement;or

b. Leakageareaapproach-definingaleakageareaaccordingtothemobilityofstakeholderswhoseactivitiescouldbedisplaced;andcomparingdeforestationanddegradationthatoccurredwithintheleakageareatothedeforestationanddegradationwithintherestofreferenceregion.

3.3.2aIncomedataapproach


Forverificationofleakageusingincomedataleakageemissionsareverifiedusingthesameapproachemployedtoestimateexpectedleakageatthestartoftheproject,butreplacingexpectedchangeinincome(∆𝐼!,!)asaresultofprojectactivitieswithanestimateofactualchangeinincome(𝐴∆𝐼!,!),andupdatingthevalueperhectarefromeachactivitywithpotentialtobedisplaced(𝑉!,!)toreflectanychangesthathaveoccurredduringtheprojectperiod.Thisapproachprovidesaconservativeestimateofleakageemissionssinceitprovidesamaximumvaluefortheamountofdisplacementthatcouldbeattributedtoprojectactivities.VerifiedleakageemissionsarethereforeestimatedwithEquation12.

𝐴𝐸!" =4412

∙𝐴∆𝐼!,!𝐴𝑉!,!

∙ Δ𝐶!,!!,!

[Equation12]

Where:

𝐴𝐸!"=Maximumpotentialleakageemissionsthatcouldhaveoccurredasaresultofdisplacementofdeforestationanddegradationduringtheprojectperiod(MgCO2);

𝐴∆𝐼!,!=Changeinincomefromactivityaforstakeholdergroupsduringtheprojectperiodasaresultofprojectactivities($);and

𝐴𝑉!,!=Averageincomeperhectarefromactivityaforstakeholdergroupsduringtheprojectperiod($ha-1).

3.3.2bLeakageareaapproach

Tousetheleakageareaapproachforverificationemissionsfromdeforestationanddegradationintheleakageareathathaveoccurredasaresultofprojectactivitiesareestimated.Toestimateleakageemissionsinthisway,theemissionsexpectedintheleakageareaifdeforestationanddegradationoccurredatthesamerateasintherestofthereferenceareaaresubtractedfromtheemissionsthatoccurredintheleakagearea.VerifiedleakageemissionscanthereforebeestimatedwithEquations13to15.

𝐴𝐸!" =4412

∙ 𝐷!"!,!,! ∙ (𝐶! − 𝐶!") + 𝐺!"!,!,! ∙ (𝐶! − 𝐶!"!!,!,!

[Equation13]

Where:

𝐴𝐸!"=Actualemissionsfromdeforestationanddegradationthatoccurredinthereferenceareaduringtheprojectperiod(MgCO2);

𝐷!"!,!,!=Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskwithintheleakageareathatwasdeforestedduringtheprojectperiod(ha);and


𝐺!"!,!,!=Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskwithintheleakageareathatwasdegradedduringtheprojectperiod(ha).

𝐸𝐸!" = 4412

∙ 𝐴𝐷!!!,!,! ∙ 𝐴!"!,!,! ∙ (𝐶! − 𝐶!") + 𝐴𝐺!!!,!,! ∙ 𝐴!"!,!,! ∙ (𝐶! − 𝐶!"!)!,!,!

[Equation14]

Where:

𝐸𝐸!"=Expectedemissionsfromdeforestationanddegradationintheleakageareaduringtheprojectperiodifnoleakageoccurred(MgCO2);

𝐴!"!,!,!=Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskpresentintheleakageareaatthestartoftheprojectperiod.

𝐴𝐸!" = 𝐴𝐸!" − 𝐸𝐸!"

[Equation15]

Where:

𝐴𝐸!"=Maximumpotentialleakageemissionsthatcouldhaveoccurredasaresultofdisplacementofdeforestationanddegradationduringtheprojectperiod(MgCO2).

3.4 ClimatebenefitsThevaluescalculatedaboveareusedtoestimateandverifyclimatebenefitsthatresultfromprojectactivities.

3.4.1 ExpectedclimatebenefitsExpectedclimatebenefitsareestimatedatthestartoftheprojectwithEquation16.

𝐵 = 𝐸!" − 𝐸!" − 𝐸!"

[Equation16]

Where:

𝐵=Climatebenefitsexpectedtoresultfromreduceddeforestationandforestdegradationasresultofprojectactivitiesduringtheprojectperiod(MgCO2).


3.4.2 VerificationofclimatebenefitsClimatebenefitsachievedarecalculatedattheendoftheprojectperiodwithEquation17

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐸!" − 𝐴𝐸!" − 𝐴𝐸!"

[Equation17]

Where:

𝐴𝐵=Actualclimatebenefitsresultingfromreduceddeforestationandforestdegradationasresultofprojectactivitiesduringtheprojectperiod(MgCO2).


4 Dataandparameters4.1 ForeststrataDescription ReferenceregionSymbol 𝑅𝑅Units NoneValue DefinedforeachprojectareaSource Areferenceregionmustbeidentifiedforeachprojectarea.Thereferenceregionmust:

• Beacontiguousareasurroundingoradjacenttotheprojectarea;• Excludetheprojectarea;• Havehadatleasttentimestheareaofeachforeststratumpresentwithinthe

projectareaatthestartofthereferenceperiod(i.e.iftheprojectareaincludes200haofaforeststratum,thereferenceareamusthavehadatleast2000haofthatstratumatthestartofthereferenceperiod);

• Beexposedtosimilardriversofdeforestationandforestdegradationastheprojectarea.

Justification Itisassumedthatforestclosetotheprojectareawillbeexposedtosimilardriversofdeforestationanddegradationasforestofthesamestratawithintheprojectarea,andthatpatternsofdeforestationanddegradationthatoccurredinthereferenceregionduringthereferenceperiodarelikelytooccurinforestofthesamestrataintheprojectareaduringtheprojectperiod.Theprojectareashouldnotbeincludedinthereferenceregionsothatchangesinthereferenceregioncancomparedtothoseintheprojectarea.

Use Fordefiningtheareaofeachforeststratumwithinthereferenceregion(𝐴!!!,!,!),theamountofdeforestationanddegradationthatoccursinthereferenceregionduringthereferenceperiod(𝐴!"#!,!,! and𝐴!"#!,!,!)

Comments ThePDDmustclearlyidentifythereferenceregionforeachprojectareaandtheareaofeachforeststratumintheprojectareapresentthatwaspresentatthestartofthereferenceperiod.Ajustificationforwhythereferenceregionwasselected,withreferencetothedriversofdeforestationanddegradationmustalsobeincluded.Notethatreferenceregionsthataretoolarge(forexamplenationalboundaries)areunlikelytoexposedtosimilardriversofdeforestationanddegradationastheprojectarea,andsmallerreferenceregions(forexampleusingdistrictorprovincialboundaries)arelikelytobemoreappropriate.

Frequency Establishedatthestartoftheproject.Thereferenceregionisnotusuallyrevisedunlessnewevidencesuggeststhatitisnolongerappropriate.


Description LeakageareaSymbol 𝐿𝐴Units NoneValue DefinedforeachprojectareaiftheleakageareaapproachisusedtoverifyleakageemissionsSource Theleakageareamustbedefinedaccordingtotheareawithinwhichtheactivitiesofspecific

stakeholdergroupsexpectedtoengageinactivitiesthatcausedeforestationordegradationintheprojectareaunderthebaselinescenario,andwhoseactivitiescouldbedisplacedasaresultofprojectactivities

Justification Theareasusceptibletoleakagewilldependonthestakeholdersandactivitieswithpotentialtobedisplaced

Use FordefiningtheareausedtoverifyleakageemissionsusingtheleakageareaapproachComments IftheleakageareaapproachwillbeusedtoverifyleakageemissionsthePDDmustclearly

identifytheleakageareaforeachprojectarea.Ajustificationforwhytheleakageareawasselected,withreferencetotheagentsanddriversofdeforestationanddegradationwhoseactivitiescouldbedisplacedasaresultofprojectactivities.

Description ForesttypeSymbol 𝑖Units NoneValue DefinedforeachprojectareaSource Foresttypeclassificationsshouldreflectthemaindifferencesintreebiomassthatoccurin

theprojectarea.Thesearelikelytoincludeecologicaltypesaswellasdisturbancehistory.Justification Foresttypeisanimportantdeterminantofabove-andbelow-groundbiomass.Different

foresttypesarealsolikelytobeaffecteddifferentlybydriversofdeforestationanddegradation.Stratifyingtheforestareaaccordingtoforesttypeisthereforehelptoimprovetheaccuracyofestimatesofbaselineandprojectscenarioemissions.

Use FordefiningforeststrataComments ThePDDmustclearlyidentifytheforesttypesusedfordefiningforeststrataintheproject

area,andjustifywhytheseareappropriatetorepresentthevariationintreebiomassthatoccurswithintheprojectarea.

Frequency Establishedatthestartoftheproject.Foresttypeclassificationsarenotusuallyrevisedunlessnewevidencesuggeststheyarenolongerappropriate.


Description LegalclassificationSymbol 𝑗Units NoneValue DefinedforeachprojectareaSource Forestlegalclassificationsmustidentifythelegalstatusoftheforestandtheactivitiesthat

arelegallypermittedinthearea;additionalclassificationscanbeaddedtoreflectotherfactorsthatarelikelytoaffecthowtheforestisused,forexampleefficacyofprotectionorenforcement,orlandownership.

Justification Thelegalclassificationisanimportantdeterminantofhowaforestareaisused.Stratifyingtheforestaccordingtolegalclassificationthereforehelpstoimprovetheaccuracyofestimatesofbaselinescenarioemissions.

Use FordefiningforeststrataComments ThePDDmustclearlyidentifythelegalclassificationcategoriesusedfordefiningforest

strataintheprojectarea,andjustifywhytheseareappropriatetorepresentthevariationinland-useregulationsandenforcementintheprojectarea.

Frequency Establishedatthestartoftheproject.Legalclassificationsarenotusuallyrevisedunlessnewevidencesuggeststheyarenolongerappropriate.

Description TopographicclassSymbol 𝑘Units NoneValue DefinedforeachprojectareaSource Foresttopographicclassesmustdistinguishbetweenthemaintopographiccharacteristics

thatarelikelytoaffectthedriversofdeforestationandforestdegradationintheprojectarea,suchaselevationandslope.

Justification Topographyisanimportantdeterminantofhowforestisused.Stratifyingtheforestaccordingtotopographicclassthereforehelpstoimprovetheaccuracyofestimatesofbaselinescenarioemissions.

Use FordefiningforeststrataComments ThePDDmustclearlyidentifythetopographicclassesusedfordefiningforeststratainthe

projectarea,andjustifywhytheseareappropriateforrepresentingtherangeoftopographicvariationwithintheprojectarea.

Frequency Establishedatthestartoftheproject.Topographicclassesarenotusuallyrevisedunlessnewevidencesuggeststheyarenolongerappropriate.

4.2 ProjectperiodsDescription ReferenceperiodSymbol 𝑅𝑃Units NoneValue Definedforeachreferenceregionandprojectperiod.Thereferenceperiodmustbeatleast

5yearsandmustnotexceed15years.Theendofthereferenceperiodmustbewithin2yearsofthestartoftheprojectperiod.

Source Areferenceperiodmustbeselectedforwhichsufficientdataareavailable,andduringwhichthepatternsofdeforestationanddegradationthatoccurredarelikelytocontinueduringtheprojectperiod.

Justification Aminimumof5yearsisrequiredtoreducetheeffectsofinter-annualvariationontheaverageannualareadeforestedordegraded.Amaximumof15yearshelpstoensurethatthepatternsoflandcoverchangeinthereferenceperiodreflectdriversofdeforestationanddegradationthatarelikelytobepresentduringtheprojectperiod.

Use Fordefiningtheperiodduringwhichdeforestationanddegradationinthereferenceperiodareassessed.

Comments ThePDDmustspecifythereferenceperiodstartandenddates,andjustifywhytheseare


appropriatetorepresentthedriversofdeforestationandforestdegradationthatareexpectedtoaffecttheprojectareaduringtheprojectperiod.

Frequency Thereferenceperiodmustberevisedatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years),sothattheperiodendswithin2yearsofthestartofthenewprojectperiod.

Description LengthofthereferenceperiodSymbol 𝑇!"Units YearsValue Definedforeachreferenceregion,from5to15years.Source Seereferenceperiod(𝑅𝑃)Justification Seereferenceperiod(𝑅𝑃)Use Calculatingaverageannualproproritionoftheforestareapresentatthestartofthe

referenceregiondeforestedanddegradedduringthereferenceperiod(Equations1and2)Comments Seereferenceperiod(𝑅𝑃)Frequency Seereferenceperiod(𝑅𝑃)Description ProjectperiodSymbol 𝑃𝑃Units NoneValue Definedforeachprojectareaandprojectperiod.Thelengthoftheprojectperiodmustbe5

years,withastartdatethatcoincideswiththestartofprojectactivitiesortheendofthepreviousprojectperiod.

Source Aprojectperiodmustbeselectedoverwhichprojectparticipantsareabletomakeacommitmenttocarryoutprojectactivities.

Justification A5yearsisprojectperiodisalignedwiththerequirementtoreviseprojectdesigndocumentsandverifyemissionreductionsachievedatleastevery5years,itisalsoaperiodoverwhichparticipantsareabletomakeameaningfulcommitmenttofulfilthemanagementactivities.

Use Fordefiningtheperiodduringwhichtheclimatebenefitsfromreduceddeforestationanddegradationareassessed.

Comments ThePDDmustspecifytheprojectperiodstartandenddates,andjustifywhytheseareappropriatefortheplannedactivities.

Frequency Theprojectperiodisdefinedatthestartoftheproject,andrevisedatthestartofeachsubsequentprojectperiod.

Description LengthoftheprojectperiodSymbol 𝑇!!Units YearsValue 5Source Seeprojectperiod(𝑃𝑃)Justification Seeprojectperiod(𝑃𝑃)Use Calculatingestimatedclimatebenefits(Equation3)Comments Seeprojectperiod(𝑃𝑃)Frequency Seeprojectperiod(𝑃𝑃)

4.3 LandcoverchangeDescription Averageproportionoftheforestareapresentatthestartofthereferenceregionforforest

typei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskthatwasdeforestedineachyearofthereferenceperiod


Symbol 𝐷!!!,!,! Units NoneValue CalculatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource Equation1Justification Assumedthat,withinaforeststrata,theannualproportionofforestconvertedtonon-forest

inthereferenceregionduringthereferenceperiodwouldoccurintheprojectareaunderthebaselinescenario

Use Estimatingexpectedbaselinescenarioemissions(Equation3)Comments ThePDDmustreportthevalueforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaandprovidea

spreadsheetwiththecalculationsFrequency Calculatedatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)Description Areaofforesttypeforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskinthereference

regionconvertedtonon-forestduringthereferenceperiodSymbol 𝐴!"#!,!,! Units HectaresValue EstimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource Landcoverchangeassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryoratime-seriesof

landcovermapsJustification Anappropriateandaccuratelandcoverchangeassessmentprovidesatransparentand

repeatablemethodforidentifyingdeforestation.Use Toestimatetheannualproportionofdifferentforeststratadeforestedinthereference

regionduringthereferenceperiod(Equation1)Comments ThePDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverchangeanalysisincluding:

• Thevalueforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaandaspreadsheetwiththecalculations;

• Mapsofforeststratainthereferenceregionatthestartandendofthereferenceperiodand/oramapshowinglandcoverchangeduringthereferenceperiod;

• Adescriptionofthedatasetsandmethodologiesusedtogeneratelandcovermapsand/orconductthelandcoverchangeassessment,withsufficientdetailthattheycouldberepeatedbyasuitablyqualifiedtechnician

Frequency Thelandcoverchangeassessmentmustberepeated,and𝐴!"#!,!,! estimatedforeachforeststratumpresentintheprojectarea,atthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskpresentwithinthereferenceregionatthestartofthereferenceperiod

Symbol 𝐴!!!,!,! Units HectaresValue EstimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource LandcoverassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryorforestcovermapsJustification Landcovermapsprovideatransparentandrepeatablemethodforestimatingtheareaof

foreststrataUse Toestimatetheannualproportionofdifferentforeststratadeforestedanddegradedinthe

referenceregionduringthereferenceperiod(Equations1and2)Comments ThePDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverassessmentincluding:

• Thevalueforeachforeststratumintheprojectarea;• Amapofforeststratainthereferenceregionatthestartofthereferenceperiod;• Adescriptionofthedatasetsandmethodologiesusedtogeneratelandcovermaps,

withsufficientdetailthattheycouldberepeatedbyasuitablyqualifiedtechnicianFrequency Theassessmentofforestcoveratthestartofthereferenceperiodmustberepeated,and

𝐴!!!,!,! estimatedforeachforeststratumpresentintheprojectareaatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years),sothatthevaluesrepresentthenewreferenceperiod.


Description Averageproportionoftheforestareapresentinthereferenceregionatthestartofthe

referenceperiodforforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskthatwasdegradedineachyearofthereferenceperiod

Symbol 𝐺!!!,!,! Units NoneValue CalculatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource Equation2Justification Assumedthat,withinaforeststratum,theannualproportionofforestdegradedinthe

referenceregionduringthereferenceperiodwouldoccurintheprojectareaunderthebaselinescenario

Use Estimatingbaselinescenarioemissions(Equation3)Comments ThePDDmustreportthevalueforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaandprovidea

spreadsheetwiththecalculationsFrequency Mustberecalculatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaatthestartofeachproject

period(usuallyevery5years).


Description Areaofforesttypeforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskinthereferenceregionconvertedtodegradedforestduringthereferenceperiod

Symbol 𝐴!"#!,!,! Units HectaresValue EstimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource Landcoverchangeassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryoratime-seriesof


repeatablemethodforidentifyingforestdegradationUse Toestimatetheannualproportionofdifferentforeststratadegradedinthereferenceregion

duringthereferenceperiod(Equation1)Comments ThePDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverchangeanalysisincluding:

• Thedefinitionofforestdegradationapplied;• Detailsofhowdegradationwasquantified;• Thevalueforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaandaspreadsheetwiththe

calculations;• Mapsofforeststratainthereferenceregionatthestartandendofthereference

periodand/oramapshowinglandcoverchangeduringthereferenceperiod;and• Adescriptionofthedatasetsandmethodologiesusedtogeneratelandcovermaps

and/orconductthelandcoverchangeassessment,withsufficientdetailthattheycouldberepeatedbyasuitablyqualifiedtechnician.

Frequency Thelandcoverchangeassessmentmustberepeated,and𝐴!"#!,!,! foreachforeststratumpresentintheprojectareaestimatedforthenewreferenceperiodatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years).

Description Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskpresentintheprojectarea

atthestartoftheprojectperiodSymbol 𝐴!"!,!,! Units HectaresValue EstimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource Landcoverassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryorlandcovermapsfrom

within2yearsofthestartoftheprojectperiodJustification Appropriateandaccuratemapsrepresentinglandcoveratthestartoftheprojectperiod

provideatransparentandrepeatablemethodforassessingtheareaofdifferentforeststratapresent

Use Estimatingtheamountofdeforestationandforestdegradationexpectedduringtheprojectperiod(Equation3)

Comments ThePDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverassessmentincluding:• Thevalueforeachforeststratumintheprojectarea;• Amapofforeststrataintheprojectareaatthestartoftheprojectperiod;and• Adescriptionofthedatasetsandmethodologiesusedtogeneratelandcover

mapsand/orconductthelandcoverassessment,withsufficientdetailthattheycouldberepeatedbyasuitablyqualifiedtechnician.

Frequency Thelandcoverassessmentmustberepeatedevery5years,and𝐴!"!,!,! estimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaatthestartofeachprojectperiod.

4.4 CarbonstocksandemissionsDescription Baselinescenarioemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationexpectedduringthe

projectperiodSymbol 𝐸!"Units MgCO2Value Calculatedforeachprojectarea


Source Equation3Justification Estimatedbymultiplyingtheareaofeachforeststraumexpectedtobedeforestedand

degradedunderthebaselinescenariobythecarbonstockchangeassociatedwiththechangeinlandcover.AssumesanyreductioninbiomassisconvertedtoaninstantaneousCO2emission.

Use Providingabaselineagainstwhichprojectbenefitscanbeassessed(Equation16).Comments ThePDDmustspecifythebaselinescenarioemissionsandprovideaspreadsheetwiththe

calculationsFrequency Calculatedatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description CarbondensityofforesttypeiSymbol 𝐶!Units MgCha-1Value EstimatedforeachforesttypeintheprojectareaSource LocalorregionalcarbonstocksurveyJustification Whereexistingstudiesprovideestimatesofcarbonstocksintheforesttypespresentwithin

theprojectareathatarelikelytoprovideaconservativeestimateofcarbondensityintheprojectarea,inventoryofsampleplotswithintheprojectareamaynotbenecessary.Iflocalorregionalstudiesarenotavailable,orprovidevaluesthatareunlikelytoprovideconservativeestimatesifappliedtotheprojectarea,inventoryplotsand/orremotesensinganalysismayberequired.

Use Estimatingthechangeincarbonstocksthatresultsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation(Equation3)

Comments ThePDDmustinclude:• Valuesforeachforesttypeintheprojectarea• Detailsofthesourceofvaluesused,andajustificationforwhythevaluesadopted

areexpectedtobeconservativewhenappliedtotheprojectarea.IfunpublishedresearchiscitedcopiesoftherelevantreportsshouldbeprovidedasanAnnextothePDD.

• Fulldetailsofanycarbonsurveysconductedincludingsurveyandanalysismethodologies,rawdata,andestimatesofuncertaintyassociatedwithcarbondensityvalues.

Frequency Usuallyestimatedonceatthestartoftheproject,althoughcanbeupdatedifnewdatabecomeavailableduringtheproject.


Description Carbondensityofnon-forestSymbol 𝐶!" Units MgCha-1Value EstimatedforeachprojectareaSource LocalorregionalcarbonstocksurveyJustification Whereexistingstudiesprovideestimatesofcarbonstocksofdeforestedlandwithinthe

projectareathatarelikelytoprovideaconservativeestimateofcarbondensityofdeforestedlandwithintheprojectarea,inventoryofsampleplotswithintheprojectareamaynotbenecessary.Iflocalorregionalstudiesarenotavailable,orprovidevaluesthatareunlikelytoprovideconservativeestimatesifappliedtotheprojectarea,inventoryplotsand/orremotesensinganalysismayberequired.

Use Estimatingthechangeincarbonstocksthatresultsfromdeforestation(Equation3)Comments ThePDDmustinclude:

• Valuesforeachprojectarea• Detailsofthesourceofvaluesused,andajustificationforwhythevaluesadopted



Frequency Usuallyestimatedonceatthestartoftheproject,althoughcanbeupdatedifnewdatabecomeavailableduringtheproject.

Description CarbondensityofdegradedforestofforesttypeiSymbol 𝐶!"! Units MgCha-1Value Estimatedforeachforesttypeintheprojectareaforwhichemissionsfromforest

degradationwillbeestimatedSource LocalorregionalcarbonstocksurveyJustification Whereexistingstudiesprovideestimatesofcarbonstocksofdegradedforestfortheforest

stratapresentwithintheprojectareathatarelikelytoprovideaconservativeestimateofcarbondensityofdegradedforestwithintheprojectarea,inventoryofsampleplotswithintheprojectareamaynotbenecessary.Iflocalorregionalstudiesarenotavailable,orprovidevaluesthatareunlikelytoprovideconservativeestimatesifappliedtotheprojectarea,inventoryplotsand/orremotesensinganalysismayberequired.

Use ThePDDmustinclude:• Valuesforeachprojectarea• Detailsofthesourceofvaluesused,andajustificationforwhythevaluesadopted



Comments Usuallyestimatedonceatthestartoftheproject,althoughcanbeupdatedifnewdatabecomeavailableduringtheproject.

Description Expectedprojectscenarioemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationexpectedduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐸!"Units MgCO2


Value CalculatedforeachprojectareaSource Equation7Justification Estimatedbymultiplyingtheexpectedbaselinescenarioemissionsbytheexpected

effectivenessofprojectactivitiesatreducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation

Use Assessmentofexpectedemissionreductions(Equation16)Comments ThePDDmustspecifytheexpectedprojectscenarioemissionsandprovideaspreadsheet

withthecalculationsFrequency Calculatedatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description Theexpectedeffectivenessofprojectactivitiesinreducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation,expressedasaproportionofbaselinescenarioemissionsthatcanconservativelybeexpectedtobeavoidedasaresultofprojectactivities

Symbol 𝐹Units NoneValue EstimatedforeachprojectareaSource Conservativeassumptionforthefirstprojectperiod,whichshouldbeupdatedfor

subsequentprojectperiodswithreferencetoactualeffectivenessachievedtodateJustification Aconservativeestimateforprojecteffectivenessshouldreducethelikelihoodthatprojects

willunder-achieveonexpectedemissionreductionsUse Estimationofexpectedprojectscenarioemissions(Equation7)Comments ThePDDmustspecifythevalueadoptedfor𝐹andjustifywhythisisconservativeforthe

projectareaFrequency Estimatedatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)basedonaconservative

assumptionforthefirstprojectperiod,whichshouldbeinformedbyactualeffectivenessachievedtodateforsubsequentprojectperiods

Description Climatebenefitsexpectedtoresultfromreduceddeforestationandforestdegradationasresultofprojectactivitiesduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐵Units MgCO2Value CalculatedforeachprojectareaSource Equation16Justification Estimatedbysubtractingprojectscenarioemissionsandleakageemissionsfrombaseline

scenarioemissionsUse ForestimatingclimatebenefitsatthestartoftheprojectperiodComments ThePDDmustspecifytheexpectedclimatebenefitandprovideaspreadsheetwiththe

calculationsFrequency Calculatedatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

4.5 LeakageDescription Naturalresourceuseactivitiesthatcausesdeforestationordegradationandisexpectedto

bereducedintheprojectareaasaresultofprojectinterventionsSymbol 𝑎Units NoneValue IdentifiedforeachprojectareaSource AnalysisoflocaldriversofdeforestationandforestdegradationJustification Analysisoflocaldriversofdeforestationandforestdegradationshouldrevealtheactivities

thathavethepotentialtobedisplacedasaresultofprojectactivitiesUse Fordefiningactivitiesthatcouldcauseleakageemissions


Comments ThePDDmustclearlyidentifythenaturalresourceuseactivitiesinthebaselinescenario,andjustifywhichoftheseisexpectedtobereducedintheprojectareaasaresultofprojectinterventions

Frequency Establishedatthestartoftheproject.Leakageactivityclassificationsarenotusuallyrevisedunlessnewevidencesuggeststheyarenolongerappropriate

Description Stakeholdergroupsexpectedtoengageinactivitiesthatcausedeforestationordegradationintheprojectareaunderthebaselinescenario,andwhoseactivitiescouldbedisplacedasaresultofprojectactivities

Symbol 𝑠Units NoneValue IdentifiedforeachprojectareaSource AnalysisoflocaldriversofdeforestationandforestdegradationJustification Analysisoflocaldriversofdeforestationandforestdegradationshouldrevealthe

stakeholdergroupswhoseactivitiescouldbedisplacedasaresultofprojectactivitiesUse Fordefiningstakeholdergroupswhoseactivitiescouldbedisplacedasaresultofproject

interventionsComments ThePDDmustclearlyidentifyanddescribethestakeholdergroupsexpectedtoengagein

naturalresourceuseactivitieswiththepotentialtocausedeforestationandforestdegradationinthebaselinescenario,andjustifywhichofthesegroupscouldhavetheiractivitiesdisplacedasaresultofprojectactivities

Frequency Establishedatthestartoftheproject.Leakagestakeholdergroupclassificationsarenotusuallyrevisedunlessnewevidencesuggeststheyarenolongerappropriate

Description Leakageemissionsexpectedtoresultfromdisplacementofdeforestationanddegradationduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐸!"Units MgCO2Value CalculatedforeachprojectareaSource Equation10Justification Theamountofleakageexpectedisassumedtobeequaltotheemissionsthatwouldresult

fromthelandcoverchangeneededtoreplaceincomefromnaturalresourceuseactivitiesthatarereducedasaresultofprojectactivities,ifthoseactivitieshavethepotentialtobedisplaced

Use Estimatingexpectedclimatebenefits(Equation16)Comments ThePDDmustspecifytheexpectedleakageemissionsandprovideaspreadsheetwiththe

calculations

Frequency Calculatedatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)Description Expectedchangeinincomefromactivityaforstakeholdergroupsduringtheprojectperiod

asaresultofprojectactivitiesSymbol ∆𝐼!,!Units $Value Estimatedforeachactivityandstakeholdergroupwithpotentialtocausedeforestationand

forestdegradationasaresultofdisplacementfromtheprojectareaSource Surveysoflanduseandsocio-economicconditionsofstakeholdergroupsexpectedtouse

theprojectareaunderthebaselinescenario,andprojectionsofincomeexpectedtobegeneratedbyprojectactivities

Justification Lossofincomefromnaturalresourceuseactivitiesisassumedtobethemaindriverfordisplacementofdeforestationandforestdegradationasaresultofprojectactivities

Use Estimatingexpectedleakageemissions(Equation10)


Comments ThePDDmustdescribeandjustifytheexpectedchangeinincomeforallactivitiesandstakeholdergroupsforwhichincomeisexpectedtobereducedasaresultofprojectactivities,andforwhichthereispotentialfordisplacement.Publishedstudiesandsurveysconductedattheprojectsiteshouldbereferencedwhereappropriate.Activitiesandstakeholdergroupsforwhichincomeisnotexpectedtobereduced,orforwhichthereisnopotentialfordisplacementshouldalsobeidentifiedandjustificationprovidedforwhytheyarenotexpectedtocontributetoleakage.

Frequency Estimatedatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description Expectedaverageincomeperhectarefromactivityaforstakeholdergroupsduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝑉!,!Units $ha-1Value Estimatedforeachactivityandstakeholdergroupwithpotentialtocausedeforestationand

forestdegradationasaresultofdisplacementfromtheprojectareaSource PublishedsourcesorvillagesurveysJustification Averageincomefromspecificactivitiesislikelytovarybetweenvillagesandbetween

stakeholdergroupswithinvillagesandestimatesfromlocalsurveysarelikelytobenecessary,ifthereisuncertaintyaconservativeestimatewouldassumeahighervalue

Use Estimatingexpectedleakageemissions(Equation10)Comments ThePDDmuststatetheestimatesusedforaverageincomeforeachactivityandstakeholder

groupwithpotentialtocausedeforestationandforestdegradationasaresultofdisplacementfromtheprojectarea.Publishedstudiesandsurveysconductedattheprojectsiteshouldbereferencedwhereappropriate.



Description Changeincarbonstocksassociatedwithactivityaifcarriedoutbystakeholdergroupsinthereferenceregion

Symbol Δ𝐶!,!Units MgCha-1Value Estimatedforeachactivityandstakeholdergroupwithpotentialtocausedeforestationand

forestdegradationasaresultofdisplacementfromtheprojectareaSource Ifareaswhereleakagefromaspecificactivityandstakeholdergroupcanbeidentified

changeincarbonstockshouldbeestimatedaccordingtotheexpectedchangetothelandcovertype(s)asaresultoftheactivity.Ifitisnotclearwhichareasactivitieswouldbedisplacedtoconservativeestimatesforchangeincarbonstocksshouldbeusedbasedonthelandcovertypesthatcouldbeaffectedthatwouldresultinthegreatestlossofcarbonstocksasaresultofthedisplacedactivity.Publishedestimatesofcarbonstocksindifferentlandcovertypes(suchasthoseusedtofor𝐶!, 𝐶!",and𝐶!"!)maybeapplied,orlocalsurveyscouldalsobenecessaryifrelevantexistingdataarenotavailable.

Justification Aconservativeestimateofexpectedchangeincarbonstocksasaresultofdisplacementcanbederivedbyconsideringaworstcasescenarioforchangeincarbonstockswithintheareathatcouldbeaffectedbyleakage

Use Estimatingexpectedleakageemissions(Equation10)Comments ThePDDmuststatethemaximumchangeincarbonstockforeachactivityandstakeholder

groupwithpotentialtocausedeforestationandforestdegradationasaresultofdisplacementfromtheprojectarea.Publishedstudiesandsurveysconductedattheprojectsiteshouldbereferencedwhereappropriate.


Description Theexpectedemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationthatresultfromdisplacementofactivitiesfromtheprojectareaasaresultofprojectactivities,expressedasaproportionofclimatebenefitsthatareexpectedtobelostasaresultofleakage

Symbol 𝐿Units NoneValue Estimatedforeachprojectarea(ifexpectedleakageapproachisusedtoestimateexpected

leakageemissions)Source Conservativeassumptionforthefirstprojectperiod,whichshouldbeupdatedfor

subsequentprojectperiodswithreferencetoactualleakageinpreviousprojectperiodsJustification Aconservativeestimateforexpectedleakageshouldreducethelikelihoodthatprojectswill

over-estimateexpectedclimatebenefitUse Estimationofexpectedleakageemissionsusingexpectedleakageapproach(Equation11)Comments ThePDDmustspecifythevalueadoptedfor𝐿andjustifywhythisisconservativeforthe

projectareaFrequency Estimatedatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)basedonaconservative

assumptionforthefirstprojectperiod,whichshouldbeinformedbyactualleakagetodateforsubsequentprojectperiods

4.6 VerificationDescription Averageproportionofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskwithinthe

referenceregionthatwasdeforestedineachyearoftheprojectperiodSymbol 𝐴𝐷!!!,!,! Units NoneValue CalculatedforforeststratumintheprojectareaSource Equation4Justification Assumedthat,withinaforeststrata,theannualproportionofforestconvertedtonon-forest


inthereferenceregionduringtheprojectperiodwouldhaveoccurredintheprojectareawithouttheprojectinterventions

Use VerificationofbaselinescenarioemissionsComments TherevisedPDDmustreportthevalueforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaand

provideaspreadsheetwiththecalculationsFrequency Mustberecalculatedattheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskinthereferenceregionconvertedtonon-forestduringtheprojectperiod(ha)

Symbol 𝐴𝐴!"#!,!,! Units HectaresValue EstimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource Landcoverchangeassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryoratime-seriesof


repeatablemethodforidentifyingdeforestation.Use Toestimatetheannualproportionofdifferentforeststratadeforestedinthereference

regionduringtheprojectperiod(Equation4)Comments TherevisedPDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverchangeanalysisincluding:


• Mapsofforeststratainthereferenceregionatthestartandendoftheprojectperiodand/oramapshowinglandcoverchangeduringtheprojectperiod;


Frequency Thelandcoverchangeassessmentmustberepeated,and𝐴𝐴!"#!,!,! estimatedforeachforeststratumpresentintheprojectarea,atendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years).


Description Actualbaselinescenarioemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationexpectedduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐴𝐸!"Units MgCO2Value CalculatedforeachprojectareaSource Equation6Justification CalculatedasforEquation3,butreplacingtheamountofdeforestationanddegradation

expectedinthereferenceregionduringthereferenceperiod,withtheamountofdeforestationanddegradationobservedinthereferenceregionduringtheprojectperiod

Use VerificationofbaselineemissionsComments TherevisedPDDmustspecifytheactualbaselinescenarioemissionsfromtheprevious

projectperiodandprovideaspreadsheetwiththecalculationsFrequency Calculatedattheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskpresentwithinthereferenceregionatthestartoftheprojectperiod(ha)

Symbol 𝐴𝐴!!!,!,! Units HectaresValue EstimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource LandcoverassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryorforestcovermapsJustification Landcovermapsprovideatransparentandrepeatablemethodforestimatingtheareaof

foreststrataUse Toestimatetheannualproportionofdifferentforeststratadeforestedanddegradedinthe

referenceregionduringtheprojectperiod(Equations4and5)Comments TherevisedPDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverassessmentincluding:

• Thevalueforeachforeststratumintheprojectarea;• Amapsofforeststratainthereferenceregionatthestartoftheprojectperiod;• Adescriptionofthedatasetsandmethodologiesusedtogeneratelandcovermaps,

withsufficientdetailthattheycouldberepeatedbyasuitablyqualifiedtechnicianFrequency Theassessmentofforestcoveratthestartoftheprojectperiodmustberepeated,and

𝐴𝐴!!!,!,! estimatedforeachforeststratumpresentintheprojectareaatthestartofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years).

Description Averageproportionofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskwithinthereferenceregionthatwasdegradedineachyearoftheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐴𝐺!!!,!,! Units NoneValue CalculatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource Equation5Justification Assumedthat,withinaforeststratum,theannualproportionofforestdegradedinthe

referenceregionduringtheprojectperiodwouldhaveoccurredintheprojectareaintheabsenceofprojectinterventions

Use VerifyingbaselinescenarioemissionsComments ThePDDmustreportthevalueforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaandprovidea

spreadsheetwiththecalculationsFrequency Mustberecalculatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaattheendofeachproject

period(usuallyevery5years).


Description Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskinthereferenceregionconvertedtodegradedforestduringtheprojectperiod(ha)

Symbol 𝐴𝐴!"#!,!,! Units HectaresValue EstimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource Landcoverchangeassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryoratime-seriesof


repeatablemethodforidentifyingforestdegradationUse Toestimatetheannualproportionofdifferentforeststratadegradedinthereferenceregion

duringtheprojectperiod(Equation5)Comments ThePDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverchangeanalysisincluding:


• Mapsofforeststratainthereferenceregionatthestartandendofthereferenceperiodand/oramapshowinglandcoverchangeduringtheprojectperiod;and

• Adescriptionofthedatasetsandmethodologiesusedtogeneratelandcovermapsand/orconductthelandcoverchangeassessment,withsufficientdetailthattheycouldberepeatedbyasuitablyqualifiedtechnician.

Frequency Thelandcoverchangeassessmentmustberepeated,and𝐴𝐴!"!!,!,! foreachforeststratumpresentintheprojectareaestimatedattheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years).

Description Actualeffectivenessofprojectactivitiesinreducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation,expressedasaproportionofactualbaselinescenarioemissions

Symbol 𝐴𝐹Units NoneValue EstimatedforeachprojectareaSource Equation8Justification Assumedthatanyreduction,orincrease,inemissionsfromdeforestationanddegradation

withintheprojectarearelativetotheactualbaselinescenarioemissions(𝐴𝐸!")areattributabletoeffectivenessofprojectactivities

Use Verificationofprojectscenarioemissions(Equation9),andinformingexpectedeffectivenessforsubsequentprojectperiods

Comments ThePDDmustspecifythevalueof𝐴𝐹andprovideaspreadsheetwiththecalculationsFrequency Calculatedattheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)


Description Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographicclasskwithintheprojectareathatwasdeforestedduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐷!"!,!,! Units HectaresValue EstimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource Landcoverchangeassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryoratime-seriesof


repeatablemethodforidentifyingdeforestation.Use Toestimatetheactualeffectivenessofprojectactivitiesduringtheprojectperiod(Equation

8)Comments ThePDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverchangeanalysisincluding:


• Mapsofforeststrataintheprojectareaatthestartandendoftheprojectperiodand/oramapshowinglandcoverchangeduringtheprojectperiod;


Frequency Thelandcoverchangeassessmentmustberepeated,and𝐷!"!,!,! estimatedforeachforeststratumpresentintheprojectarea,attheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographicclasskwithintheprojectareathatwasdegradedduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐺!"!,!,! Units HectaresValue EstimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaSource Landcoverchangeassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryoratime-seriesof


repeatablemethodforidentifyingdeforestation.Use Toestimatetheactualeffectivenessofprojectactivitiesduringtheprojectperiod(Equation

8)Comments ThePDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverchangeanalysisincluding:


• Mapsofforeststrataintheprojectareaatthestartandendoftheprojectperiodand/oramapshowinglandcoverchangeduringtheprojectperiod;


Frequency Thelandcoverchangeassessmentmustberepeated,and𝐺!"!,!,!estimatedforeachforeststratumpresentintheprojectarea,attheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)


Description Actualemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationthatoccurredintheprojectareaduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐴𝐸!"Units MgCO2Value CalculatedforeachprojectareaSource Equation9Justification Estimatedbymultiplyingtheactualbaselinescenarioemissionsbytheactualeffectivenessof

projectactivitiesatreducingemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationUse VerificationofemissionreductionsComments ThePDDmustspecifytheactualprojectscenarioemissionsandprovideaspreadsheetwith

thecalculationsFrequency Calculatedattheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description Maximumpotentialleakageemissionsthatcouldhaveoccurredasaresultofdisplacementofdeforestationanddegradationduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐴𝐸!"Units MgCO2Value CalculatedforeachprojectareaSource Equation12Justification Themaximumpotentialleakagethatcouldhaveoccurredduringtheprojectperiodis

assumedtobeequaltotheemissionsthatwouldresultfromthelandcoverchangeneededtoreplaceincomefromnaturalresourceuseactivitiesthatarereducedasaresultofprojectactivities,ifthoseactivitieshavethepotentialtobedisplaced

Use Verificationofclimatebenefits(Equation17)Comments TherevisedPDDmustspecifythemaximumpotentialleakageemissionsandprovidea

spreadsheetwiththecalculationsFrequency Calculatedattheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)


Description Changeinincomefromactivityaforstakeholdergroupsduringtheprojectperiodasaresultofprojectactivities

Symbol 𝐴∆𝐼!,!Units $Value Estimatedforeachactivityandstakeholdergroupwithpotentialtocausedeforestationand

forestdegradationasaresultofdisplacementfromtheprojectareaSource Surveysoflanduseandsocio-economicconditionsofstakeholdergroupsexpectedtouse

theprojectareaunderthebaselinescenario,andestimatesofincomegeneratedbyprojectactivities

Justification Lossofincomefromnaturalresourceuseactivitiesisassumedtobethemaindriverfordisplacementofdeforestationandforestdegradationasaresultofprojectactivities

Use Estimatingactualleakageemissions(Equation12)Comments ThePDDmustdescribeandjustifytheexpectedchangeinincomeforallactivitiesand

stakeholdergroupsforwhichincomeisexpectedtobereducedasaresultofprojectactivities,andforwhichthereispotentialfordisplacement.Publishedstudiesandsurveysconductedattheprojectsiteshouldbereferencedwhereappropriate.

Frequency Estimatedattheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description AverageincomeperhectarefromactivityaforstakeholdergroupsduringtheprojectperiodSymbol 𝐴𝑉!,!Units $ha-1Value Estimatedforeachactivityandstakeholdergroupwithpotentialtocausedeforestationand

forestdegradationasaresultofdisplacementfromtheprojectareaSource VillagesurveyJustification Averageincomefromspecificactivitiesislikelytovarybetweenvillagesandbetween

stakeholdergroupswithinvillagesandestimatesfromlocalsurveysarelikelytobenecessary,ifthereisuncertaintyaconservativeestimatewouldassumeahighervalue

Use Estimatingleakageemissions(Equation12)Comments TherevisedPDDmuststatetheestimatesusedforaverageincomeforeachactivityand

stakeholdergroupwithpotentialtocausedeforestationandforestdegradationasaresultofdisplacementfromtheprojectarea.Detailsofvillagesurvey’sconductedmustbeprovided.

Frequency Estimatedattheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)


Description Actualclimatebenefitsresultingfromreduceddeforestationandforestdegradationasresultofprojectactivitiesduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐴𝐵Units MgCO2Value CalculatedforeachprojectareaSource Equation17Justification Estimatedbysubtractingprojectscenarioemissionsandleakageemissionsfrombaseline

scenarioemissionsUse ForverifyingclimatebenefitsComments TherevisedPDDmustspecifytheexpectedclimatebenefitandprovideaspreadsheetwith

thecalculationsFrequency Calculatedattheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description Actualemissionsfromdeforestationanddegradationthatoccurredinthereferenceareaduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐴𝐸!"Units MgCO2Value CalculatedforeachprojectareaiftheleakageareaapproachisusedtoverifyleakageSource Equation13Justification EstimatedfromdeforestationandforestdegradationobservedduringtheprojectperiodUse VerificationofleakageemissionsusingtheleakageareaapproachComments ThePDDmustspecifytheactualleakageemissionsandprovideaspreadsheetwiththe

calculationsFrequency Calculatedattheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)


Description Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskwithintheleakageareathatwasdeforestedduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐷!"!,!,! Units HectaresValue Estimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaifleakageareaapproachisusedto

verifyleakageSource Landcoverchangeassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryoratime-seriesof


repeatablemethodforidentifyingdeforestation.Use Toestimatetheactualleakageduringtheprojectperiodusingtheleakageareaapproach

(Equation13)Comments ThePDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverchangeanalysisincluding:

• Thevalueforeachforeststratumintheleakageareaandaspreadsheetwiththecalculations;

• Mapsofforeststrataintheleakageareaatthestartandendoftheprojectperiodand/oramapshowinglandcoverchangeduringtheprojectperiod;


Frequency Thelandcoverchangeassessmentmustberepeated,and𝐷!"!,!,! estimatedforeachforeststratumpresentintheleakagearea,attheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskwithintheleakageareathatwasdegradedduringtheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐺!"!,!,! Units HectaresValue Estimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaifleakageareaapproachisusedto

verifyleakageSource Landcoverchangeassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryoratime-seriesof


repeatablemethodforidentifyingforestdegradation.Use Toestimatetheactualleakageduringtheprojectperiodusingtheleakageareaapproach

(Equation13)Comments ThePDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverchangeanalysisincluding:

• Thevalueforeachforeststratumintheleakageareaandaspreadsheetwiththecalculations;

• Mapsofforeststrataintheleakageareaatthestartandendoftheprojectperiodand/oramapshowinglandcoverchangeduringtheprojectperiod;


Frequency Thelandcoverchangeassessmentmustberepeated,and𝐺!"!,!,! estimatedforeachforeststratumpresentintheleakagearea,attheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description Expectedemissionsfromdeforestationanddegradationintheleakageareaduringtheprojectperiodifnoleakageoccurred

Symbol 𝐸𝐸!"Units MgCO2Value Calculatedforeachprojectareaiftheleakageareaapproachisusedtoverifyleakage


emissionsSource Equation14Justification Estimatedbyassumingthatifnoleakageoccurreddeforestationandforestdegradation

wouldhaveoccuredintheleakageregionatthesamerateasitoccurredinthereferenceregion(excludingtheleakagearea)duringtheprojectperiod

Use Verificationofleakageemissionsusingtheleakageareaapproach(Equation15)Comments ThePDDmustspecifytheexpectedleakageemissionsandprovideaspreadsheetwiththe

calculationsFrequency Calculatedattheendofeachprojectperiod(usuallyevery5years)

Description Areaofforesttypei,legalclassificationjandtopographyclasskpresentintheleakageareaatthestartoftheprojectperiod

Symbol 𝐴!"!,!,! Units HectaresValue Estimatedforeachforeststratumintheleakageareaiftheleakageareaapproachisused

toverifyleakageemissionsSource Landcoverassessmentfromanalysisofremotesensingimageryorlandcovermapsfrom

within2yearsofthestartoftheprojectperiodJustification Appropriateandaccuratemapsrepresentinglandcoveratthestartoftheprojectperiod

provideatransparentandrepeatablemethodforassessingtheareaofdifferentforeststratapresent

Use Estimatingexpectedemissionsfromtheleakageareainnoleakageoccurred(Equation14)Comments ThePDDmustincludefulldetailsofthelandcoverassessmentincluding:

• Thevalueforeachforeststratumintheleakagearea;• Amapofforeststrataintheprojectareaatthestartoftheprojectperiod;and• Adescriptionofthedatasetsandmethodologiesusedtogeneratelandcover

mapsand/orconductthelandcoverassessment,withsufficientdetailthattheycouldberepeatedbyasuitablyqualifiedtechnician.

Frequency Thelandcoverassessmentmustberepeatedevery5years,and𝐴!"!,!,! estimatedforeachforeststratumintheprojectareaatthestartofeachprojectperiod.

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