Those we control (become easier to reach the benefits with time) Hypnosis Biofeedback Meditation

Those we do not (need to be increased in order to reach the same ‘high’) Psychoactive drugs

Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention, accompanied by a heightened suggestibility producing responsiveness to suggestions for changes in experience and behavior

You are NOT asleep! You are highly focused on internal and external

stimuli, and can focus attention on one thing in particular, ignoring all others.

Role Theory- subjects act in accordance with the hypnotized role

State Theory- hypnotized people experience an altered state of consciousness. (insensitive to pain)

Disassociation Theory- combines the two theories. Voluntary actions become involuntary and vice versa. You share control of your body with the hypnotist. You do play a role, but you there is a significant change in mental processes.

The degree to which people respond to hypnotic suggestions. Approximately 10% of adults are incapable of being hypnotized. The better your imagination, the more likely you are to be a good candidate for hypnosis.

Age Regression- recalling childhood events

Posthypnotic Suggestion- to create effects that last for hours or days after the hypnosis session is over. (quit smoking, decrease pain, enhance memory)

Posthypnotic amnesia- inability to recall what happened while the person was hypnotized.

A person cannot be made to do anything while they are hypnotized, that they wouldn’t have done while completely conscious.

A process by which a person can learn to control his internal physiological processes with the help of feedback – light turns on when heart rate goes too high

Headaches, pain control

Focusing ones attention to clear ones mind and produce relaxation

The goal of meditation is to bring serenity, clarity, and bliss. Our "normal" state of mind is actually quite abnormal. We receive sensory stimuli and react in a completely uncontrolled way (although we tell ourselves we have great control).

Normal Mind

Concentrating Mind

Meditating Mind

Contemplating Mind

Meditation is focused on relaxation and clearing the mind while in hypnosis your senses are heightened so you may focus more intently on them

Cause psychological change by altering functions of the brain.

Drugs get into the brain through the blood supply when they pass through the blood brain barrier.

Feature of blood vessels in the brain that prevent some substances from entering the brain tissue.

The diminishing effect with regular dose of the same dose.

Psychological v. Physical dependence

Agonists- mimic the effect of the neurotransmitters

Antagonists- inhibit neurotransmitter activity by binding with receptors.

Drugs get into the blood stream and travel to the capillaries. They then act as neurotransmitters,

changing how the neurons fire.

Substance abuse- self administering of drugs in deviation from the social or medical norms.

Psychological Dependence- use of a drug to provide a sense of well being even if the drug produces adverse consequences.

Physical Dependence- altered physiological state in which the continued use of a drug is required to prevent the onset of withdrawal symptoms.

Tolerance- may develop with prolonged use of a drug

Psychoactive DrugsChemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consciousness

Drug Category Example Effects on behavior

Depressants Alcohol Relaxant; relieve inhibitions; impair memory and judgement

Tranquilizers Barbiturates,benzoidiazepines

(Valium, Xanax)

Relieve anxiety; relax muscles; induce sleep

Opiates Morphine, heroin

Decrease pain; decrease attention to real world; unpleasant withdrawal effects as drug wears off

Stimulants Caffeine,amphetamines,

cocaine

Increase energy, alertness

MixedStimulantDepressant

Nicotine Stimulate brain activity, but most smokers say drugs relax them

DistortionExperience

Marijuana (THC)

Intensifies sensory experiences; distorts perception of time; can relieve glaucoma, nausea; sometimes impairs learning, memory

Hallucinogens LSD, mescaline Cause hallucinations, sensory distortions, and occasionally panic

All of these drugs cause psychological change by altering the function of the brain.

Reduce central nervous system activity Alcohol Barbiturates (sleeping pills) Tranquilizers Side effects- panic attacks, memory loss,

confusion, anger, death

Barbiturates Tranquilizers Taken to sleep

(but reduce REM sleep).

Taken with other drugs- you can get a synergistic effect.

Increase behavior and mental activity, raises heart rate and blood pressure.

Amphetamines (speed) Cocaine Caffeine- highly addictive- causes

headaches and shaking Nicotine MDMA (Ecstacy)- Side Effects- anxiety, insomnia, heart

problems, paranoia, hallucinations, and sexual dysfunction

Amphetamines (Speed)

Cocaine Crack “the crash”

Induce sleep and relieve pain Opium Morphine Heroin Act as exaggerated painkillers, increase

endorphins Side Effects- Death, Addiction, AIDS

Opiates Heroin and

morphine Addiction

comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms are bad

LSD Marijuana Cause loss of contact with reality. Changes in emotions, perception, and

ability to think. Side Effects- disruption of memory,

muscle coordination, and a lowered IQ

LSD (Acid) Can cause

PTSD and schizophrenia.

Geometric patterns