Chapter 8: The Spread of IslamSection 4: The Ottoman and

Safavid Empire

Jimena CarmonaWorld History

6th Period

A. The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Turks became the leaders of the Islamic world in the Middle East and Europe.

A. The Ottoman Empire Decline of the Seljuks

› Seljuks Turks were eventually weakened, because in addition to fighting outside invaders, Seljuks leader fought among themselves.

› The tribes united under the rule of Osman to form the Ottoman Empire in 1299.

› Osman’s troops captured Bursa, Turkey, in 1326 and made it their capital.

A. The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Turks

› The Ottoman Empire replaced the remaining Seljuk empire in Asia Minor

› In 1354, Ottoman troops seized the European part of modern-day Turkey.

› In 1450, all that remained under Byzantine control was Constantinople and the area surrounding it.

A. The Ottoman Empire Fall of Constantinople

› In 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II, conquered Constantinople.

› Muhammad had 70 warships disassembled and moved over the land from the Bosporus waterway between Constantinople and Asia Minor.

› The last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI, was killed in the battle.

A. The Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent

› Suleiman was an effective general who pushed even deeper into Europe.

› He was loved and respected by the people.

› Suleiman led the Ottomans into a golden age.

› Suleiman also had mosques, schools, baths, hospitals, bridges, and covered markets built throughout the empire.

A. The Ottoman Empire Ottoman Culture

› The Ottomans divided their people into four social classes.

› The men of the sword and the men of the pen were mainly all Muslims.

› The best soldiers won a place in the janizaries, the highest- ranking group of the Ottoman army.

A. The Ottoman Empire The Decline of the Ottoman

Empire› The Ottoman Empire showed the

first signs of weakness in the late 1700s.

› In the 1700s, it lost the Crimea, a peninsula in the Black Sea, to Russia after a six-year war.

› In the 1800s, Greece won its independence.

› The empire also lost territories to France and Great Britain.

B. The Safavid Empire

The Safavid Empire spanned a broad region of Persia and was controlled by Shiite Muslims.

B. The Safavid Empire Shah Abbas I

› The Safavid height of power came during the reign of the shah, or king, named Abbas I.

› Shah Abbas created a powerful military force, modeled after the Ottoman janizaries.

› In 1598, Abbas made Isfahan his capital, where he built religious monuments, mosques, palaces, gardens, and hospitals.

› Because Abbas trusted no one, he had his sons either blinded or put to death in order to avoid power struggles.

B. The Safavid Empire Decline of the Safavid Empire

› The Safavid Empire declined after the death of Shah Abbas I in 1629.

› One cause of the decline was the pressure from Ottoman armies.

› Another possible cause was the continuing struggles that took place between the Sunni Muslims and the Shiite Muslims.

› A group of Afghan Sunni Muslims rebelled and captured Isfahan.