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NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)
INTRODUCTION The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) also called the (North) Atlantic Alliance, is an inter governmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949.
The organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.
NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009.
An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's "Partnership for Peace", with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs.
The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the world's defense spending
CONT…
The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, is considered the precursor to the NATO agreement.
The treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Union's Defense Organization in September 1948.
However, participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the military power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism, so talks for a new military alliance began almost immediately resulting in the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949.
HISTORY
It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.
The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the organization's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down.
The members agreed that an armed attack against any one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all.
CONT…
Consequently they agreed that, if an armed attack occurred, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence, would assist the member being attacked, taking such action as it deemed necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.
This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which clearly states that the response will be military in nature.
The creation of NATO brought about some standardization of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology, which in many cases meant European countries adopting U.S. practices
CONT…
The roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved.
CONT…
A Political Organization
A Military Organization
“NATO’s fundamental role and enduring purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its member countries by political and military means.”
A POLITICAL & MILITARY ORGANIZATION
A Political Organizationreinforcing security by reducing the risk of conflict
A Military Organization when diplomatic efforts fail
DIPLOMACY DIALOGUE / CONSENSUS
COOPERATION
COLLECTIVE DEFENCE
CRISIS MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS
MAINTAINING ADEQUATE MILITARY
CAPABILITIES
MEMBER COUNTRIES1949
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States
1952
Greece, Turkey
1955
Germany
1982
Spain
1999
Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland
2004
2009
Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
Albania, Croatia
SHARING COMMON VALUES
Freedom
Rule of law
Individual liberty
Common Heritage
Democracy
Solidarity
Well-being
Peace and Stability
United Nations European Union Organization for Security and Co-
operation in Europe Council of Europe African Union Non-governmental organizations
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
Active cooperation on maintaining international peace and security since early 1990s
NATO-UN Declaration (September 2008)
framework for expanded consultation and cooperation between the two organizations
Consultation and cooperation in wide range of areas
crisis management, civil-military cooperation, mine action, civil emergency planning, arms control and non-proliferation, terrorism and new security challenges, combating human trafficking and promoting the role of women in peace and security
NATO-UN RELATION
1994: European Security and Defence Identity
1994: Combined Joint Task Force concept
2001: Beginning institutionalized relations
2003: Berlin Plus Package
Basis for practical cooperation in crisis management
NATO-EU RELATION
No military operations were conducted by NATO during the Cold War. Following the end of the Cold War, the first operations, Anchor Guard in 1990 and Ace Guard in 1991, were prompted by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
Airborne Early Warning aircraft were sent to provide coverage of South Eastern Turkey, and later a quick-reaction force was deployed to the area.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Intervention Kosovo Intervention Iraq War Afghanistan War Libya Intervention
MILITARY OPERATIONS
Missile defence Terrorism Spread of weapons of mass destruction Cyber defence Energy security Alliance Theatre Missile Defence (TMD)
system to protect troops Missile defence for protection of NATO
territory & populations in Europe Missile defence cooperation with Russia
EXISTING AND EMERGING THREATS
Operation Active Endeavour (2001) International Security Assistance Force
(2003) Terrorist threat Intelligence Unit (2005) AWACS Surveillance missions Increased cooperation with Partners,
international organizations and global partners
Adapted military capabilities (e.g. Programme of Work for Defence Against Terrorism)
Science for Peace and Security Programme
CONT….
HOW DOES NATO WORK?1.Consensus decision-making2.Civil and military structure3.Delegations4.Main bodies5.NATO Secretary General6. International Staff7. International Military Staff8.Military command structure9.Agencies10.Paying for NATO
CONSENSUS DECISION-MAKING
An inter-governmental organization where decisions are taken
jointly by each member country
Principle of consensus applied at every committee level
CIVIL AND MILITARY STRUCTURE
DELEGATIONS A national delegation per member
country at NATO HQ, Brussels
Status of an Embassy
Headed by an Ambassador or Permanent Representative
MAIN BODIES North Atlantic Council
Key political decision-making body Forum to discuss policy and operational questions Chaired by Secretary General Meets at different levels Established by Article 9 of Washington Treaty
Nuclear Planning Group Ultimate authority with regard to nuclear policy issues Reviews the Alliance’s nuclear policy in the light of changing
security environment All members except for France Chaired by NATO Secretary General
Military Committee Senior military advisory authority Under authority of NAC and NPG Provides guidance to two strategic commanders Meets at different levels
Chairman selected by Chiefs of Staff for three-year term
CHAIRMAN OF NATO’S SENIOR COMMITTEES AND DECISION FACILITATOR
SPOKESPERSON
HEAD OF INTERNATIONAL STAFF
Chairman of NATO’s senior committees and decision facilitator
Spokesperson
Head of International Staff
INTERNATIONAL STAFF Advisory and administrative body Supports work of Delegations Divided into divisions Staffed by nationals from member
countries
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY STAFF Advisory and administrative body Supports work of Military committee Divided into divisions Staffed by nationals from member
countries
AGENCIES Production and logistics
Standardization
Communications
Research
Other agencies and organizations
Project offices Reform Ongoing
PAYING FOR NATO
Indirect Contributions
Direct Contributions - Principle of Common Funding Civil budget Military budget NATO’s Security Investment Programme