DEVELOPMENT OF

PROFESSIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL SPORT

INTERNATIONAL SPORT The industrial revolution had lead to

better transport links. Teams could now travel further afield to

play and spectators could follow them. This in turn lead to international

competitions in sport.

EMERGENCE OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION Scotland v England (1872) was the first ever official

international football match to be played. The first rugby international took place on 27 March

1871, played between England and Scotland. In 1888 a British Isles team visited Australia and New Zealand and the New Zealand Native team brought the first overseas team to British spectators.

In 1859, a team of England cricket players went on the first overseas tour to North America and in 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia.

The world's first international athletics match took place at the Queen's Club, London in 1894, where Oxford beat Yale.

The first modern Olympiad was held in Athens in 1896

RECAP Originally sport was rural and occasional

with little if any rules. Codification lead to organised sports

and leagues Improved transportation increased

games and increased spectatorism.

AMATEURISM This reflected the Ancient Olympian

Spirit Fair play Team Spirit Public schools had established their own

definition of amateurism. Physical endeavour with moral integrity

FAIR PLAY Important to adhere to rules Players discipline themselves Acceptance of rules Respect for decisions Restraint in victory Graciousness in defeat

AMATEURISM IN ENGLANDHad 2 distinct phases Originally amateurs were gentlemen of

upper or middle class They played sport in the spirit of fair

competition Originally there were no problems in

earning money from amateur sport However it changed from being a social

distinction to a monetary one Working classes were excluded

AMATEURISM An ideal based

on participating in sport for the love of it rather than for monetary gain. Participation was more important than winning

PROFESSIONALISM Engaging in a

sporting activity for financial gain or as a means of livelihood. Training would be synonymous with improving standards and specialising in an activity

AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL SPORTS

AMATEUR PROFESSONAL

Rowing – originally open to both but the amateurs disliked being beaten by their inferiors. The Amateur Rowing Association instigated the ‘manual labour clause’ excluding tradesmen.

Pedestrianism – an early form of race walking with much gambling

Prizefighting – patronised by the wealthy,huge sums would be wagered on outcomes. Rules loosely enforced, death not uncommon.

AMATEUR PROFESSIONAL

Rugby – developed in public schools and spread. When the working class in Northern towns adopted the game problems arose as there was no compensation for loss of wages

Rugby – In 1894 the RFU and the Northern Union split and Rugby League was formed as working class players needed to be paid for their time away from work training, playing or travelling.

SPORTS WITH LESS DEFINITE DISTINCTIONS Cricket – amateurs and professionals often

played together in gentlemen v players matches. Gentlemen were the amateurs and players were the professionals

Athletics – developed under amateur rules in public schools but in society there were professional circuits. Problems arose with bribery, corruption and event fixing.

Rowing – originally amateur but as winning became more important public schools employed professional watermen to coach the teams.

AMATEURISM INTO THE 20TH & 21ST CENTURIES

SHAMATEURISM – describes amateurs who would receive covert payments for playing. The setting up of trust funds tried to combat this problem.

STAMATEUR – state sponsored amateurs as was common in Eastern Bloc countries

By today amateurs can officially receive financial aid from sponsorship, trust funds, organisations such as Sport Aid and the National Lottery.