The conditions on early earth and how that affected organisms
Brief overview of the sequence of the evolution of life Fossils:
how they are dated and what they tell us The evidence of many mass
extinctions
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Early earth and
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First evidence of life is stromatolites Bind films of sediment
together 3.5 bya Estimated life existed 3.9 billion years ago Fig
25.7 in text
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Cyanobacteria Bacteria that undergo photosynthesis Responsible
for filling the atmosphere with oxygen 2.7bya
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2.1 bya
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Find and outline the evidence for endosymbiosis on a scratch
sheet of paper
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What can the fossil record tell us? How do we date
fossils?
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What were the conditions like on early earth? Temperature?
Oxygen? How did eukaryotes evolve? Explain how radiometric dating
works.
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1 billion years ago
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600 million years ago
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Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi This is the
most diverse group in actuality, the kingdom protista has been
abandoned
Include protists with modified mitochondria, unique flagella
and an excivated grove on one side of the cell body Includes
euglena euglena are mixotrophs (they are autotrophs and
heterotrophs) Includes diplomonads such as Giardia
intestinalis
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Originated by secondary endosymbiosis- an ancestor engulfed a
red algae Includes apicomplexans such as plasmodium which causes
malaria Also includes diatoms which are algae that have cell walls
made of silica. Reproduce by mitosis. Include brown and golden
algae which undergo photosynthesis and reproduce by alternation of
generations (pg 587)
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Include some amoebas move by pseudopodia
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Include red algae, green algae and plants They all undergo
photosynthesis Most have both asexual and sexual stages
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Include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals
Include slime moldslime mold
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565-550 mya
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Things you should know about fungi Basic Structure Mode of
Nutrition Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Fungal Diversity Their
role in Nutrient Cycling
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Basic Structure
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Hypae- One of many connected filaments that collectively make
up the mycelium of a fungus
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Mycelium- The densely branched network of hypae in a
fungus
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Mode of Nutrition
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Asexual Produce spores Sexual Most of the time fungi are
haploid Cytoplasms fuse with other fungi (Plasmogamy) Some may
contain coexisting nuclei (not diploid because they have separate
nuclei) (Heterokaryotic stage) Nuclei fuse to form a diploid
(Karyogamy) Meiosis and then spores
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Thought to be one of the earliest forms of fungi They have
flagellated spores, called zoospores this is what separates them
into this group Zoospore
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The asexual stage has a bulbous, black sporangia and the sexual
stage has a zygosporangium, a thick walled structure that can
resist harsh conditions This group includes the Fast growing molds
Sporangium
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Nearly all from symbiotic relationships with plants
(mycorrhizae) Genetic data has formed this group
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Called sac fungi because they hold spores in a sac called
asci
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Include the common edible mushrooms All fungi in this group
have basidium a cell where karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) occurs
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Fungi as Decomposers Recycle Nutrients Releases elements such
asCarbon, Nitrogen Essential to Ecosystem
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Lichens Fungi + photosynthetic microorganisms (Unicellular,
green algae, or cyanobacteria)
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570 million years ago Website with pictures Website with
pictures
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500 million years ago
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430 million years ago
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400 million years ago
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360 million years ago amphibians 300 million years ago reptiles
200 million years ago mammals 150 million years ago - birds 130
million years ago flowers
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.8-5.2 million years ago oldest human ancestor, Ardipithecus
ramidus kadabba, hominid fossil remains at Middle Awash,
Ethiopia
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4.4 million years ago Ardipithecus ramidus, hominid fossil
remains at Aramis, Ethiopia
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4 million years ago bipedal hominids, genus Australopithecus
Lake Turkana (Kenya) fossils, Australopithecus anamensis
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3.18 million years ago "Lucy" fossil remains in Ethiopia,
Australopithecus afarensis
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3 million years ago formation of Arctic polar ice cap drier and
cooler Africa, further deforestation Australopithecus africanus,
larger brains, more complex human social organization and modes of
subsistence, development of meat eating
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2.6 million years ago oldest known stone tools (Gona,
Ethiopia); beginnings of PALEOLITHIC (Old Stone Age) 2.5 million
years ago genus Homo (Homo rudolfensis, Homo habilis) 1.8 million
years ago Homo erectus, Homo ergaster
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Java Man (Homo erectus in southeast Asia)
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800,000 years ago earliest known evidence of human cannibalism
in caves at Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain), Homo
antecessor, oldest European hominid archaic Homo in Africa and
western Europe, Homo antecessor (800,000 years ago), Homo
heidelbergensis (500,000 years ago), likely ancestors of
Neanderthals 300,000 years ago origins of Neanderthals (Homo
neanderthalensis) in western Europe (extinct by 28,000 years ago).
Mousterian culture, flint tools 160,000 years ago oldest fossils of
modern humans, Homo sapiens idaltu (Herto, Afar Valley, Ethiopia)
150,000 years ago Neanderthals widespread in Europe and Asia
(150,000-35,000 years ago) 120,000 years ago evidence of
Neanderthal cannibalism, Moula Guercy, France 100,000 years ago
modern Homo sapiens in Omo, Ethiopia 50,000 years ago Cro-Magnon
people migrate out of Africa beginnings of brain lateralization,
symbolic thought, language ability 35,000 years ago Cro-Magnon
people (35,000-10,000 years ago) in Dordogne (France) beginnings of
migrations of humans from Asia to America across the Bering Strait
32,000 years ago Chauvet Pont-d'Arc cave paintings (32,000-30,000
years ago), France 28,000 years ago Neanderthals extinct
