Asia Pacific fournal ofMultidisciplinary Research

International Refereed Journalp-rssN 23s0-77s6 | E-ISSN 23 s0-8442Vol. 4, No. 4 | November 2016 Paft II

&..d

Journal Publication, Innovation and Data Management Center

Lyceum of the Philippines UniversityCapitol Site, BatanBp C,ty, Philippines

www.apJmr.com

i

P-ISSN 2350-77561 E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific Iournal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, Novemberz01.6

Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research(An International Refereed Journal)

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor'in-Chiefi Dr. Jake M. Laguador, Lyceum ofthe Philippines Universrty,Batangas City,PHILIPPINES

Associate Ediarc: Dr. Thomas F. Mclaughlin, Department of Special Education, Gonzaga University,Spokane, WA, USA

Dr. TiberiuSocaciu, Faculty of Economics and Public Administration,$tefancel Mare University, Suceava,ROMANIA

Managtng Editar: Dr. Norma L. Menez, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas City,PHILIPPINES

I nternatio na I A dvisory Board

Dr. Hansong Deng Buck Institute in Novato, CA, USA

Dr. ArezuJahanshir, Bueinzahra Technical University, Department of Physics, Islamic Republic of IRAN

Dr. Margaret Mboho, University of Uyo, Akwalbom State, NIGERIA

Dr. Daniel SerkiOrtserga, Department of Geography, Benue State University, Makurdi, NIGERIA

Dr. M.M. Sulphey, TKM Institute of Management, Kollam, Kerala, INDIA

Dr. Ros6rioDomingoslaureano, Department of Mathematics, ISTA- School of Technology and ArchitectureIUL - Lisbon University Institute, PORTUGAL

Dr. Farooq Ahmad, Principal, Govt. Degree College, Darya Khan, Bhakkar, Punjab, Education Department,PAKISTAN

Editorial Board Members and Peer RevicwersDr. Mark Anthony M. Velascq De La Salle University-Manila, PHILIPPINESDr. S. R. Boselin Prabhu, SVS College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, INDIADr. G. K. Biswakarma, Apex College-Pokhara University, Kathmandu, NEPALDr. Sameer Mosa M. Alnajdi, University of Tabuk, SAUDI ARABIADr. Fikadu Kumsa Gemechu, Ambo University, ETHIOPIADr. Susan S. Janer, Sorsogon State College, PHILIPPINESDr. Fides Del Castillo, De La Salle University, PHILIPPINESDr. Norfadilah Kamaruddino University Technology MARA, MALAYSIADr.MayureshJagannathBaheti, Dept of Orthodontics, Rural Dental College, INDIADr.7*yad, M. Al-Salameen,United Arab Emirates University, UAEDr. Adrian Lawrence Carvajal, St. Paul University, Quezon City, PHILIPPINESDr. Muham mad Enam ulHoquechowdhu ry, University of Nottingham, UNITED KINGDOMDr. MansourehEbrahimi, University Technologz of Malaysia, UeleySmDr. Ryan V. Dio,Sorsogon State College, Sorsogon City, PHILIPPINESDr. Mohammad Reza Alizadeh, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Rice Research Institute of lran, IRANDr. Fitzgerald L. Fabetico, Nueva Yizcaya State University, Bambang Nueva Y'zIaya,PHILIPPINESDr. Ravi Kant, College of Teacher Education, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, INDIA

il

P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific f ournal of Multidisciplinary Research, Yol.4, No. 4, November}}l6

Dr. Satish Kumar Kalhotra, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, INDIADr. RohiniKarunakaran, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, MALAYSIADr. C. M. Maran, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, INDIADr. Jenifer Raymond R Tallungan, Nueva Yucaya State University, Bambang, Nueva Yzcaya,PHILIPPINESDr. Dante L. Silva, Mapu,a Institute of Technologz, PHILIPPINESDr. JuvyMojares, Batangas State University, Malvar, Batangas, PHILIPPINESDr. TayyabSohail, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, CHINADr. Boyet L. Batang, Isabela State University, PHILIPPINESDr. Uqbah bin Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, MALAYSIADr. Arvind Hans, Department of Management Waljat College of Applied Sciences, Sultanate of OMANDr. MohamadJafreZ,ainolAbidin, TESOL at the School of Educational Studies, UniversitiSainsMALAYSIADr. Arun Kumar Acharya, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, MEXICODr. Jose Juan Cervantes Niflo, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, MEXICODr. Eddy M. Sutanto, Department of Business Management, Petra Christian University, INDONESIADr. D. G. Hanumanthappa, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi, Karnataka, INDIADr. Jed C. Tolentino, Al Ghad International College for Applied Medical Sciences, Kingdom of SAUDI ARABIADr. NurhazaniMohdShariff, Tourism, Hospitality & Environmental Management, Universiti Utara MALAYSIADr. PachaMalyadrio Government Degree College, Osmania University, INDIADr. Francis KayodeAshipaoloye, Lyceum of the Philippines University - Laguna, PHILIPPINESDr. John MugunBoit, Senior Principal Administrative Officer, Academic Division, Moi University, KENYADr. Ajay Kumar Attri, Himachal Pradesh University, INDIADr. Pryamikova Elena, The Ural State PedagogicalUniversity, RUSSIADr. Christopher Awoma, Health Education Recreation, Sport and Dance, NIGERIADr. Noah Kasraie, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas, USADr. Gagan Singh, School of Management Studies & Commerce, Uttarakhand Open University, INDIADr. Arafat Hamouda, Faculty of Arabic Language and Social Studies, Qassim University, SAUDI ARABIADr. Deepak Paliwalo Department of Sociolory, School of Social Sciences, Uttarakhand Open University, INDIADr. Rahmatullah Shah, University of Science & Technolory, Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PAKISTANDr. AsafNiuaz, Assistant Professor, University of Haripur, PAKISTANDr. Khoo Yin Yin, Faculty of Management and Economic, Sultan Idris Education University, MALAYSIADr. A.A. Nkhwalume, University of Botswana, Gaborone, BOTSV/ANADr. KornwikaPhromjuang, Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Uttaradit Province, THAILANDDr. AhedAbugabah, American University in the Emirates, DUBAI, UAEDr. Barbara Kardos, Budapest Business School, HLINGARYDr. Ahmed T. Al-Ali, Department of Foreign Languages, University of Applied Science, Amman, JORDANDr. R. C. Jagessar, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus, SOUTH AMERICADr. EmanTalaat El Shamaa, Faculty of Nursing, King Khalid University, SAUDI ARABIADr. Rania Mahmoud Abdel Ghani, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, EGypTDr. Dimitrios Nikolaou Koumparoulis, UGSM-Monarch Business School, SWITZERLANDDr. BekirKocadas, Assistant Professor, Adiyaman University, TURKEYDr. bzgebzgiiro Assistant Professor, Adiyaman University, TURKEYDr. Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehm, National University of Modern Languages, PAKISTANDr. LohKahHeng Taylor's University Malaysia, MALAYSIADr. Amir Reza NematTabrizi, Qeshm lnternational Center, Payame Noor University, IRANDr. Ibia E. Ibia, Department of Educational Foundation, Guidance &Counselling, University of Uyo, NIGERIADr. Emmanuel C. Ezedum, University ofNigeria, Nsukka, NIGERIADr. Jia Chi Tsou, China University of Technologz, TAIWANDr. Esmenia R Javier, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas City PHILIPPINESDr. Maria Victoria Gonzales, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas City PHILIPPINESDr. Reynalda B. Garcia, Lyceum ofthe Philippines University, Batangas City PHILIPPINESDr. Paz B. Reyes, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas City PHILIPPINESDr. cecilia c. Pring, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas city PHILIPPINESDr. Anacleta P. Valde4 Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas City PHILIPPINESTechnical Staff- Ms. Maria foanna G. Manongsong; web Developer: Mr. Abnet'Tupas

ilt

P-ISSN 235U7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific f ournal of Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 4, No. 4, Novemberz01,6

EDITORIAL POLICY

Aim and ScopeThe Asia Pacilic Journal of Multidisciptinary

Research is open to the global community of scholars whoaspire to have their researches published in a peer-reviewedopen access and print joumal. The primary criterion forpublication in the Asia Pacific Joumal of MultidisciplinaryResearchis the significance of the contribution an articlemakes to the body of knowledge. It is an opportunityparlicularly for researchers in different field ofspecializations to share their scientific materials to theglobal community. The efficiency and effectiveness of theeditorial review process are critically dependent upon theactions ofboth the research authors and the reviewers.

The Editorial Board invites researchers from theintemational research community and institutions to submittheir original research articles, review articles, shortcommunications and case reports for every issue of thejournal in various disciplines but not limited to socialsciences, humanities, education, health and medicalsciences, business and economics, managementinformation, science and technology, engineering andmaritime studies. Publishable research articles embrace anyresearch methodology as long as the articles meet thepublication standards of the journal. The joumal primarilyhas, as its audience, scientists, academicians, practitionersof various fields, policy makers, health advocates, graduatestudents, and other individuals interested in pushing thefrontiers of developing innovative ideas for social andglobal tralr sform ation.

Review ProcessAn author accepts the responsibility of preparing the

research paper for evaluation by independent reviewers.The responsibility includes subjecting the manuscript toevaluation by peers and revising it prior to submission. Thereview process is not to be used as a means of obtainingfeedback at early stages of developing the research paper.Reviewers and editors are responsible for providingconstructive and prompt evaluation of submitted researchpapers based on ttre significance of their contribution andon the rigors of analysis and presentation.

The manuscripts will be reviewed for possiblepublication with the understanding that they are beingsubmitted to one joumal at a time and have not beenpublished, simultaneously submitted, or already acceptedfor publication elsewhere.

All submitted papers in APJMR are being processed inPlagiarism Detection Software using Tumitin withallowable similarity index of less than l5%. All submittedpapers failed to meet this initial requirement of the joumalare not being accepted to undergo the review process.

The Editors review all submitted manuscripts initially.Manuscripts with insufficient originality, serious scientificflaws, or absence of importance of message are rejected.All manuscripts received are duly acknowledged. The

joumal will not retum the unaccepted manuscripts. Othermanuscripts are sent to two or more expert reviewersfollowing the double-blind review process. Eachmanuscript is also assigned to a member of the editorialteam, who based on the comments from the reviewers takesa fural decision on the manuscript. Within a period of 2 to 3

weeks, the contributors will be informed about thereviewers' comments and acceptance/rejection ofmanuscript.

Articles accepted would be copy edited for grammar,punctuation, print style, and format. Page proofs will besent to the frst contributor, which has to be retumed withinthree days. Correction received after that period may not beincluded.

Types of Manuscripts

Original articlesRandomized controlled trials, intervention studied,

studies of screening and diagnostic test, outcome sfudies,cost effectiveness analyses, case-control series, and surveyswith high response rate.

Review articlesThis is a systemic critical assessment of literature and

data sources. Submissions of reviews and perspectivescovering topics of current interest are welcome andencouraged. Reviews should be concise and no longer than4-6 printed pages.

Short CommunicationsShort Communications are suitable for the presentation

of research that extends previously published research,including the reporting of additional controls andconfrmatory results in other settings, as well as negativeresults, small-scale clinical studies, clinical audits and caseseries. Authors'must clearly acknowledge any work uponwhich they are building, both published and unpublished.

Case reports:New/interestinflvery rare cases can be reported. Cases

with clinical significance or implications will be givenpriority, whereas, mere reporting of a rare case may not beconsidered. Up to 1000 words excluding references andabstract and up to 10 references.

GUIDE FORAUTHORS

The Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Researchis a refereed joumal of Lyceum of the PhilippinesUniversity, Batangas City, Philippines. The journal ispublished quarterly. For paper submission, the paper mustbe an original copy, about 5,000 words, single-spaced, andwith tables and figures. The research abstract must have150-200 words with at least 5 keywords or phrases.

IV

P-ISSN 235U7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacificf ournal of Multidisciplinary Research, Yol.4,No.4, November2016

8.

Manuscript Preparation1. Organize the paper following these major headings:

Title, Author/s and Affiliations/address, Abstract,Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results andDiscussion, Conclusions and Recommendations(optional) and References.

2. Acknowledgments and References. The Referencesshould substantially consist of articles published incurrent content-covered or peer-reviewed journals.Avoid citations of unpublished reports and theses.

3. Type the entire manuscript single-spaced on a shortwhite bond paper (8.5 x I l") with 0.8" margin in theleft and right side, 0.9 from the top and 0.6 at thebottom" using a Times New Roman font type of 11.

References, Acknowledgments, plates and legendsshould also be typed single-spaced. Numberconsecutively all pages.

4. Leave one space before and after the major headings aswell as one space before and after the sub-headings.Use endnotes rather than footnotes.

5. Spell out acronyms or unfamiliar abbreviations whenthese are mentioned for the first time in the text.

6. Write the scientific names of species completely withauthor (s) when it is frst mentioned in the text andwithout author in succeeding references. Scientificnames should be written in italics.

7. Do not spell out numbers unless they are used to start asentence.Use the metric system only or the Intemational Systemof Units. Use abbreviations of units only besidenumerals (e.g. 9 m); otherwise spell out the unit (e.9.kilometer from here). Do not use plural forms orperiods for abbreviations of units. Use the bar forcompound units (e.g. I kg.ha/yr). Place a zero beforethe decimal in numbers less than one (e.g. 0.25).Titles of Tables and Captions of Figures should be as

short as possible and understandable without refeningto the text. Figures should consist only of simple linedrawings, computer-generated graphics or good qualityblack and white photographs. Label of Figures andplates should be written below the image and should beas such a size so these are still legible even afterreducing the size by as much as 50o/o.

Number citations consecutively in square brackets [].The sentence punctuation follows the brackets [2].Multiple references t2l, t3] are each numbered withseparate brackets t1]-t31. When citing a section in abook, please give the relevant page numbers [2]. Insentences, refer simply to the reference number, as in

[3]. Do not use "Ref. [3]" or "reference [3]" except atthe beginning of a sentence: "Reference [3] shows ... ."Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is

also present in the reference list. Arrange the referencesection in order of citation appearance. Use thecommon format, Author(s) narne., year of publication.,Article title, Joumal name, Volume(issue), pagenumbers, DOL

I l. Manuscript should be as concise the subject andresearch method permit, generally about 5000 words,double-spaced.

12. To promote anonymous review, authors should notidentify themselves directly or indirectly in their papersor in experimental test instruments included in theirpapers or in experimental test instruments included inthe submission. Single authors should not use theeditorial "we".

Titles. Titles of tables are written above while title offigures and plates are written below the images.

Author(s)' name(s). The first name, middle initial andfamily name are provided. The email address is writtenbelow the name followed by the departnent, narne ofinstitutional affi liation and country.

Abstract. An abstract of about 200-250 words should bepresented immediately preceding the text. The abstractshould concisely inform the reader of the manuscript'stopic, its methods, and its furdings.

Keywords.The abstract must be followed by at least threekeywords to assist in indexing the paper and identifyingqualified reviewers.

Introduction.The text of the paper should start with asection labeled "Introduction"o which provides more detailsabout the paper's rationale, motivation, significance, scopeand limitations and the setting of the study. Both theAbstract and Introduction should be relatively nontechnicalyet clear enough for an informed reader to understand themanuscript's contribution. The manuscript's title butneither the author's name nor other identificationdesignations, should appear on the Abstract page.

Pagination. All pages, including tables, appendices andreferences should be serially numbered.

Numbers. Spell out numbers from one to ten, except whenused in tables and lists, and when used with mathematical,statistical, scientific, or technical units and quantities, suchas distances, weights and measures. percentage and decimalfractions (in nontechnical copy, use the word percent in thetext).

Conclusions.It should briefly answer the objectives of thestudy. They are no repetitions of the discussions but arejudgments of the results obtained

Recommendations.It is optional; allowed only whenresults warrant recommendation.

References.Every manuscript must include Referencesection that contains ONLY those works cited within thetext. Each entry should contain all information necessary or

9.

10.

V

P-ISSN 235G7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific f ournal of Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 4, No. 4, November2016

unambiguous identification of the published work. Thestyle format is based from American PsychologicalAssociation (APA) with hanging indention of b.5. Oo notcategorize according to sources and must be ananged inorder of the appearance in the text with numbers. Thereshould be majority of which should come from printed andonline journals.

Publication Fee. Article Online publication fee is Php3,000(for Filipino Authors) and USD90 (for foreign authors) perpaper not more than 5000 words for both single andmultiple authors. If the paper is accepted for publication,you will be asked to pay Article Publication Fee and anoptional payment of Php 1,000 (for Filipino Authors) andUSDIOO for foreigr authors within South East Asia andUS$120 outside the South East Asia for Printing andShipping ofthe Journal per copy.

Open Access PolicyAsia Pacific Joumal of Multidisciplinary Research isavailable both online and print. The content of the joumal isfreely available to the readers, researchers, students andinstitutions for download, copy, search, cite or link to thefull text of the article.

DisclaimerAuthors are responsible for obtaining from the copyrightholder permission to reproduce any figures for whichcopyright exists. By submitting the manuscript, it isbelieved that the author(s) will be responsible of anydisputed content in the respective paper/article andautho(s) provide formal consent to APJMR/publisher andtransfer of copyright. The Publisher, Editor-in-Chie[Associate Editors, Peer-reviewers and Editorial BoardMembers of the joumal cannot be held responsible for anyerrors, controversies or any @nsequences from ttre use ofinformation contained in the joumal. It is also be acceptedby the manuscript submitted that he/she shall neverchallenge the Editors/Publisher in any court of law for anyissue. The concepts and views expressed in the researchpapers/articles in the joumal do not essentially correspondto the views of the publisher/editor. The publisher/editor ofthe journal is not liable for errors or any consequencesarising from the exercise of information contained in it.

Policy on Publication EthicsPurpose.Asia Pacific Joumal of Multidisciplinary Research(APJMR) in cooperation with Lyceum of the PhilippinesUniversity (LPU) - Batangas aims to disseminate latestresearch findings and innovation in various fields of studiesthrough online and print joumal. It ensures the quality ofmanuscript for publication through confirming andveri$ing its academic integrity and adherence to thestandards and policies of responsible conduct of research.This policy is also established to emphasize the importanceof meeting and maintaining the highest quality of ethicalstandards and scientific validity. It encourages authors to

commit themselves with competence in practicingcredibility and professionalism gearing towards the cultureof excellence through collaboration with the intemationalresearch community in publication.

Publication Practice.Authors should submit their researcharticles in accordance with the author guidelines asprescribed by the joumal. Research articles to be submittedfor publication should not be previously published norconsidered to another publication elsewhere. The authorshould clearly declare the originality of the research workwhich had never been accepted for other joumals. Ifmodifications had been made already on the research articlewith enhancement on the synthesis and analysis of findings,an overlap of about l0 per cent is considered acceptablebetween such joumals.

PlagiarismCopying of another's research work without citing theoriginal source and considering it as one's own work is anunethical practice and in the field of research andprofessional practice, this is completely unacceptable.Plagiarism takes place in five types: copy & pasteplagiarism, word switch plagiarism, style plagiarism,metaphor plagiarism and idea plagiarism.

Authorship Practice.Authorship credit must be based onthe malor contribution of each author on theconceptualization and design of the study; revision of thepaper that provides substantial insights and implications tofmdings, collection, analysis and interpretation of data untilthe completion of research in drawing conclusions andrecommendations with action plan or program. No oneamong the primary authors who met these criteria would beomitted from *re authorship. People without anyconsiderable involvement or substantial intellectualparticipation in the research process would not beconsidered as one of the authors like those who obtainfunds for the research, collect important data and materials,or coordinate with the publication are considered significantbut do not qualify for authorship as well as the inclusion of'ghost author' is highly discouraged. The source of fundingmay be included in the acknowledgement as well as thosepeople who became part either directly or indirectly in thecompletion of the research paper.

The corresponding author shall be responsible incommunicating with the Editor to accomplish the copyrightform and inform the co-authors regarding the status of theresearch article submitted and accepted to APJMR to avoidmultiple submission of paper to other joumals at the sametime. If the paper is rejected for publication to APJMR thatis the right time to submit the research article to otherjournals. The corresponding author is also responsible inthe accuracy of the content of the paper particularly thecomplete list of the names of the co-authors, updatedaffiliations and email addresses.

viP-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacificfournal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol.4, No.4, November2016

Peer Review System. The joumal exercises double-blindpeer review process to ensure anonymity from the reviewerand the author ofthe research article to avoid any partialityor any limitation from the review process in case offamiliarity between both parties. It is the responsibility ofthe reviewer to provide substantial comments andsuggestions for the improvement of the paper to maintainthe quality of the research article to be published in thejoumal. The reviewer shall take the evaluation of thegeneral content in terms of academic significance of theresearch paper, its contribution to the community, technicalnovelty, quality of information and language usage. Interms of specific content, the reviewer provides evaluationin terms of the accuracy and unity of information in theabstract, relevance of introduction, literature and studies tothe topic as well as the coherence of the objectives;preciseness of materials and methods used, completeness ofresults and discussion and comprehensiveness of drawingconclusion out of the salient findings and the thoroughnessofthe reference list.

The research article will be sent to two (2) reviewersand they will decide to publish the paper unaltered, acceptafter revision suggested in the review, review again aftermajor changes or reject. Ifone ofthem decides to reject thepaper and the other one decides to accept, this is the onlytime the paper will undergo another review and will be sentto the third reviewer.

Editorial Responsibilities.Submitted papers will beevaluated based on its scientific and systematic researchmethod and not through lack of technical novelty. Fairdecision will be observed by the editorial board irrespectiveof race, culture, origin, gender or citizenship of the author.Situations that may lead to conflicts of interest should beavoided.

Confidential Process.Since double-blind peer reviewprocess is being observed by the journal, the anonymity ofboth parties (author and reviewer) will remain confidential.The communication between the corresponding author and

the Editor should not be posted on any website or socialmedia as well as the result of the Reviewer's Report orEvaluation and any confidential materials without priorpermission from the Editor whether or not the submission iseventually published.

Corrections and Retraction Policy

Article retraction may be done in the case of statingunreliable furdings in the conclusion, infringements ofprofessional ethical codes such as plagiarism, multiplesubmissions to other joumals or publication, fraudulent useof data or information and the like.

Article replacement may be done if the article might causeserious health risk if acted upon from false or inaccurateinformation, the author/s will be asked to retract and replacethe original article with the corrected version of the paper.A link for the notice of retraction will be provided to thecorrected article.

Erratum may be done for corrections in article that mighthave missed during the editing resulting from errors oromissions of significant information. This is madeaccessible to the readers with link to the corrected version.

Within one year after the publication date of the paper willonly be allowed the authors to remove or replace paperswith corrected article.

CopyrightCopyrights for articles published in APJMR are retained bythe authors, with frst publication rights granted to thejournal. The APJMR/LPU-Batangas is not responsible forsubsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibilityto bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.

Indexing and Abstracting. APJMR is presently indexed inGoogle Scholar, Philippine e-Joumals, Directory of OpenAccess Joumals, Research Bible, Open Academic JournalsIndex, Intemational Scientific Indexing and Cite Factor.

vilP-ISSN 235G7756 | E-ISSN 235U8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacificfournal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol.4, No.4, November?}Ll

TABLE OF CONTENTS

L. Community Development and Divergent Forces in Philippine State Universities andColleges: Developing a protocol in evaluating extension proiects towards communityempowermentDexter S. Ontoy, Dr. Rodin M. PaspasanCebu Normal University, Philippines1-B

2. Language Planning and the Programs in Filipino of Higher Education InstitutionsDr. faine Z. TarunIsabela State University - Cabagan, Isabela Philippines9-17

3. Logical ReasoningAbilities of |unior High School Students in the Province of Cotabato,PhilippinesPaul fohn B. OngcoySecondary Education DepartmenL College of Education, University of Southern Mindanao,Kabacan, Cotabato, Philippines1.8-2L

4. Interrelationship of the Freshman Students'Knowledge, Participation and Witnessing ofthe Eucharist as Presence, Sacrifice and CommunionMr. Kurt S. Candilas and Ms. Marilou L. MagadanLourdes College, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines22-27

5. Impact of Learning Organization on Organizational Survival in Some Selected NigerianManufactrrring FirmsDr. Umar GunU Haruna Oladele SanniUniversity of Ilorin, Nigeria28-35

fuln" Implementation of an Integrauve Model of Adventure-Based Counseling and Adterian\--flaylherapyValue-Based Taughtby Parents to Children to Increase AdiustnentAbilityof

Preschool ChildrenRita Eka lzzaty, Nur Cholimah, Budi AstutiUniversitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia36-45

7 . Viability of Event Management Business in Batangas City: Basis for Business OperationInitiativesfeninah Christia D. BorbonCollege of International Tourism and Hospitality Managemen! Lyceum of the PhilippinesUniversity, Batangas City, Philippines46-56

viiiP-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific f ournal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol.4, No. 4, November}}l6

B. Reasons WhyWomen Choose Home BirthMary Angelie P. Andrino, Iris Hope H. Balasoto, Mhelsie Kathrine Zhandee G. Bono, Kathereen R.Canindo, fohn Laurence G. CASA" Ryan Michael F. OducadoCollege of Nursing West Visayas State University, Philippines57-63

9. Port Contribution to the Calapan City Development in the Province of Oriental Mindoro,PhilippinesDr. Christian Anthony C. AgutayaMindoro State College of Agriculture and Technology-Calapan City Campus, Calapan City, OrientalMindoro, Philippines64-69

10. Socio-Economic Development of the Members of Two Multi-Purpose Cooperatives inCalapan City, Oriental Mindoro, PhilippinesDr. Christian Anthony C, AgutayaMindoro State College of Agriculture and Technology-Calapan City Campus, Calapan City, OrientalMindoro, Philippines70-77

11. Recency or Relevance: A Quest for Pedagogical Framework in Teaching Philippine andWorld Literahrre in Senior High SchoolMr. Richard M. BaflezCollege of Teacher Education, Batangas State University - fPLPC Campus, Malvar, Batangas,Philippines78.86

L2. Operation of Public Enterprises of the Municipality of Dae! Camarines Norte, PhilippinesDr. Maria Cristina Campana-AzueloCollege of Business and Public Administration, Camarines Norte State College, Philippines87-95

13. Academe-Industy Parbnership: Basis for Enhanced Learning Guide in the New ScienceGeneral Education CourseAlma D. Agero, Amelia M. BonotanCebu Technological University; Cebu Normal University, Cebu City, Philippines96-102

14. Industrial Upgrading in the Apparel Value Chain and the Role of Designer in the Transition:comparative analysis of Sri Lanka and Hong KongSumith Gopura, Alice Payne, Laurie BuysDepartment of Textile and Clothing Technology, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka; School ofDesign, Creative Industries Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, AustraliaL03-L72

15. Utilization and Acceptability of Learning Guides in Field Study 1 and Field Shrdy 2Dr. Susan S. faner, Ritzelda A. Deri, Felisa D. MarbellaSorsogon State College School of Graduate Studies, Sorsogon City, PhilippinesLT3-T2O

tx

P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 235G8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific ]ournal of Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 4, No. 4, November2016

16. Business Analysis Skills and Techniques of Software Developers from Various BFOIndusffies in Iloilo City, PhilippinesAlex Ledonio (MD, Trary N. Tacuban (MSCS), May Florence J. Franco TMSCS)Iloilo Science and Technology University, Burgos SL Lapaz Iloilo City, Philippines12L-L29

17. Attendance and Parental Support Its Influence To College Shrdents'AcademicPerformanceDr. Revina Ortizano- MendozaLourdes College, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines130-135

lS.Special Features ofAcademie Leadership in Masbate State College throughRamsden FrameworkElreen Aguilar- DelavinDEBESMSCAT, Masbate State College, PhilippinesL36-L4L

xP-ISSN 235G77561 E-ISSN 235G8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific |ournal of Multidisciplinary Research, Yol.4, No. 4, November 20L6

The Implementation of an Integrative Modelof Adventure-Based Counseling and AdlerianPlay Therapy Value-Based Taught by Parentsto Children to Increase Adjustment Ability of

Asia Pacific Journal ofMultidisciplinary Research

Vol.4 No.4, 36-45November 2016PafiIl

P-ISSN 2350-7756E-ISSN 2350-8442

www.apjmr.com

Preschool Children

Rita Eka lzzatyt,Nur Cholimah2, Budi Astuti3I Psycholory Department, 2Barly Childhood Education Department,

'Guidance and Counseling Department, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta,Yogyakarta, Indonesia

t rit a -ekaizzaty@uny.

ac. id, 2 nurc hol imah@uny. ac. i d,

3 b udi _as t ut i @urry. ac. i d

Date Received: October 24, 2016; Date Revised: November 3, 2016

Abstract - This study was conductedfor two reasons. First, pre-school age is the foundationfor the

subsequent development. Second, the previow researchfindings show that there are behavioral problemswhich affect the development of subsequent development. This study aims to increase children's socialability by employing An Integrative Model of Adventure-Based Counseling and Adlerian Play Therapy, a

counseling model emphasizing the importance of play providing opportunity for children to express their

.feelings in natural situation and insight toward personality and environment by modifying teachingcultural values by parents to children.

This study employed an action study. The prior data collection techniques were conducting literarystudy, surveying on cultural values taught, and selecting a counseling model. The subjects were fourpreschool children (4-6 years old) with behavioral problems. The study was conducted in 2 cycles withseveral steps: planning, action, evaluation, and re/lection.

The finding of this research shows that an Integrative Model of Adventure-Based Counseling andAdlerian Play Therapy can increase children social ability and decrease non adaptive behavior. The

re/lection of employing counseling model modified with cultural values taught by parents to children is

when using this model, counselors truly examine the duration of the implementation, the children'scondition, the counselors' condition, the type of play, and the purpose of each steps which must be

detailed.

Keywords: integrative model counseling, cultural values, preschool children

INTRoDUCTIoNPreschool period is an important stage on human attention only on their need and want with highly

life [] since on that period, intelligence development dependence on family then gradually become highlyincreases from 50% up to 80% and children begin to independent. This is shown by the formation ofbe sensitive in receiving various efforts to develop all adaptation ability to their social environment. Withpotential possessed [2]. An early age ranging from 0-6 the development of social environment, children'syears old is a foundation to shape individual interest also develops and varies from each other.

development. Moreover, in preschool years, the Based on this playing period, most of preschool

foundation of behavior formation through habituation children's activities involve playing period t3l.and training should have been taught to children. Through playing activities, children learn to develop

Theformationof behavioragreeswiththeprocess their emotional and social ability, and thus, it is

of children's adjustment and their social environment expected that their appropriate emotion and behavior

which begins to vary. Children initially paying will grow based on the context and accepted by their

36

P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Izzaty et.al., The Implementation of an Integrative Model of Adventure-Based Counseling and ...

social norms. Children's awareness on theirsurrounding triggers them to adjust their emotion andbehavior to be accepted by peer community [1].

One of the existing problems is that not allchildren can pass their development process well.Achenbach and Edelbrock in [4] state that prevelenceof children with behavior problems is estimated from3Yo to 6%o of the population. However, [5] say thatbased on a new population study, prevelence numberof children's problems is about 3.5%ofor attention andhyperactive problems, 10.4yo for anxiety problem, and27.9o/o for samples having total score on clinicalbehavior. It can probably increase if preventive andcurative efforts are not well observed.

In Indonesia, based on the observation of [6] on131 children age 4-6 (79 boys and 53 girls) in 45Kindergartens in Yoryakarta showed that there were10 types of social problem solving strategy beoccurence when children face conflict. Thesestrategies types were grouped into 3 main categoriesas follow; aggressive tendency, passive and prosocialbehaviors. The results show that aggressive tendencyincluding physical/verbal aggression, forceful, destroythings occurs 50Yo, passive (crying, complaining,withdrawing and being silent) is 48o/o and has only 2%o

prosocial which showed by being intervene, peacefuland asking for permission.

Due to the previous explanation, it can beconcluded that children's behavior problems correlateto obstruction on their adaptation ability. Some factorsof children's school adaptation difficulty aremaltreated action by parents including contumelyshowing negative nurture [7], children's temperament,and family condition including social and economicstatus [8].

It is expected that if the problems are solved soon,their next development will not have any troubles. InIndonesian educational institutions, counselingbecomes one of solvers. Unfortunately, guided andcounseling teachers are currently provided forsecondary education. In fact, individual developmentfrom early years is fundamental to successive stages.Thus, any unsolved problems in early stage willremain to the next stage and correlate to bad-academicachievement, mental disturbance, and naughtiness [9].

According to the researcher, the most trustedcounseling model applied to early children is lrIntegrative Model of Adventure-Based Counseling andAdlerian Play Therapy. The study on this model issummarized on Journal of Mental Health Counseling

by [0]. This integrated model gives chances to mixchildren's need, parents' involvement, pe€r,Smotivation, and counseling. Adventure BasedCounseling model integrates group counseling,experiential learning, and outdoor education.Meanwhile, Adlerian Play Therapy counseling modelemphasizes on the importance of playing enablingchildren to express feeling in natural situation(playing), and insight to themselves and environment.Moreover, the model emphasizes on behavior, logic,and family concepts which can be a framework toshape mental health, for the counselor and children.

on.rEcuvns oF Tr{E sruuyThe objectives of this research is to increase

preschool children's social ability by employing anIntegrative Model of Adventure-Based Counselingand Adlerian Play Therapy Value-Based Taught byParents to Children

Matnruar, AND METHoDS

Cultural Values Taught to Early ChildrenValue is the most important experience affecting

individual's behavior and it is a standard ofaction andbelief. Value is affected by family, culture, andsurrounding people. Value is an individual's belief ona certain quality to achieve, a stimulus, behaviordirector, and a reference in decision making andproblem solving [1 l].

Phalet and Schonpflug in [1 1] observed cross-cultural study and concluded that the process ofvalueeducation by parents are affected by four factors:

l. selective value education, for example parentsfrom collectivistic society, not individualisticvalues;

2. educational value affected by parent's purposes,for example parents who more appreciatecollectivism will emphasize on conformityvalues;

3. educational value affected by gender andparents' or children's educational levels; and

4. educational value which is applicable in anycultural context.

On the other hand, Heath in [11] argues thatparents need to pay attention on three stages ofvalueeducation: (1) identiffing individual values, (2)capability of facing conflict values, and (3) puttingparenting decisions on parent's individual values. Byfollowing these three stages, parents will be able to:

37P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, November 2016

Izzaty et.al., The Implementation of an Integrative Modet of Adventure-Based Counseling and ...

(l) persuade children in deciding the most importantissues, (2) reduce feeling of failure and frustration inguiding and disciplining children, and (3) showchildren values believed to make future productivelife.

Local wisdom values and national morality as acultural manifestation are a heritage and future whichbase each individual and nation in shaping theiridentity. Excavation and preservation of local wisdomvalues should always be done with some strategicways and supported by various competent parties.Government, schools, families, and communities mustwork together to develop a range of social behaviorand character formation in each child from an earlyage. The schools' role through guidance andcounseling is a helper for every leamer to help himachieve the optimal potentials. Families' contributionsthrough parenting aim to guide parents and maturechildren. Children's nurture is the responsibility ofparents. Each parent has certain different nurtureorientation based on culture and time [12]. Societyplays a role as a social control for each individual indeveloping social relationship and interacting withhis/her social environment. The government facilitatespolicies directing to the formation of strong characteroffuture generations.

Each individual' behavior and talk must supportthe realization of harmoniously social interaction andavoid social conflicts. Some wise and ideal behaviorsare obedience to superior elder, generosity, avoidingconflict, understanding others, and empathy tl3].Javanese tradition sees that all people are unequal, andit is shown by various aspects of social behaviors.Therefore, comity, a respect for themselves, others,life and environment, should be taught to children.

The important-cultural values taught by parentsare usually constructed as their expectations onchildren's behavior or profile. Those values include:(a) diligent worship with the hope for children,s beingpious and tolerant, (b) honesty with the hope forbringing advantages while dishonesty for futuredisadvantages, (c) respect to parents with the hope forhaving willingness to help and respect othersregardless of their social status, and stay humble, (d)getting along with siblings and communities with thehope for being sensitive and eager to help others inneed, getting used to sharing, budging, solving andavoiding any disputes, and (e) leaming achievementwith the hope for being diligent to school and studywith intensive monitoring toward the children,s

learning process at home or school. Some methods ofvalue socialization done by parents include variousalternative ways. They are giving advice, goodexamples, dialogue, instruction, and punishment.Parents perform punishment to discipline earlychildren, and it will be no longer used when theybecome adolescent [12].

Some cultural values taught to early childreninclude harmony to maintain the society's harmoniouslife [13]. Harmony also means similarity, calmnessand peace, without strife and contention, and havingsimilar purpose to help each other. Comity aims toregulate social interaction with others, including howto talk, behave, act,'and recognize others.

RESEARCH METHoDThis research employs an action research

approach. The subjects of this research in the surveystage were 45 parents of children age 4-6 years old.The screening result showed that 4 children hadadapting obstacles in kindergarten. Then, theyunderwent counseling process. This research wasconducted in An-Nur early children education(PAUD), Krapyak, Sleman, Yogyakarta.

This research conducted two procedures: (l)contacting school to explain research purposes andstages, and (2) surveying 45 parents' cultural values.This research's instruments were open questionnaire,screening 4 children having adaptation obstruction,behavioral checklist, and scenario based on theobservation result of children's cultural values withadaptation obstruction. The research was conducted in2 cycles. To analyze the data, the researcher employeddescriptive qualitative and quantitaive methods.

RESULTS AND DISCUssIoN

The Survey Result on Values Taught by Parents toChildren and Screening on MaladjustmentChildren

1) The Survey ResultThe survey on various cultural values taught by

parents to children finds out; 1) instrument composingand 2) the result of various cultural values. From 90instruments distributed to parents, 45 of them werereturned to the researcher. Based on the survey result,there are 4 main categories of values ranging from themost important one. They are: 1) honesty, respect, andmanner, 2) harmony, discipline, independence, and

38P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 4, No. 4, November 2016

lzzaty et.al., The Implementation of an Integrative Model of Adventure-Bqsed Counseling and ...

respect for others' right, 3) simplicity, responsibility,and social achievement, and 4) caring/empathy,gratefulness, brave, and patience. Then, these valuesare inserted in the children counseling model.Meanwhile, this research's open questionnaireconsists ofvarious values frequently taught by parentsto early children. Furthermore, parents are allowed toanswer other values not mentioned in thequestionnaire.

2) The Screening ResultThis measurement consists of the description of

behavior problems referring to Preschool BehaviorChecklist from McGuire and Richman [14]. It consists

of 3 big components of behavior problems, includingconduct disorder, immature/isolated, andemotional/miserable. However, the behaviordescription of being dependent and excessive cryingrefers to Saifer's theory in [1a].

The Research FindingAfter conducting the first cycle, there are some

reflections on the counseling scenario and behaviorchanges of the counselees. The followings are thescenario and some detailed counselor activity of cycleI and2.

Table 1. Scenario of An Integrative Model of Adventure-Based Counseling and Adlerian Play Therapy

Problems Goal ofEach Steps Counselor'sComnefence

CounselingTechnioues

Medie Values taught Counseling Resull

r:ii ir!:*:i:ii!;:iiii:.1il:::: llitlrltlrrr'

SocializationdifficultyAggressivenessDependencePassiveness

Building closerelationshipbetweencounselor andchildren (FirstMeeting)

AttendingGenuine

Cat andMouse game(childrenchoose therole availableand play it)

respectmanner

children expressthought and feelingthrough the game

ReflectionAsking andprobingActivecommunication

EstafetteBraceletGame(childrenmove somebracelets byusing a strawfor onecircle)

Respectingothers'rightspatience

- children fluentlymention tieir names

- children volunterthemselves work

Encouragingchildren to sharetheir personalexperience(Second meeting)

Actively listenand

encourageChildren'sfeeling and thinkwhile observingtheircommunicationability andbehavior patterns

-Story telling(counselorreads a storybook tochildren)

StoryBook

respectmanner

children do notattend school

Second PhaseExploringChildren'sBehavior (FirstMeeting)

Exploringchildren'sbehavior meaning

Story telling StoryBook

honestyrespectingothers' rights

-children do notattend school

Improving children'ssecure feeling,support, andbehavior (SecondMeeting)

Creating a goodaknosphere forchildren toimprove their self-control overenvironment

CatchingFish Game(A studentacts as a fishand others as

a net)

- Caring/empathy- Being grateful

Some childrendo not attend theschool

39P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, November 2016

lzzaty et al., The Implementation of an lntegrative Model of Adventure-Based Counseling qnd ...

Table I (cont.) Scenario of ,4rr Advenlure-Based and Adlerian nerupy \r-rtcrc t)Problems Goal of Each Steps Counselor's

ComoetenceCounselingTechniques

Media Values taught Counseling Result

Socially acceptableleadership (Second

Meeting)

Investigating howchildren lookthemselves andothers

Respect

Promoting problemsolving and self-responsibility insolving any problems(Second Meetins)

Investigating howchildren lookthemselves andothers

HarmonyDiscipline

Encouragingchildren to improvetheir understandingon their behavior(Third Meeting)

Exploringchildren's ideas ofthought behavior,attitude,perception, andcounselingrelationship

Throwingand CatchingBall Game

Ball HonestyManner

-HarmonyIndependenceAchievementBeing grateful

Children do notintemrptcounselor'sspeaking when notinvited to talk

encouragmginteraction amongchildren (ThirdMeeting)

Improving sense

ofbelonging andinterpersonalrelationship tochildren

Bringing BallGame

Respectingothers' rightStaying humbleSocialresponsibilityCatinel emoathv

Children can playwith all friendsindiscriminately

Improving chance todemonstratecommunication skill(Third Meeting)

Exploringchildren's ideas ofthought, behavior,attitude,perception, andcounselingrelationship

Jump RopeGame

BraveryPatienceDiscipline

children can playand brave to jumprope game

children volunteerthemselves to leada prayer beforenlavins

TffiptffiReorienting andReeducating(Third Meeting)

Educating childrennew interactionalpattems to improvechanges incognition, behavior,and perception

Jump RopeGame

Social responsibility - Children are eager

to follow far betterinstruction afterfalling and be morecareful

processing activityand thus, the classcan be understoodand transferred to thereal lifeexperience (ThirdMeetins)

Teaching problemsolving

Jump RopeGame

RespectingMannerHarmony

children want to be

outside ofthe arenaand quit playthough they are

eager do play due

to hurt and injuredfoot

Providing naturalenvironment toeffectively train andpractice problemsolving ability andinterpersonal skill(Third Meeting)

Teachingbrainstorming, anypossible solution

CatchingFish Game

Respectingothers' rightsBeing humbleCaring/empathyFeeling gratefulBraverynatience

Children want tokeep playing in thefollowing days andintend to be patientwith their pain dueto falling

Transferring learningand understandinginto relationship and

life experience(Third Meeting)

Identiffing anypossibility, testingsolution, and

evaluating theprocess ofdecisionmakins.

AchievementHonestyDisciplineIndependence

Children tell theirfalling experience,want to walk bythemselves, andreally perform

40

P-|SSN 2350-77561 E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, November 2016

IF

I

I

I

I

Izzaty et.al., The Implementotion of on Integrative Model of Adventure-Bqsed Counseling ond ...

47

P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.comAsia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, November 2015

'able 2. Scenario of,4z ve Model ol'Adventure-Eqsed L qnd AdlerisnCounselees'

ProblemPurposes of

EachCounseling

Phase

CounselortsCompetence

CounselingTechniques

Media Values Taughl CounselingResult

Evaluationand Follow

Up

SocializationdiffrcultyAggressiveness

DependencePassiveness

First Phase- Building

closerelationship betweencounselorandchildren

- Encouraging childrento share

theirpersonality

AttendingGenuineReflectionAsking andprobingActivecommunicationActivelylisteningEncouragingwhat Childrenare feeling andthinking whileobserving eachof children'scommunicationability andbehaviornaffems

l. Story telling,each childrenis asked to telltheir excitingexperience

2. Story telling(childrenselect one ofthe availablebooks)

3. Elephant VS.Fish Game

StoryBook

respectmannerindependenceRespectingothers' rightsBraveryPatience

Children canexpressthemselves(their thoughtand feeling)

Second PhaseExploringchildren'sbehaviorImprovingchildren'ssecurefeeling,support,andsociallyacceptableleadershipbehaviorPromotingproblemsolving andself-responsibilrty insolving anyproblemsTeachinghow towellcommunicate

Exploring themeaning ofchildren'sbehaviorCreating a goodatmosphere forchildren toimprove their self-conkol overenvironmentInvestigating howchildren lookthemselves andothers

Racket BallGame

HonestyRespectMannerHarmonyDisciplineIndependence

Respectingothers' rightsSocialresponsibilityCaring/empathyFeelinggrateful

children canexplessthemselvesthroughthough,utterance,and actionaggressiveattitudegraduallydecreaseswhenstimuluswhich makesthemuncomfortable disappearsChildren can

communicateand activelytalk and haveless ability tocontrolthemselveswhen theywant toexpresssomethingand arefrequentlyout ofcontroly frequentlyintem.rptingothers'conversation.

Accustoming goodcommunication iscontinuously andsustainablyneeded

Izzaty et.al., The Implementation of an Integrative Model of Adventure-Based Counseling and ...

able 2 (cont. Scenario of An Model ol Adventure- Bosed and AdlerianCounselees'

ProblemPurposes of

EachCounseling

Phase

Counselor'sCompetence

CounselingTechniques

Media Values Taught CounselingResult

Evaluationand Follow

Up

encouraglng childrento improvetheirunderstanding ontheirbehaviorencouragino

interactionamongchildrenImprovingchance todemonstratecommunication skill

Exploringchildren's ideasofthought,behavior,attitude,perception, andcounselingrelationshipImproving sense

ofbelonging andinterpersonalrelationship tochildren

WalkingBraceletGame

HonestyRespectMannerHarmonyDisciplineIndependenceRespectingothers'rightsStayinghumbleSocialresponsibilityAchievementCaring/empathyFeelinggratefulBraveryPatience

- Children can

conhol theiraggressivebehaviorwhen firmelement(assertive) toothers exists.When theyare beingasked "maywe claw orpush ourfriends?'they willdirectlyanswer "no,we may notdo that. Ipromise willnot do thatanymore".

- Children'scommunication ability topersuade

others isgood. Theycan play a

role as aleader whoconhol themembers'(peer)behavior andattitude.

Reorienting andReeducatinc

processingactivity andthus theclass can beunderstoodandhansferredto the reallifeexperienceprovidingnaturalenvironmentto

- Educatingchildren newinteractionalpattems toimprove changesin cognition,behavior, andperception

- Teachingproblem solving,brainstorming,possiblesolution,identifring anypossibility,testing solution,and evaluatingDrocess of

compactnessgame

HonestyEtiquetteHarmonyDisciplineIndependence

Respectingothers'rightsBeinghumbleSocialresponsibili

wAchievementFeelingsrateful

Childrenexpress goodbehaviorwhenremindedabout theirpromise tochangebetter.Childrenunderstandand expresstheimportanceofhelpfulnessbecause theyhave dream

Children'saggressiveattitudecomes upwhen thereis a stimuluswhichmakes themuncomfortable, theyneed to be

continuousl

vaccustomedto decreasetheiraggressiveattitude

42

P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.comAsia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, November 2015

lzzaty etal., The Implementation of an Integrqtive Model of Adventure-Based Counseling and ...

effectivelyhain andpracticeproblemsolvingability andinterpersonaI skill

decision making Braverypatience

as a nurse.Therefore,they willnever hurtothers.

- During thegame,

children donot performanyaggressiveattitude.However,outside ofthegame, whena stimuluswhich makes

childrenuncomfortable exists, theiraggressiveness appears.

Seeing counseling results and changes on children'sproblematic behavior which gradually decreases inthis two-phase research, it is concluded that thisresearch is proved to successfully solve children's

problematic behavior. These changes are indicated bydecreasing some indicators of counselee's mostdominant problematic behavior. The following tableshows more detailed explanation.

Table 3. The Conclusion of Behavior ChansesCounselee Dominant Problems Results

Counselee (l)

Counselee 2

Counselee 3

Counselee 4

Aggressiveness with seltcontrol difficulty as the specificproblem

Having socialization diffi cultywith being reluctant to talk andrude as specific problems

Passiveness with inability to befrank and close to people as a

specific problem

Dependent behavior withexcessive anxiety when willbe left by parentsDependent behavior onteachers (the counselingsession depends oncounselor)

s/he gains self-control improvement in two cyclesDuring counseling session, s/he cannot perform any excessively aggressiveattitude.Based on counseling interview and observation result, aggressiveness easilyappears when a stimulus exists.In cycle 2, the child talks more and expresses individual experience and willsRude behavior appears when s/he is ignored and assertive attitude is absent.During counseling session, his/her rude behavior can be controlled throughrules of games and sanction when they disobey the rulesThe counselee tells a long story outside the arena and rules ofgamesThe counselee can tell his/her favorite food, dream, father's job, whofrequently picks up, the number ofsiblings and their schoolsThe counselee opens up when s/he is being fully considered and listenedThe counselee totally forgets dependent behavior on parents whenparticipating in games.

Dependent behavior on counselor decreases when the educator is assertiveand can convince the counselee about his capability, and give enoughmotivation and support

The counselees' behavior changes in counselingprogram show that Integrative Model CounselingTechnique with Adlerian method and games issuccessful because some counselees' dominantproblems are solved. The following research is highlyneeded to complete this research's findings and

develop the following more appropriate techniqueswhich for Indonesian's cultural context.

DISCUSSIoN1. Theoretical Review

Integrative Model of Adventure-Based Counselingand Adlerian Play Therapy from Adler is an innovative

43P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, November 2015

lzzaty et al., The Implementation of an Integrative Model of Adventure-Based Counseling and ...

approach for a counseling group in which theparticipants actively perform some challenges in theform of playing. The playing is specially designed tostimulate children's feelings in a realify and isfollowed by several questions to stimulate criticalthoughts related to any experienced events. Theactivities on group counseling are specially designed tohelp participant transfer behavior learnt and theirreactions to similar situations. This model focuses onstrength of each member and how the strengths can

complete group task. In performing designed activities,counselor must show a model from appropriatebehavior and give feedback to help the group membersdevelop various behaviors. The main key ofconducting this counseling model is by providingchallenges which need cooperation of among groupmembers. Besides, group members are also expected tosupport each other and encourage other members.Consequently, group's cohesiveness will appear.

Seeing from counselor's role, as argued by [5],counselor's roles in each phase are different. Thisaffirms counselor's role in each counseling phase. Inphase 1, counselor must build close relationship withthe research subject, becomes a partner who motivates,and totally guarantees that children can involve in an

action performed, coopprate with other friends, andtrust to the counselor. In phase 2, counselor exploresthe meaning of children's behavior, creates goodatmosphere for children to improve their self-controlover environment, investigates the way children's lookthemselves and others. In phase 3, counselor is moredirective by showing hisiher expectations for changes.

This phase expects that children's insight will appearto change their behavior. In phase 4, children are

cognitively taught and guided to perform various socialskills and socially acceptable problem solving.

1. Behavior ChangeChildren's behavioral change significantly

shown in cycle 2 proves that this model can improveparticipants' self-esteem, self-concept, and self-confidence [6], [7], and [8]. Besides, this behavioris believed to improve confidence, empathy, group

cohesiveness, responsible behavior, emotional, and

social development in [19].In cycle l, reluctant or obedient children due to

low self-esteem involve in counseling process and canparticipate in counseling process until the end. Theinvolvement games on counseling process make

children happy. Moreover, in cycle 2, this counselingmodel shows:l) Helping children explore their response to others'

prohibition, limitation, and expectation.Continuously passive and shy children will not beconfident, and only feel valuable when they cancomplete game task and are interested in game

rules. They can express their success and recognizefailure. Furthermore, they brave to face realityduring the game.

2) Giving children chance to explore their ability inobserving, concentrating, and completing the tasks.

Children want to experiment and practice newbehavior in game situation. When encouragement,suggestion, information, and positive enforcementexist, they can complete the game.

3) Helping children practice their social skill such as

cooperation, collaboration, appropriate response todisappointment, inferiority, failure, and success. Itcan change children's inappropriate behavior andvalues to reality in game situation.

4) Forming children to practice their ability to solveproblems and make decisions during the game.

Children's failure and victory can make them awarethat though they have played hard and carefully,they still loose. They are aware that life is notalways like what they want. Furthermore, they arewilling to receive games risks, loose, and win thegames.

The result of SPICC implementationstrengthens the argument of [15] which argues sincechildren under ten years old have not had abstractreasons and complex language skill as a simplethinking process, experts employ games as "means" ofcommunication. Furthermore, game therapy can

strengthen relationship with children; help adults orcounselor understand how children interact; helpchildren express their feeling, thought, reactions, and

behaviors; solve children' verbal difficulty; diminishfeeling of anxiety, strained, and enmity; teach socialskills; provide ways to explore will and goals; explorethemselves, others, and environment; provide goodatmosphere to gain insight motivation and behavior;and explore any alternatives and leam theconsequence.

CONcT,usToN AND RECOMMENDATIONSome cultural values taught by parents to children

inserted in counseling are (1) honesty, respect, andmanner; (2) harmony, discipline, independence, and

44

P-ISSN 2350-7755 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.comAsia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, November 2015

1pF-

lzzaty etal.,The Implementation of an Integrative Model of Adventure-Based Counseling and ...

respecting others' rights; (3) being humble, socialresponsibility, and achievement; and (4)caring/empathy, feeling grateful, and patience.

An Integrative Model of Adventure-BasedCounseling-ABC and Adlerian Play Therapy candecrease adaptation obstruction (aggressive behavior,concentration difficulty, inability to socialize, anddependence/passiveness) on preschool children age 4-6years old.

Due to limited time, the researchers only tested theresearch model twice and did not conduct follow-upwhich enables to see the constancy of behaviorchanges.

After completing this research, the researchershave not conducted research follow-up. Therefore, anyresearchers who are interested in Integrative Model ofAdventure-Based Counseling and Adlerian PlayTherapy Value-Based Taught by Parents can conduct afollow up research which perfects the theory, methods,or results ofthis research.

REF'ERENCEStll Berk, L. E. (2012). Development Through Lifespan;

Dqri Prenatal sampai Remaja fFifth Edition).Yogyaka(a: Pustaka Pelajar.National Ministry of Education (DepartemenPendidikan Nasional). ( 2007). Kompetensi AspekPerkembangan Anak Usia 3-4 dan 5-6 Tahun. Jakarta: Depdiknas.Arthur, L., Beecer, B., Dockett, S., Farmer, S., andDeath, E., (1998). Programming and Planning inEarly Childhood Settings. Sydney: Harcourt Brace.Huaqing Qi., and Kaiser , A.P. (2003). Behaviorproblems of families ; review of the literature.http. //www. /indarti c I e s. c om.

Saudino, K., J., Ronald, A., Plomin, R. (2005). Theetiology of behavior problems in 7 year old twins.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychologt, VoL j3, No.Llzzaty, R.E. (2010). Pemecahan Masalah SosialSebagai Faktor Penting Dalam Pendidikan KarakterAnak Sejak Usia Dini. Jurnal Psikologi, Vol. 6,Nomor 2. Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan SyarifKasim, Riau : Fakultas Psikologi.ISSN 1978-3655Chang, L., Lansford, J. E., SchwartzoD., Farver, J.

M. (2004). Marital quality, maternal depresses affect,harsh parenting, and child extemalizing in hongkongchinese families. International Journal OfBehovioral Development. Vol. 28 (4), 3 I l-318Morris, A.S., Silk, J.S., Steinberg, L., Sessa, F. M.,Avenevoli, S., Essex, M.J. (2002). Temperamentalvulnerability and negative parenting as interacting

predictors of child adjusment. Journal of Marriageand Family. ProQuest Education Journal 64; 461-47t.Parker, J. G., Rubin, K. H., Price, J. M., & DeRosier,M. E. (1995). Peer relationships, child development,and adjustment: A developmental psychopathologyperspective. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.),Developmental psychopatholog: Risk, disorder andadaptation (pp. 96-161). New York, NY: Wiley.Bethke, P.; Torey L.; Hill, N.R & Bethke, J.G.(2009). Strength-based mental health counseling forchildren with ADFD: An integrative model ofadventure based counseling and adlerian play therapy.Journal of Mental Health Counseling; Oct 2009;31,4; ProQuest p9.323.Lestari, S. (2012). Psikologi Keluarga. PenanamanNilai dan Penanganan Konflik dalam Keluarga.Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.Andayani, B. &. Koendoro. (2004). PsikologiKeluarga. Peran Ayah Menuju Coparenting. CitraMedia.Franz Magnis-Suseno. (1999). Etika Jawa. SebuahAnalisa FakaJi tentang Kebijaksanaan Hidup Jawa.Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

ll4l lzzaty, R.E. (2012). Mengenali permasalahanperlrembangan anak usia TK. Buku Ajar BidangPGTK. Iakarta : Direktorat Jenderal PendidikanTinggi.

[15] Kottman, T. (2001). Adlerian Play Therapy.Internati onal Journal of P lay Therapy, I 0(2), I -

tl6l Garst, B., Schneider,I., & Baker, D. (2001). Outdooradventure program participation impacts onadolescent self -perception.The Journal ofExperiential Education, 24 (l), 4l -49.

llTl Graham, L. B. & Robinson, E. M. (2007). ProjectAdventure and self-concept of academically talentedadolescent boys. Physical Educator, 64 (3),114-123.

t18l Larson, B. (2007). Adventure camp programs,self - concept, and their effects on behavioralproblem adolescents. Journal of ExperientialEduc ati on, 29(3), 3 13 -330.

tl9l Kozlowski, K., & Day, M (2013). ImplementingAdventure Based Counseling in Schools: AnIntegrative Approach. https://goo.gll1hw6NT. AksesSeptember 2014.

COPYRIGHTSCopyright of this article is retained by the author/s, with

first publication rights granted to APJMR. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions ofthe Creative Commons Attribution license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/byl4.

tet

ll 0l

tl 1l

It2l

[1 3]

t2l

t3I

t4l

t5l

t6l

I7l

t8l

45P-ISSN 2350-7756 I E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, November 2016

i{a$f6r*r{ b 1*X2 Lme&rbt*cl$A I{JTt}iaoai$t"$ grlTut

MulridiCertificate No: APJMR-2016

The Editorial Board ofAsia Pacifie loqrnat of Multidiseiplinary Research

Awards this

Certiticate of Inte rnationalResearch Publication

to

Nur CholimahUn iversitas N e ge ri Yo gyakarta

for the paper titled

"The Implementation of an Integrative ModeE of Adventure-BasedCcunseling and Adtrerian PIay Therapy Value-Based Taugtrt by Farents to

CErildren to inerease Ad!ustment Abiliry of Presehool Children"Volume 4, Number 4 | November 2016lssue Part ll

Given this 22N day of November, two thousand and sixteen.

Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas City, philippines' . :"-:6a;*t Ffry !q;.: :.€*.* ff :l]I:"::E5:+=F*=-::ffi":q $*+:.:-F .r=i:.i**€*Iffi:E="e:s.ii.:E:if:EH::s:Fffii3jn#ffi:&:=;z:*€I=::=

M. LAGUADOR

Cqsgle