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-the arrangement of electrons in an atom
-a distinct configuration for each element
-assume the arrangement with the lowest possible energies (ground-state electron configuration)
1. Aufbau Principle
2. Pauli Exclusion Principle
3. Hund’s Rule
-shows the order in which electrons occupy orbitals
-states: an electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it
Ex: lowest energy orbital is ls; the H electron occupies this orbital
-beginning with the 3rd main energy level, the energies of the sublevels begin to overlap
-reflects the importance of the spin quantum number
-states: no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
1s orbital
-orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin
Ex: p sublevel being filled
1. ____ ____ ____
2. ____ ____ ____
3. ____ ____ ____
4. ____ ____ ____
It is unpaired electrons that cause an element to be magnetic. Paramagnetism means weakly attracted due to unpaired electrons.
There are three methods, or notations, used to indicate electron configurations. They are:
Orbital Notation
Electron-Configuration Notation
Noble-Gas Notation
-unoccupied level is ____ with orbital name underneath
- ____ = orbital with 1 electron
- ____ = orbital with 2 electrons, paired with opposite spins
Ex: H ____
1s
He ____ 1s
B ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
-eliminates the lines and arrows of orbital notation
-add superscript to sublevel designation
Ex: H 1s1
He 1s2
B 1s22s22p1
Electrons fill the areas which require the least amount of energy, and it takes less energy to fill the 4s than it does to fill the 3d. So, as soon as the 3p is filled the very next thing to begin to fill is the 4s, then the 3d fills and then the 4p. The orbits themselves are not overlapping – there is some overlapping of the energy of each of the orbits. To help us tell what will fill next, we will learn to use the Periodic Table.
-”s” and “p” electrons: main energy level # same as the period #
-”d” electrons: main energy level # ONE LESS than the period #
-”f” electrons: main energy level # TWO LESS than the period #
-highest occupied level: the e- containing main energy level with the highest principal quantum number
-inner shell electrons: electrons that are not in the highest occupied energy level
-octet: “s” and “p” sublevels of highest energy level filled with 8 electrons
Noble Gases – the Group 18 elements (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)
-use noble gas’s symbol in brackets to denote that much of the e- configuration, then add the remaining e- configuration
Ex: Na = [Ne]3s1
Noble Gas Configuration: an outer main energy level fully occupied, in most cases, by 8 e-
1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p
3d 4d 5d 6d 7d4f 5f 6f 7f
5g 6g 7gSet up the s sublevels, then the p, d, and f. Follow the arrows in filling each successive orbital.