THE CELL

PLASMA MEMBRANE Support Protection controls movement of materials in/out of

cell barrier between cell and its environment maintains homeostasis Analogy: City Border

CYTOPLASM supports /protects cell organelles Analogy: lawns and parks of our city.

NUCLEUS

controls cell activities Houses DNA Contained by nuclear membrane that

controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus

Analogy for nucleus: city hall Analogy for nuclear membrane: Guards

bordering city hall

NUCLEOLUS The site where DNA is concentrated in

the process of making ribosomal RNA (where ribosomes are made!)

Analogy: The mayor

MITOCHONDRIA breaks down sugar molecules into

energy Site of cellular respiration Analogy: energy plant

RIBOSOMES produces proteins Made up of rRNA and protein Can be free floating or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum The proteins created are essential to cell and organismal

function.  Analogy: lumber or brick yard with proteins being the

building blocks of the city

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome#Ribosome_locations

ROUGH E.R Rough ER is named for the presence of

ribosomes along its membrane Produces proteins needed for secretion

outside of cell (e.i. (digestive enzymes, sebum, gastric juice) –sends them to golgi

carries materials through cell Analogy: highways and road systems

SMOOTH E.R. carries materials through cell Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is

responsible for lipid synthesis, such as steroid hormones estrogen and testosterone and cholesterol.

Lots of smooth E.R. in liver and kidney cells where it performs drug detoxification.

Long term drug use can lead to increased amounts of smooth E.R and lead to drug tolerance.

Analogy: Highway

GOLGI APPARATUS The golgi apparatus is essential in

packaging different products from the endoplasmic reticulum and putting them into their final form.

If a product needs to be sent to other cells, the golgi apparatus packs it and sends it out.

Very important forMaking secretions Analogy: post office

LYSOSOMES Contain hydrolase enzymes to break

down larger food molecules into smaller molecules

digest old cell parts They bud off from the golgi apparatus Analogy: waste disposal and

recycling

PEROXISOMES Detoxify alcohol and other drugs Found abundantly in liver and kidney Bud off from the smooth E.R Analogy: rehabilitation center

CYTOSKELETON The cytoskeleton makes up the internal

framework gives each cell its distinctive shape and

high level of organization. Holds the organelles in place Analogy: Police Department

CILIA/FLAGELLA Projections from the cell that aid in

locomotion Analogy: Tectonic Plates

CELL WALL

rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells including plant cells.

provides these cells with structural support and protection

acts as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell.

PLASTIDS Membrane bound organelles that

manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell

Examples: Chloroplasts: use light energy to make carbs from CO2 and H20. Chromoplasts:

contain colorful pigment (carrots, flowers etc)

CENTRAL VACUOLE

Large, fluid filled organelle that stores LOTS of water. Also has enzymes, metabolic wastes etc.

Make up 90% of cell’s volume, pushes the contents of cell against the plasma membrane.

When there is lots of water, vacuole is full and the cell expands allowing the plant to stand upright.

In a dry period, vacuole loses water, and cell shrinks/wilts.

CENTRIOLE Made up of a bundle of microtubles

(protein found in cytoskeleton) Help in cell division by organizing the

cytoskeleton in preparation to divide.